by Tim James
Newtonian mechanics 177
nickel 24
Nio, Makiko 137
nitrogen 177
‘no cloning’ principle 97
Noether, Amalie ‘Emmy’ 159–60, 162, 168, 187
Noether’s theorem 160–3, 165, 168, 173
nuclear fusion 178
nucleus see atomic nucleus
objects, diffraction 32–3
O’Connell, Aaron 102, 189
omega particles 146
Oppenheimer, Robert 35, 130, 145–6 see also Born-Oppenheimer approximation
opposites 150
orbital approximation 197
orbitals 46–7, 53, 83
organs 119
oxygen 177
Pais, Abraham 70
parallel universes 113–14
particle detectors 71, 89, 90–1, 98–103, 109, 111–13, 140–1, 146, 163, 165, 180
particle physics standard model 173
timeline 185–9
particle properties see chirality; colour; electric charge; spin; weak isospin
particle self-interaction 205
particle zoo 146–8, 153, 172
particles cosmic ray 146
definition 119
effect of measurement on 68, 85
eigenstate (ordinary version) 68–9, 72, 77, 78–9, 85, 95
and electromagnetic waves 122
electrons as 27, 28, 31, 39, 62, 108
energy 63
entangled 84, 88–9, 90–2, 95–7
as existing in multiple states until measured 67–9, 70, 71–2, 75–7, 89, 98, 101
fundamental 119
and the Heisenberg uncertainty principle 35–9
location 35–9, 36–8, 49–53, 52, 60, 62–3, 71, 109, 133, 135, 160–1
magnetic moments 193–4
making predictions about 53, 75
and the measurement problem 63
measuring the properties of 49, 50, 61–3
mind’s effect on 78
momentum 35–9, 36–8, 49, 63, 133, 135, 160–1
motion 35, 39–40
and Noether’s theorem 160–1
as not real 67–8
and probability 50
as quantum in its own field 126
and quantum tunnelling 52–3
spin 59–61, 59, 63, 67, 193
‘superposition state’ 67
virtual 134–5, 136, 150, 152, 163, 164, 180
wave properties 35, 51–2, 62–3, 83, 126
wavefunctions 84–5
wavelength 32 see also specific particles
partons 147–8
see also kworks
Pauli, Wolfgang 60, 79, 85, 108, 162, 166, 188
Pauli equation 60
Pauli exclusion principle 181
Pentagon 115
Peres, Asher 96, 97, 189
Perl, Martin 146
phosphorus 177
photoelectric effect 19–20, 21, 26
photon fields 126, 150, 166, 177 quanta of 132
photons 21–5, 166, 177, 178, 205 and colour 209
and electric charge 151, 152, 161
and electron shell changes 47
and gravity 179
and the Large Hadron Collider 172
location 51
as massless 170
movement through glass 86
as particles 31, 108, 124
as quanta of the electromagnetic field 125
and quantum drums 103
and quantum field theory 124–6, 125, 129, 131–41, 132, 134, 138–9, 150–1
virtual 134–5, 150
wave properties 31, 44, 51, 108, 124
and wave-particle duality 31
physics 3, 14 classical 24, 68, 69, 75, 100, 109, 177
laws of 67, 160, 161, 162, 182
particle 173, 185–9
real-world 33
see also quantum field theories; quantum mechanics; quantum theory
pions (particles) 146, 148
Pixar 75
Planck, Max 14–15, 19–21, 33, 53, 62–3, 85, 108, 124, 145, 187
Planck’s constant 193
planetary orbits 24
plenum-wave concept 8, 12
Podolsky, Boris 83, 88, 89, 188
Pople, John 198
positron fields 163
positrons (anti-electrons) 137–40, 139, 145–6, 151, 161, 164
potential energy 160
Powell, Cecil 146
present, knowledge of 38–9
probability 49–53, 62, 68, 75, 77, 112, 113
probability amplitude 79
propagators (equations) 131–4, 132, 135, 138–9, 138
protons 24, 26, 31, 119, 147, 148, 178, 209 and alpha radiation 53
and beta decay 162
charge 26
diffraction 32
location 51
as not fundamental 147–8
and quantum field theory 149, 150, 152, 153
reverse-charged (anti-protons) 140, 141
and Schrödinger’s wave equation 197
and the strong force 177
wave properties 32, 44, 51
wavefunctions 83
QFD see quantum flavour-dynamics
quanta 15, 125, 131, 132
quantum chromo-dynamics (QCD) 150–5, 151, 152, 153, 160, 177, 183
quantum drums 103
quantum dynamics 168
quantum electro-dynamics (QED) 129, 131, 134–7, 140, 150, 152–3, 155, 160, 177, 179, 182, 205 accuracy 136–7
quantum energy 20, 26
quantum field theories 124–6, 125, 129, 131–41, 132, 134–5, 138, 145–55, 151, 161, 165, 167, 173, 177–8, 180–2 mathematics 129, 131, 133
quantum flavour-dynamics (QFD) 165
quantum handshakes 111
quantum information, transference 96–9
quantum leaps 25–6, 43, 47
quantum machines 102
quantum mechanics 3–4, 7, 23–6, 31, 33–5, 38–9, 47, 49–50, 52–3, 57, 67, 75–7, 79, 84–5, 88–91, 96–103, 105–116, 165, 181, 183 Copenhagen interpretation 67, 68–72, 75, 77, 80, 91, 100, 101, 107, 108–10, 112, 114–16
de Broglie-Bohm view 108–9, 115–16
Einstein’s attack on 83, 109, 139
history of 7–8
incomprehensibility of 3–4
many world interpretation 113–15, 116, 130
mismatch with special relativity 88
and time travel 98–100
timeline 185–9
transactional interpretation 110, 116
quantum potentials 109
quantum revolution 14
quantum spirituality 79
quantum telepheresis 97
quantum teleportation 95–8
quantum theory 20–1, 24, 26, 31, 35, 38–9, 44, 50, 53, 83, 108
quantum tunnelling 52–3
quarks 148–54, 151, 152, 178 antimatter quarks 151, 172
bottom quarks 172
charm quarks 154–5, 172
chirality 170, 172
colour 150–2, 151, 172, 209
confinement 152
down quarks 153–4, 154, 155, 163–4, 164, 172
and electric charge 149, 163
and the Large Hadron Collider 172
mega-quarks 155
and neutrinos 163–4, 164
and the photon field 149
strange quarks 154, 155, 172
and the strong force 177
tetraquarks 152
top quarks 172
trios of (baryons) 152
up quarks 149, 153–4, 154, 155, 163–4, 164, 172
valence 149
virtual 149
weak isospin 168 see also hadrons
Rabelais, François 165
Rabi, Isidor 145
radiation alpha radiation 53
beta decay 162
Cherenkov radiation 209
gamma waves 123, 209
radio transmitters 123
radio
active decay particles 162, 168, 178
radioactivity 53, 182
radiowaves 123
randomness 49–51, 69, 79, 112
Rayleigh-Jeans Law 13, 15
real-world physics 33
reality and consciousness 79–80
as illusion 73–80
overlapping realities 113
and quantum field theory 177
regularisation 206
relativity 160 general theory of relativity 86, 181–2, 183
special theory of relativity 85–91, 96, 114
Renaissance 8
renormalisation 206
Rosen, Nathan 83, 88, 89, 188
Rosetta stone 8
Royal Institution 119–20, 122
Rutherford, Ernest 27, 187
Sagan, Carl 201
Salam, Abdus 165, 173, 189
salt 32
Schlosshauer, Maximilian 116
Schrödinger, Erwin 43–8, 50–1, 53, 57, 67, 70–2, 77, 79, 84, 85, 97, 102, 108, 112, 164, 188
Schrödinger’s cat paradox 70–2, 77, 80, 84, 101–2, 107, 114
Schrödinger’s wave equation 45–8, 50–3, 57, 60, 62, 68, 75, 79, 83, 100, 112, 116, 197–8
Schwinger, Julian 135, 136, 188
science, value of 183
Second World War 109
sentient mind 77–8
shockwaves 171
silver atoms 194
sodium 177
sodium carbonate 107
Solvay, Ernest 107
Solvay conferences 107–8
Sommerfeld, Arnold 33–4, 85, 108
space and electromagnetic fields 123
energy of the vacuum of 180–1
and the general theory of relativity 181–2
special theory of relativity 85–91, 96, 114
speed 24 see also light speed; velocity
spin 59–61, 59, 84–5, 88–91, 95, 100, 109, 112, 114, 167, 193–4 down-spin 60–1, 84–5, 90–1, 95, 100, 112, 114
up-spin 60–1, 84–5, 88, 90–1, 95, 100, 112, 114
spin matrix 193
spooky action at a distance 88–91
square roots 48, 50
standard model of particle physics 173
stars 123
Stern, Otto 59–60, 61–2, 85
Stern-Gerlach gateway 59–60, 61–2, 90, 188, 194
strong field 179
strong force 149–52, 167–8, 173, 179, 180, 182
sulfur 177
Sun 162, 178
Super-Kamiokande (Super-K) (neutrino detector), Hida, Japan 163
superposition 11, 23, 28, 33, 68, 70, 85, 98, 100–3, 112–14, 139 collapse of 68, 77–8, 95
as not really existing 89, 91
Schrödinger’s attack on 71–2
and teleportation 96–7
supreme mind 78
symmetry 160–1, 162, 165, 166, 167–8 broken 160, 180
tauons (tau) 146, 153, 170, 172
teleportation 95–8
temperature 15
tetraquarks 152
theory mismatch with experiments 13–14 see also specific theories
thermodynamics, first law of 135
Thomson, George 27–8, 188
Thomson, J. J. 26–7, 28, 187
time backwards flow of 110–11, 139, 140
cessation of 88, 140–1
and gravity 179
and the theory of general relativity 181
and the theory of special relativity 87–8
time dilation effects 87–8
time travel 98–100
Tomonaga, Shinichiro 136, 188
Tonomura, Akira 22–3, 28, 189
Toy Story film series 75–6
transactional interpretation 110, 116
Travolta, John 51
ultraviolet light 13, 123 ‘catastrophe of the ultraviolet’ 13–14, 21
uncertainty 57 see also Heisenberg uncertainty principle
universe beginnings of the 166
laws of the 50
Newtonian 38
parallel 113–14
in state of superposition 78
up kworks 148
up-spin 60–1, 84–5, 88, 90–1, 95, 100, 112, 114
Vanner, Michael 103, 189
vectors 121
velocity 32, 35, 86, 88
virtual particles 134–5, 136, 150, 152, 163, 164, 180
virtual photons 134–5, 150
visible spectrum 13
volume 165
von Neumann, John 76–7, 188
W (weak) particles 163–7, 170, 172, 178
Waldegrave, William 159
water 7
water waves 8–10, 9–10, 109–10, 133–4, 134
wave equations 44–8, 50, 51–3, 57, 60, 62
wave-like properties 8–12, 15, 21–4, 27–8, 31–2, 35, 39, 44, 47, 50–2, 62–3, 83, 108, 122–4, 126
wave-particle duality 31–3, 39, 44, 53, 108
wavefunctions (equations) 45–8, 50–3, 57, 60, 62, 68, 70–1, 83–5, 100–1, 111, 116, 198 collapse 72, 75, 76–80, 85, 88, 95–9, 101, 112
‘two-electron’ 83
of whole atoms 83
wavelength 31–3, 45
waves 8–12, 9–11 advanced 111
amplitude (height) 45, 50
electromagnetic 121–3, 121
energy 9, 31
existence as whole numbers 45, 45
frequency 31
harmonics 45
location 35
mass 32
pinpointing 37, 37
radiowaves 123
retarded 111
Schrödinger on 44
superposition 11
velocity 35
weak field 163–8
weak force 166–8, 179, 180, 182
weak hypercharge 168–70, 169
weak isospin 164, 167, 168
weaponry 34, 130
Weinberg, Steven 165, 173, 189
West, Kanye 69
Wheatstone, Charles 122
Wheeler, John Archibald 112, 130
wi-fi hubs 123
Wigner, Eugene 77–80, 188
Wilczek, Frank 149
wind 7
Wollan, Ernest 32
Wootters, William 96, 97, 189
world, as illusion 73–80
wormholes 92
Wu, Chien-Shiung 167–8, 188
X-rays 123, 209
xi particles 146
Yang Mills Existence Mass Gap Problem 129
Young, Thomas 8–11, 15, 21–2, 109, 123, 187
Yukawa, Hideki 149, 188
Yukawa coupling 171
Z particles 165–6, 168–70, 169, 170, 172, 178
FUNDAMENTAL
Pegasus Books, Ltd.
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New York, NY 10018
Copyright © 2020 by Tim James
First Pegasus Books hardcover edition July 2020
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in whole or in part without written permission from the publisher, except by reviewers who may quote brief excerpts in connection with a review in a newspaper, magazine, or electronic publication; nor may any part of this book be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other, without written permission from the publisher.
Jacket Credit: Faceout Studio, Molly von Borstel
Art Credit: Shutterstock
ISBN: 978-1-64313-470-3
ISBN: 978-1-64313-471-0 (eBook)
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