by Jan Haldipur
Wilson, William Julius. 1990. The truly disadvantaged: The inner city, the underclass, and public policy. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Young, Jock. 1999. The exclusive society. London: Sage Publications.
Zimring, Franklin E. 2011. The city that became safe: New York’s lessons for urban crime and its control. New York: Oxford University Press.
Index
ACDs. See Adjournment in Contemplation of Dismissal
achievement-oriented young adults, xiv, 33–35, 37–41; after-school centers and, 48, 50; clothing and, 43–48; college applications and, 50; police contact and, 42–43; social ties, lacking, 48–53. See also line-toers
ACS. See Administration for Children’s Services
Adjournment in Contemplation of Dismissal (ACDs), 117–18; justice-involved young adults and, 63
Administration for Children’s Services (ACS), 76
adulthood, transition into, aggressive policing impact on, 103–5
African Americans: immigrants, relationship with, 128, 130, 136; mass incarceration of, 29–30; NYPD officers, as percentage of, 14; stop and frisk disproportionately impacting, 24–25
after-school centers, 175n4; achievement-oriented young adults and, 48, 50
aggressive policing. See specific topics
Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives (ATF), 78
Alexander, Michele, 24
Anderson, Elijah, 28; Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City by, 40–41
anxiety: aggressive policing producing, 153–54; vicarious victimization and, 108
apathy, justice-involved young adults feeling, 81–82
arrests: black students and, 62; Latino students and, 62; parents experience of, 114–18; stop and frisk and, 24
ATF. See Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives
Bangladeshi immigrants, 130–34
Bell, Sean, 21
black and Latino identity, of Southwest Bronx, 9–10
black children, police contact and, 116
Black Lives Matter, 21, 174n30
black students: arrests and, 62; school suspension and, 62
Bloomberg, Michael, 18–19; crime rate, in New York City, and, 90–91; stop and frisk and, 90–91; Young Men’s Initiative established by, 65
Blue Blood (Conlon), 18
Bratton, William, 18, 155; broken-windows policing implemented by, 17; CompStat developed by, 17; de Blasio appointing, 19–20; Giuliani appointing, 15; precinct assignments and, 163–64; Turnaround: How America’s Top Cop Reversed the Crime Epidemic by, 16
broken-windows policing, Bratton implementing, 17
Bronx Brotherhood Project, 4–5
Bronx Defenders, 40
Bronx Hall of Justice, 8, 11, 37–38
Browder, Kalief, 25
Bush, George H. W., 29
Butler, Paul, 24
Carter, Jimmy, 7
caseloads, of district attorneys, 156–57
children, 35
citizenship: immigrants and, 142–45; stop and frisk impact on, 152, 164–65
Clear, Todd, 153
Clinton, Bill, 29
Clinton, Hillary, 169
clothing, 176n7; achievement-oriented young adults and, 43–48; police perceptions impacted by, 43–48, 147–48; reasonable suspicion standard and, 46; sneaker culture and, 43–44
Code of the Street: Decency, Violence, and the Moral Life of the Inner City (Anderson), 40–41
college applications, achievement-oriented young adults and, 50
Comfort, Megan, 97
community council meetings, NYPD, 93–95
community organizing, 153, 169
community policing: community safety and, 160–65; CompStat impact on, 119; criticism of, 178n10; 40th Police Precinct and, 161–62; O’Neill and, 168; police, perceptions of, and, 160–65; police, personal relationships with, and, 82–83, 119, 161; San Diego Police Department and, 164–65
community safety: community policing and, 160–65; crime rate, in New York City, and, 25, 28; immigrants and, 133; parents experience of, 108–12, 119–22
compartmentalization, 154
compliance with law, police legitimacy impact on, 155
CompStat: Bratton and Maple developing, 17; community policing impacted by, 119; crime rate, in New York City, and, 22; UF-250 form and, 17
Concourse Village: immigrants in, 10, 126; poverty in, 13
Conlon, Edward, 18
contesting cases, parents and, 116–18
conviction rate: police, perceptions of, and, 157–59; stop and frisk impact on, 156–59
coping mechanisms, xiv–xv
Counterterrorism Bureau, of NYPD, 18–19
crack epidemic, 15
crews: gangs versus, 69; immigrants and, 142–43; justice-involved young adults in, 67–69, 83–84, 87, 90; line-toers and, 54–58; Operation Crew Cut targeting, 69; Rikers Island and, 72; Rollin’ 20s Crips as, 83–84; YGs as, 67–68
crime rate, in New York City, 12–13; Bloomberg on, 90–91; community safety and, 25, 28; CompStat on, 22; Dinkins and, 174n23; stop and frisk and, 22, 25, 26, 27, 90–91, 155, 168
criminalization of youth, schools and, 61–62
Crips, 68, 83–84
Cross-Bronx Expressway, 8
Daniels, et al. v. City of New York, 17–18
Davis v. City of New York, 20
de Blasio, Bill: Bratton appointed by, 19–20; O’Neill appointed by, 168
Decoded (Jay-Z), 31–32
deindustrialization, in New York City, 8–9
deportation, immigrants and, 143–45
depression: justice-involved young adults and, 88; vicarious victimization and, 108
destabilizing neighborhoods, aggressive policing contributing to, 153
Diallo, Amadou, 20–21, 146, 157
Dinkins, David: crime rate, in New York City, and, 174n23; “Safe Streets, Safe City” program and, 15–16
disconnected youth, in South Bronx, 73
dislocation: aggressive policing causing, 110–11, 113–14, 119–22, 151; of parents, 110–14, 118–22, 151
disorderly conduct violations, 101–2
dissonant acculturation, 132
district attorneys: caseloads of, 156–57; stop and frisk impact on, 156–59; War on Drugs and, 156
Dominican immigrants, 141–49
double consciousness, 41
Douglas, William O., 174n33
Downsizing Prisons: How to Reduce Crime and End Mass Incarceration (Jacobson), 22
downward assimilation, 136, 150
drug trade: crack epidemic and, 15; justice-involved young adults engaged in, 67–68, 71–73, 82–84, 87, 105, 142–43; War on Drugs and, 29, 156
81st Police Precinct, 178n11
employment: immigrants and, 145, 148, 167; justice-involved young adults and, 63, 72, 75, 78–79, 105; NYPD providing, 149–50; social ties impact on, 52–53; Summer Youth Employment Program, New York City and, 72
Esbensen, Finn-Aage, 155
ethnographic method, 4, 35–36
Explorers, NYPD, 94
extortion, by police, 87
Fagan, Jeffrey, 24
felony convictions: justice-involved young adults and, 66, 74, 79, 89; juvenile, 89; prisoner reentry and, 74, 79; Youthful Offender adjudication and, 74
Floyd, et al. v. City of New York, et al., xii, 20, 25
Fornango, Robert, 91
Fort Apache, the Bronx, 7
40th Police Precinct, 12; community policing in, 161–62; crime rate in, 12–13; map of, 3
44th Police Precinct: community council meeting in, 93–95; crime rate in, 22; guns in, 70–71; map of, 3; Thirsty Thursdays in, xi
42nd Police Precinct: map of, 3; stop and frisk rate in, 110
Fourth Amendment of US Constitution, 174n33
Gambian immigrants, 134–36
gangs: crews versus, 69; Crips as, 68, 83–84; immigrants and, 139–40
Garland, David, 89
>
Garner, Eric, 21
Gelman, Andrew, 24
gender, police contact and, 140–41
gentrification, 9, 12
Ghanaian immigrants, 6, 123–25, 128–30, 151, 167
Giuliani, Rudolph, 15
government, mistrust in, 31–33
Graham, Ramarley, 21
Gray, Kimani, 21
groups of boys, police breaking up, 99–100
guns: acquiring, 71; 44th Police Precinct and, 70–71; justice-involved young adults and, 69–71, 77–78; stop and frisk and, 91
Gurley, Akai, 164
Harcourt, Bernard, 23
Harvey, David, 175n56
Haste, Richard, 21
Herbert, Steve, 178n10
Hochschild, Arlie, 114
human ecology, 6
immigrant population, in Bronx, 126, 128, 138, 141
immigrants, xv, 33, 126, 127; African Americans’ relationship with, 128, 130, 136; Bangladeshi, 130–34; citizenship and, 142–45; community safety and, 133; in Concourse Village, 10, 126; crews and, 142–43; deportation and, 143–45; dissonant acculturation of, 132; Dominican, 141–49; downward assimilation and, 136, 150; employment and, 145, 148, 167; Gambian, 134–36; gangs and, 139–40; Ghanaian, 6, 123–25, 128–30, 151, 167; indoor recreation programs and, 128; justice-involved young adults as, 135–36, 140–45; Mexican, 136–41; 1.5 generation, 125; parents as, 131–33, 135, 145–46; police, perceptions of, and, 136–37, 140–41, 147–50; police contact and, 129–30, 133–36, 140–41, 150; probation and, 135–37, 140, 144–45; protective layer between police and, 129–34, 150, 151; religion and, 129, 134; schools and, 148; social ties and, 129–35, 137–40; stop and frisk and, 130, 133–34; violence towards, 138–40
immigration lottery, 131
implicit bias, among police, 23–24
incarceration rate, in South Bronx, 73
indoor recreation programs, immigrants and, 128
informants, dangers to, 101
Jacobson, Michael, 22
James, LeBron, 43
Jay-Z, 31–32
Justice Department, 169
justice-involved young adults, 33–35, 37–38, 41; ACDs and, 63; apathy felt by, 81–82; in crews, 67–69, 83–84, 87, 90; depression and, 88; drug trade and, 67–68, 71–73, 82–84, 87, 105, 142–43; employment and, 63, 72, 75, 78–79, 105; felony convictions and, 66, 74, 79, 89; gun ownership of, 69–71, 77–78; immigrants as, 135–36, 140–45; as parents, 105–8; parents of, 67–68, 72–73; police, ambivalence towards, and, 82–87; police, formal grievances against, and, 81; police, personal relationships with, 82–83; police, violent interactions with, 79–82; police raids and, 75–78; prisoner reentry and, 74–79, 85, 105–6; probation and, 62–63, 65–67, 74, 89–90, 105–6; at Rikers Island, 25, 72, 75–77, 84; schools and, 61–62; second chances, not receiving, 88–89; social ties and, 74–75, 77–79, 88; staying straight, 73–79, 151; stop and frisk and, 39–40, 75–77, 86, 89–91, 106–8
Kasinitz, Philip, 52–53
Kelly, Ray: Counterterrorism Bureau established by, 18–19; Safe Streets, Safe City program and, 15–16
Kiss, Alex, 24
Knapp Commission, 14
Knobler, Peter, 16
Latino children, police contact and, 116
Latino identity, 148
Latinos: mass incarceration of, 30; NYPD officers, as percentage of, 14; stop and frisk disproportionately impacting, 24–25
Latino students: arrests and, 62; school suspension and, 62
LeBlanc, Adrian Nicole, 29
Liang, Peter, 164
Ligon v. City of New York, 20
Lindsay, John, 14
line-toers, xv; crews and, 54–58; police contact, 57–60; public space and, 55–60; social ties and, 52–60; stop and frisk and, 58–59
Lipsky, Michael, 32
Louima, Abner, 157
Machung, Anne, 114
Manhattan, stop and frisk in, 110–11
Manhattan Detention Complex (the Tombs), 105
Maple, Jack, 17
Martin, Trayvon, 174n30
mass incarceration, 29–30
McKay, Henry D., 152
Meares, Tracey, 23
media coverage, of stop and frisk, 1–2
Merton, Robert K., 2
Mexican immigrants, 136–41
Mollen Commission, 15
Muhammad, Khalil, 24
murders, by police: Black Lives Matter and, 21; Diallo and, 20–21, 146, 157; Garner and, 21; Gurley and, 164
Neighborhood Opportunity Network (NeON), 65
neighborhood policing. See community policing
NeON. See Neighborhood Opportunity Network
New York City Department of Probation, 10–11
New York Police Department (NYPD), 14–21. See also specific topics
New York State Division of Parole, 10
NYPD. See New York Police Department
OMP. See broken-windows policing
161st Street, in Southwest Bronx, 11, 37
O’Neill, James P., 168
1.5 generation immigrants, 125
Operation Clean Halls, 20, 62, 100
Operation Crew Cut, 69
order maintenance policing (OMP). See broken-windows policing
parents, xv, 33; arrests, experience of, 114–18; cases contested by, 116–18; community council meetings, NYPD, attended by, 93–95; community safety, experience of, 108–12, 119–22; dislocation of, 110–14, 118–22, 151; immigrants as, 131–33, 135, 145–46; of justice-involved young adults, 67–68, 72–73; justice-involved young adults as, 105–8; police, perceptions of, and, 94–95, 101–22; public space and, 96; restricting movement of children, 115; secondary policing and, 97; second shift and, 114–18; social ties and, 109, 112–13; stop and frisk, experience of, 97–114, 151; the talk given by, 104; Thirsty Thursdays, experience of, 100–103; tickets paid by, 101–3, 117–18; as veterans, 108–11
Patillo, Mary, 29
patrol unit, NYPD, 14
Peters v. New York, 23
police, cooperation with, stop and frisk impact on, 155–59
police, formal grievances against, 81
police, perceptions of, 5–6, 151–56; community policing and, 160–65; conviction rate and, 157–59; immigrants and, 136–37, 140–41, 147–50; justice-involved young adults and, 82–87; parents and, 94–95, 101–22
police, personal relationships with: community policing and, 82–83, 119, 161; justice-involved young adults having, 82–83
police, violent interactions with: justice-involved young adults and, 79–82; stop and frisk and, 79–80
police contact: achievement-oriented young adults and, 42–43; black children and, 116; gender and, 140–41; immigrants and, 129–30, 133–36, 140–41, 150; Latino children and, 116; line-toers, 57–60; probation and, 62–63
police legitimacy, compliance with law impacted by, 155
police misconduct: in NYPD, 14–15, 162; Trump administration approach to, 169
police precincts: 81st Police Precinct as, 178n11; 40th Police Precinct as, 3, 12, 13, 161–62; 44th Police Precinct as, xi, 3, 22, 70–71, 93–95; 42nd Police Precinct as, 3, 110; 13th Police Precinct as, 110–11
police raids: justice-involved young adults and, 75–78; Operation Clean Halls and, 20, 62, 100
policing, unequal, 28; implicit bias and, 23–24; reasonable suspicion standard and, 22; statistics on, 24–25
Portes, Alejandro, 132, 136
poverty: in Concourse Village, 13; in 16th Congressional District, 13
precinct assignments, Bratton and, 163–64
prisoner reentry: felony convictions and, 74, 79; justice-involved young adults and, 74–79, 85, 105–6
prison expenditures, in Bronx, 73
probable cause: Fourth Amendment of US Constitution and, 174n33; reasonable suspicion standard versus, 22
probation: immigrants and, 135–37, 140, 144–45; justice-involved young adults and, 62–63, 65–67, 74, 89–90
, 105–6; NeON and, 65; New York City Department of Probation and, 10–11; police contact and, 62–63
protective layer, between immigrants and police, 129–34, 150, 151
public housing, deterioration of, 159–60
public space: line-toers and, 55–60; parents and, 96; stop and frisk impact on, 30–31, 34, 96, 101–3, 106–7, 152–53
Puerto Ricans, 9–10
punishment, in United States, 89
quotas: Raymond et al. v. the City of New York and, 163; Schoolcraft leak and, 163, 178n11; stop and frisk and, 163; tickets and, 163
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (RICO Act), 145
Raymond et al. v. the City of New York, 163
Reagan, Ronald, 29
reasonable suspicion standard: clothing and, 46; policing, unequal, and, 22; probable cause versus, 22; stop and frisk and, 22–23
religion, immigrants and, 129, 134
resilience, 153–54
RICO Act. See Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
right to the city: aggressive policing denying, 151–52, 165; Harvey on, 175n56
Rikers Island: crews in, 72; justice-involved young adults at, 25, 72, 75–77, 84
Rios, Victor, 61
Rollin’ 20s Crips, 83–84
rookie officers, NYPD, in high-impact precincts, 163–64
Rosenberg, Jan, 52–53
Rosenfeld, Richard, 91
Rumbaut, Ruben G., 132, 136
Safe Streets, Safe City program, 15–16
San Diego Police Department, community policing in, 164–65
San Quentin Prison, 97
Scheindlin, Shira, 20
Schiraldi, Vincent, 65
Schoolcraft, Adrian, 163, 178n11
schools: criminalization of youth and, 61–62; immigrants and, 148; justice-involved young adults and, 61–62
school suspension: black students and, 62; Latino students and, 62
school-to-prison pipeline, 61–62
secondary policing, parents and, 97
secondary prisonization, 97
second shift, parents and, 114–18
The Second Shift: Working Families and the Revolution at Home (Hochschild and Machung), 114
Section 8 housing, 100, 120
Sessions, Jeff, 169
Shaw, Clifford, 152
Sibron v. New York, 23
16th Congressional District, poverty in, 13
Small, Mario Luis, 7
Smith, Susan, 53
sneaker culture, 43–44
