33.Augustus Choate Hamlin, The Battle of Chancellorsville, preface (Bangor, ME: Published by the Author, 1896); “Reviews and Exchanges,” newspaper clipping in Augustus Choate Hamlin Papers, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Collection, MS 1084, folder 1011, Houghton Library; H. M. Kellogg to Augustus Choate Hamlin, December 9, 1891, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Collection, MS 1084, folder 1034, Houghton Library.
34.Charles T. Furlow to Augustus Choate Hamlin, May 11, 1892, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Collection, MS 1084, folder 1016, Houghton Library; J. M Davis to Augustus Choate Hamlin, February 18, 1893, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Collection, MS 1084, folder 1023, Houghton Library; Jacob Gano to Augustus Choate Hamlin, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, Houghton Library.
35.A. W. Peck to Augustus Choate Hamlin, June 1, 1891, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1037, Houghton Library; John Calvin Owen to Augustus Choate Hamlin, October 14, 1893, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1045, Houghton Library; see also Alfred S. Roe to Augustus Choate Hamlin, December 29, 1900, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1044, Houghton Library.
36.William H. Noble to Augustus Choate Hamlin, January 8, 1892, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, Houghton Library; Elias Riggs Monfort to Augustus Choate Hamlin, February 17, 1892, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, Houghton Library.
37.“The Eleventh Corps at Chancellorsville,” National Tribune, October 22, 1885; Augustus Wormley to John Lockman, March 31, 1896, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1036, Houghton Library.
38.J. H. Peabody to Augustus Choate Hamlin, November 16, 1892, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1043, Houghton Library; E. C. Culp to Augustus Choate Hamlin, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1023, Houghton Library; Adelbert Ames to Augustus Choate Hamlin, December 21, 1896, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1020, Houghton Library; William Freeman Fox to Augustus Choate Hamlin, December 8, 1896, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1028, Houghton Library; Charles T. Furlow to Augustus Choate Hamlin, February 4, 1897, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1016, Houghton Library; A. J. Cavanaugh to Augustus Choate Hamlin, Military Order of the Loyal Legion Papers, MS 1084, folder 1018, Houghton Library.
39.Marysville [Ohio] Journal-Tribune, June 23, 1913; St. Joseph [Michigan] Saturday Herald, June 6, 1908; Akron Beacon Journal, December 23, 1903; Stark County [Ohio] Democrat, July 10, 1903. For a superb treatment of the 1913 reunion, see Thomas R. Flagel, War, Memory, and the 1913 Gettysburg Reunion (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2019).
40.“Weeds of the Army,” in H. E. Gerry, Camp Fire Entertainment and True History of Robert Henry Hendershot, The Drummer Boy of the Rappahannock (Chicago: Hack and Anderson, 1900), 94.
41.Marysville [Ohio] Journal-Tribune, August 23, 1929; Evening Independent [Massillon, Ohio], September 20, 1934, and September 22, 1960.
42.My ideas here have been shaped by Thaddeus M. Romansky, “ ‘Deeds of Our Own’: Loyalty, Soldier Rights, and Protest in Northern Regiments of the United States Colored Troops,” in Robert M. Sandow, ed., Contested Loyalty: Debates Over Patriotism in the Civil War North (New York: Fordham University Press, 2018), 288–89.
43.Robert E. Bonner, The Soldier’s Pen: Firsthand Impressions of the Civil War (New York: Hill & Wang, 2006), 112. Recent arguments that the “dark turn” in Civil War history imperils our understanding of the conflict neglect this crucial reality. On the advent of neorevisionism, see Yael A. Sternhell, “Revisionism Reinvented? The Antiwar Turn in Civil War Scholarship,” Journal of the Civil War Era 3, no. 2 (June 2013): 239–56.
44.Walt Whitman, “The Real War Will Never Get in The Books,” in Complete Prose Works of Walt Whitman, 1:140; Rider to John Bachelder, August 20, 1885, Bachelder Papers, 2: 1118–19; National Tribune, February 15, 1906; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 5–7. At that fourth reunion, Young implored his comrades to come “to each other’s aid in time of need,” and trusted that they would neither neglect “the wants of the widows, and the care and education of the orphans.” Wooster Republican, September 26, 1872. See also Steven R. Sodergren, “ ‘Exposing False History’: The Voice of the Union Veteran in the Pages of The National Tribune,” in Jordan and Rothera, eds., The War Went On; “The Joys of Reminiscence,” Toledo [Ohio] Blade, September 3, 1908; “The Bitter and The Sweet,” The Bivouac 3, no. 9 (September 1885): 342.
45.Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 216.
EPILOGUE
1.Christian Rieker, Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/16693970/person/140145640190/gallery [accessed March 15, 2020]; John Brunny, Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/family-tree/person/tree/62136961/person/32343703534/story [accessed March 15, 2020].
2.“Ohio at Gettysburg,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, August 17, 1885; Franklin Sawyer, The Eighth Ohio at Gettysburg (Washington, DC: E. J. Gray, Printer, 1889), 1; “The 107th Dedication at Gettysburg,” Canton Weekly Repository, September 29, 1887; “Ohio at Gettysburg,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 14, 1887; “Memorial Address,” Gettysburg Star and Sentinel, November 1, 1887; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 126–27, 133.
3.Minutes of the Ohio Gettysburg Memorial Commission, BV 1837: Series 2381, OHC; “Ohio at Gettysburg,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, August 17, 1885; Franklin Sawyer, The Eighth Ohio at Gettysburg (Washington DC: E. J. Gray, Printer, 1889), 1; “The 107th Dedication at Gettysburg,” Canton Weekly Repository, September 29, 1887; “Ohio at Gettysburg,” Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 14, 1887; “Memorial Address,” Gettysburg Star and Sentinel, November 1, 1887; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 126–27, 133.
4.Minutes of the Ohio Gettysburg Memorial Commission, BV 1837: Series 2381, OHC; “Ohio at Gettysburg,” Cincinnati Commercial Tribune, August 17, 1885.
5.Perrin, History of Stark County, 639–40; Charles Vignos, “Biography of Augustus Vignos,” posted to Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/collection/1030/tree/31357887/person/12448279419/media/04f4e235–7812–4270-b3f8-c44537516f86?_phsrc=VlU146&usePUBJs=true [accessed March 15, 2020]; Cindy Vignos, “The Novelty Cutlery Company,” Oregon Knife Collectors Newsletter (October 2002), posted to Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/collection/1030/tree/31357887/person/12448279419/media/6f9f6158-c8cf–4be7-bfe8–5e5da261cc38?_phsrc=VlU146&usePUBJs=true [accessed March 15, 2020].
6.Ibid.; Jordan, Marching Home, 67–68.
7.Cincinnati Enquirer, July 14, 1910; George Billow Pension File, RG 15, NA; Sarah Handley-Cousins, 83, 86–94.
8.Handley-Cousins, Bodies in Blue 86–94; George Billow Pension File, RG 15, NA.
9.George Billow Pension File, RG 15, NA; Personal War Sketches, Lewis Buckley Post, GAR, OHC.
10.George Billow Pension File, RG 15, NA; William Otterbein Siffert, Ancestry.com; Alfred Rider Pension File, RG 15, NA; Bryan S. Baker, “Biography of Alfred J. Rider,” last updated January 2013 and posted by Robin Law, Ancestry.com [accessed March 15, 2020].
11.Alfred J. Rider Pension File, RG 15, NA; Perrin, History of Stark County, 993–95; Bryan S. Baker, “Biography of Alfred J. Rider,” last updated January 2013 and posted by Robin Law, Ancestry.com, https://www.ancestry.com/mediaui-viewer/collection/1030/tree/11298984/person/–382004049/media/336e1424–281e–4d43-a8a2-fed9cc207dd5?_phsrc=VlU143&usePUBJs=true [accessed March 15, 2020].
12.Alfred J. Rider to John Badger Bachelder, October 20, 1885, Bachelder Papers, 2:1129–30; Michael Jacobs, Notes on the Rebel Invasion of Maryland and Pennsylvania (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co., 1864).
13.“The 107th Dedication at Gettysburg,” Canton Repository, September 29, 1887; State Archives Series 4060, Box 50,765A: Applications to Borrow Regimental Colors, 1865–1906.
14.“The 107th Dedication at Gettysburg,” Canton Repository, September 29, 1887.
15.Ibid.
> 16.Kirk Savage, Standing Soldiers, Kneeling Slaves: Race, War, and Monument in Nineteenth Century America (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 163–64; Alice Fahs, Imagined Civil War: Popular Literature of the North and South: 1861–1865 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001); Blight, Race and Reunion; Robert E. Bonner, The Soldier’s Pen: Firsthand Impressions of the Civil War (New York: Hill & Wang, 2006); Thomas J. Brown, Civil War Monuments and the Militarization of America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2019); Perrin, History of Stark County, 264; Douglass, History of Wayne County, Ohio, 758.
17.Hendricks, “An Illustrated Lecture: The Civil War Paintings of William Siffert,” 44–53.
18.Ibid.; Cyclorama of the Battle of Gettysburg by Paul Philippoteaux Permanently Located in Boston, Mass. (1868), n.p.
19.Site visit to Brooke’s Station, Virginia, January 10, 2018; Talley Farm Vertical File, FSNMP.
20.Max Reihmann, “A Gettysburg Story of Interest,” Case Shot & Canister: A Publication of the Delaware Valley Civil War Round Table 27, no. 8 (August 2017): 18–19.
21.Ron Ward, “Jacksonville’s Camp Milton a little-known Civil War jewel,” Orlando Sentinel, August 17, 2009; Florida State Parks Website, https://www.floridastateparks.org/fortclinch.
22.Tom Elmore, Potter’s Raid Through South Carolina: The Final Days of the Confederacy (Charleston, SC: History Press, 2015), 94; site visit to Dingle’s Mill, South Carolina, March 5, 2017.
23.Slutz, Tribute to Major Augustus Vignos.
24.Lane, Fifty Years and Over of Akron and Summit County, 238–54.
25.Site visit to Zoar, Ohio, April 23, 2017.
26.This point is amplified by a census of Union veterans undertaken by the state of Ohio in 1866. Perhaps the first such exercise conducted anywhere in the country, the census revealed the significant number of old regimental comrades who lived together in the same communities. See “Numerical Returns of Civil War Veterans by County and Township, 1866,” State Archives Series 2986, Box 50, 640B, OHC.
27.Jim Finkenbiner to Robert K. Krick [n.d.], Bound Volume 183, FSNMP; Doug Staley, “Civil War soldier’s story takes shape,” Massillon Independent, May 31, 2010; Chris Nelson, typescript history of the 107th Ohio Volunteers, Thomas J. Edwards Collection, BGSU; Chris Nelson, “An Unlucky XI Corps Regiment: The 107th Ohio Volunteer Infantry,” Military Images 22, no. 6 (May/June 2001): 16–20; Andrew B. Suhrer, The Flying Dutchmen (Bloomington, IN: AuthorHouse, 2008).
BIBLIOGRAPHIC NOTE
1.Aaron Sheehan-Dean, “The Blue and Gray in Black and White: Assessing the Scholarship on Civil War Soldiers,” in Aaron Sheehan-Dean, ed., The View from the Ground: Experiences of Civil War Soldiers (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2007), 10; Stephen Z. Starr, “The Grand Old Regiment,” Wisconsin Magazine of History 48, no. 1 (Autumn 1964): 21–31; Crompton B. Burton, “The Dear Old Regiment’: Maine’s Regimental Associations and the Memory of the American Civil War,” New England Quarterly 84, no. 1 (March 2011): 104–22; Smith, Camps and Campaigns, 3–8. For useful meditations on the regimental history, see also Peter C. Luebke, introduction, in Albion Winegar Tourgee, The Story of a Thousand: A History of the 105th Ohio Volunteer Infantry, ed. Peter C. Luebke (Kent, OH: Kent State University Press, 2011); M. Keith Harris, “Slavery, Emancipation, and Veterans of the Union Cause: Commemorating Freedom in the Age of Reconciliation, 1885–1915,” Civil War History 53, no. 3 (September 2007): 264–90; Jordan, Marching Home; and Lesley J. Gordon, A Broken Regiment: The 16th Connecticut’s Civil War (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 2014).
2.Claire Prechtel Kluskens, “Anatomy of a Union Civil War Pension File,” NGS Newsmagazine 34, no. 3 (July–September 2008): 42–45.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
ARCHIVAL MATERIAL
Center for Archival Collections, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH
Thomas J. Edwards Papers
Warren Russell Papers
Connecticut Historical Society, Hartford, CT
Middlebrook Family Papers
Connecticut State Library, Hartford, CT
Richard Magee Diary
Emory University Special Collections Library, Atlanta, GA
Civil War Collection
Luther B. Mesnard Sketch
Fredericksburg and Spotsylvania National Military Park Library, Fredericksburg, VA
Henry J. Blakeman Letters
John and Alexander Black Letters
Augustus Bronson Letter
Stephen Crofutt Letters
Ernst Damkoehler Letters
William Dauchy Letter
Charles H. Doerflinger Memoir
Francis Foote Letters
Erastus Fouch Diaries
Wilson French Letters
Robert Hubbard Letters
Justin Keeler Letter
Luther Mesnard Memoir
Franklin Sauter Diary
Justus Silliman Memoir and Correspondence
Jesse M. Spooner Letter
Talley Farm Vertical File
Douglas Tedrow Letter
William Warren Memoir
Gettysburg National Military Park Library, Gettysburg, PA
Park Vertical Files
17th Connecticut Volunteer Infantry
25th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
75th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
John Henry Ahrens Diary
107th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry
Stephen A. Wallace Diary
Adams County Almshouse Vertical File
Hays’ Brigade, Early’s Division, Second Corps
Henry E. Huntington Library, San Marino, CA
Harvey Henderson Civil War Diary
Daniel Horn Papers
Mayo Family Papers
John Page Nicholson Collection
George Shane Phillips Papers
Houghton Library, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
Military Order of the Loyal Legion Collection
Augustus Choate Hamlin Papers
Indiana State Library, Indianapolis, IN
Mahlon Slutz Reminiscences
Library of Virginia, Richmond, VA
Alvin Brown Letter
Manuscripts and Archives, Sterling Memorial Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT
Civil War Manuscript Collection
Robert Hubbard Papers
William Henry Warren Papers
Manuscript Division, Library of Congress, Washington, DC
John Bigelow Papers
Abraham Lincoln Papers
Miscellaneous Manuscripts Collection
Thomas Evans Diary and Memoir
Nathaniel McLean Correspondence
David Tod Correspondence
National Archives Building, Washington, DC
RG 15: Records of the Department of the Interior
Civil War Pension Files
Historical Register, National Homes for Disabled Volunteer Soldiers, 1866–1938
RG 94: Records of the Adjutant General’s Office
Carded Medical Files
Compiled Service Records
Henry S. Finkenbiner Medal of Honor File
Records Relating to Medical Officers and Physicians
Charles A. Hartman Papers
John Knauss Papers
Regimental Orders Books, 107th Ohio Volunteer Infantry
RG 153: Records of the Office of the Judge Advocate General
Civil War Court Martial Cases
RG 393: Records of United States Continental Army Commands, 1821–1920
Ohio History Connection, Columbus, OH
Andrew Harris Papers
Grand Army of the Republic Collection
Ohio Gettysburg Memorial Commission Records
Ohio State Soldiers’ and Sailors’ Home Admission Records
Society of Separatists of Zoar Records
William B. Southerton Memoir
Wildman Family Papers
Rubenstein Library, Duke University, Durham, NC
John Snider Cooper Diary
United States Army Heritage and Education Center Library and Archives, Carlisle, PA
Lewis Leigh Collection
University of South Carolina Library, Columbia, SC
Jacob Boroway Letter
Wayne County Public Library, Wooster, OH
John Flory Diary
William McKinley Presidential Library and Museum, Canton, OH
William McKinley Post No. 25, Grand Army of the Republic Records
Wright State University, Dayton, OH
Oscar D. Ladley Papers
GOVERNMENT DOCUMENTS AND OFFICIAL RECORDS
Busey, John W., and David G. Martin. Regimental Strengths and Losses at Gettysburg, 4th ed. Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 2005.
——. The Last Full Measure: Burial in the Soldiers’ National Cemetery at Gettysburg. Hightstown, NJ: Longstreet House, 1988.
Journal of the House of Representatives of the State of Ohio for the Second Session of the Fifty-Fifth General Assembly. Columbus: Richard Nevins, State Printer, 1863.
Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War. Reprint ed. Wilmington, North Carolina: Broadfoot Publishing Company, 1991.
Report of the Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War. Reprint ed. Wilmington, NC: Broadfoot’s Publishing Company, 1999.
Revised Ordinances of the City of Canton. Canton, OH: Roller Press, 1916.
Revised United States Army Regulations of 1861. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1863.
Seventeenth Annual Report of the Ohio State Board of Agriculture. Columbus: Richard Nevins, State Printer, 1863.
Summary Statements of Quarterly Returns of Ordnance and Ordnance Stores on Hand in Regular and Volunteer Army Organizations, microfilm M1281, reel 4, NA.
United States War Department. The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1880–1901.
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