[135]Carcalla (188-217) was the Emperor of Rome from 209 to 217. He granted citizenship to all free men who were subjects of the Empire, and the same rights to all women as Roman women had, in an edict in 212. However, apart from this he is best remembered for his cruelty and his capricious abuses of power. He was eventually assassinated.
[136]Subsidiarity is a principle which emphasises the importance of the people having as much decision-making power as possible in regard to the issues which affect them, while decisions regarding the welfare of the larger community are left to the central government.
[137]This entry was written by Pierre Krebs for the German edition.
[138]Stephen Hawking made these claims during an address in Switzerland, which was reported in Metro on 27 November 2000.
[139]This is also an idea initially formulated by Jean Thiriart.
[140]Faye is referring to the concept of Eurasianism, one of the tenets of which is that Russia is culturally closer to Asia than to Western Europe.
[141]Johann Gottlieb Fichte (1762-1814) was one of the principal philosophers of German Idealism. He defined the modern conception of the nation as those who belong to a community with a shared linguistic, historical and cultural identity, rather than it being simply a matter of geographic borders. He outlines these ideas in his Addresses to the German Nation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008).
[142]French: ‘a person of racially mixed parentage’.
[143]In Islam, Dar al Islam, Arabic for ‘House of Islam’, refers to those areas where Islam can be practiced freely, and is usually understood as nations in which Islam is the dominant religion so that Islamic law can be enforced (although not always, particularly according to more liberal Muslim theologians). It stands in contrast to Dar al Harb, or the ‘House of War’, which is applied to nations which are hostile to the practice of Islamic law and which are not in a non-aggression treaty with Muslims.
[144]Literally ‘black foot’, this term refers to those of European origin who lived in Algeria during the period of French colonisation (1830-1962). The original meaning of the term has been lost and is still debated today.
[145]Éric Delcroix (b. 1944) is a French barrister who has written several radical Right-wing works. He is also known as a prominent advocate of Holocaust revisionism.
[146]Pierre Corneille (1606-1684) was a French dramatist who has been called ‘the father of French tragedy’. This quote appears in his drama Horace, in Act II, scene iii.
[147]This entry was written by Pierre Krebs for the German edition. See also the extensive explanation in Pierre Chassard, Idées, Théories, Doctrines: Dictionnaire critique (Brussels: 2002).
[148]The Yalta Conference in February 1945 was a meeting between Winston Churchill, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph Stalin to discuss the post-war organisation and division of Europe. The decisions made here effectively charted the fate of Europe until the end of the Cold War nearly half a century later.
[149]‘For when truth steps into battle with the lie of millennia we shall have convulsions, an earthquake spasm, a transposition of valley and mountain such as never been dreamed of. The concept politics has then become completely absorbed into a war of spirits, all the power-structures of the old society have been blown into the air—they one and all reposed on the lie. Only after me will there be grand politics on earth.’ From Friedrich Nietzsche, Ecce Homo, in The Nietzsche Reader (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 2006), p. 515.
[150]Ruy Blas is a tragedy about a slave in Seventeenth century Spain who falls in love with the Queen. An enemy of the Queen disguises him as a nobleman and presents him at court. Following his wise proposals for reforms, he is appointed Prime Minister and wins the Queen’s heart, only to commit suicide after he is exposed.
[151]Konrad Lorenz (1903-1989) was an Austrian ethologist who won the Nobel Prize in 1973. In his book Civilized Man’s Seven Deadly Sins, he speculated that the supposed advances of modern life were actually harmful to humanity, since they had removed humans from the biological effects of natural competition and replaced it with the far more brutal competition inherent in relations between individuals in modern societies.
[152]Latin: ‘virtue’.
[153]See his Des Dieux et des Empereurs (Paris: Éd. des Ecrivans, 2000).
[154]Pierre Terrail LeVieux (1473-1524), otherwise known as the Chevalier de Bayard, was a French Knight who fought in many battles and came to be seen as the embodiment of the chivalric ideal.
[155]Bertrand du Guesclin (c. 1320-1380) was a French Knight and military commander who won many battles during the Hundred Years’ War.
[156]Frantz Fanon (1925-1961) was a Martiniquan Marxist intellectual and African nationalist whose writings, particularly The Wretched of the Earth, have been highly influential upon anti-colonialist movements.
[157]Meaning after the Second Vatican Council of 1962-65.
[158]Latin: ‘everything’.
[159]This is a term coined by Guy Debord (1931-1994), a French Marxist philosopher and the founder of the anarchist Situationist International. The spectacle, as described in his principal work, The Society of the Spectacle, is one of the means by which the capitalist establishment maintains its authority in the modern world — namely, by reducing all genuine human experiences to representational images in the mass media, thus allowing the powers-that-be to determine how individuals experience reality.
[160]In February 2000, a coalition of Leftist parties in France lowered the legal duration of the standard working week from 39 to 35 hours.
[161]Giorgio Locchi (1923-1992) was an Italian journalist who was a founding member of GRECE and an occasional collaborator with Alain de Benoist. He also wrote on Wagner and Nietzsche. He remains untranslated.
[162]In French, literally, ‘rights of man’.
[163]This was the National Convention that was held between 1792 and 1795 in order to draw up a new constitution following the Revolution.
[164]This is a reference to an episode during the Reign of Terror when, in 1793, the citizens of the Vendée region of coastal France, who were supportive of both the clergy and the monarchy, began an uprising against the revolutionary Republican government. Following the defeat of the uprising in February 1794, the Committee of Public Safety ordered the Republican forces to conduct a scorched-earth razing of the area and the mass execution of its residents, including noncombatants, women and children. Several hundred thousand people are estimated to have been killed out of a population of 800,000. Some historians, especially on the Right, have classified this incident as a genocide, although this has been disputed.
[165]Yvan Blot (b. 1948) has served in the European Parliament on behalf of the Front National. He has also been the President of the Club de l’Horloge, a far Right think tank founded in 1974 which was initially close to GRECE and the Nouvelle Droite. Its current President is Henry de Lesquen.
[166]Xenophon (c. 430 BCE-354 BCE) was a Greek historian and soldier. His Anabasis is the record of an expedition by the Greeks to capture the throne of the Persia.
[167]Reconquista is a Spanish word meaning reconquering or recapturing. Historically, it refers to the struggle of the Christian Spaniards against the occupation of Spain by the Muslims during the Middle Ages, lasting for nearly eight centuries from 718 until they were finally driven out completely in 1492.
[168]The ‘dangerous classes’ was a term applied by the Parisian bourgeoisie during the early part of the Nineteenth century to the poor classes.
[169]In Greek mythology, Scylla and Charybde were two monsters who lived on either side of a narrow strait. Sailors who attempted to pass through the strait were always in danger of being eaten by one while attempting to keep away from the other. It is considered the origin of the expression ‘between a rock and a hard place’. Scylla and Charybde appear most notably in Homer’s Odyssey and Ovid’s Metamorphoses.
[170]The author is here most likely referring to Hölderlin’s poem ‘Bread and Wine’. The night is
used to symbolically represent our age, when the ancient gods of Greece and Christ have left the world and it is only the poets who attempt to keep their memory alive until their return. Many translations exist. Martin Heidegger discusses this poem at length in his famous essay ‘Why Poets?’, translated in Off the Beaten Path (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002).
[171]The Persian Wars were fought between the Persian Empire and the Greek city-states in the Fifth century BC, when the Greeks successfully repelled multiple invasion attempts. The Punic Wars were fought between the Roman Republic and the Carthaginian Empire. The Roman victory in these wars secured their dominance in the coming centuries. Both wars could be seen as the triumph of Western civilisation under the threat of foreign invasion.
[172]Aggiornamento is Italian for ‘bringing up to date’, and was applied to the Second Vatican Council of the 1960s. By the aggiornamento of the Fourth century, Faye is referring to the First Council of Nicaea, which was called by Constantine after becoming the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity. It was the first attempt to standardise Christian doctrine and laid the foundations for the modern-day Catholic Church.
[173]Sedentism is a term used in anthropology to refer to the process by which a nomadic people decide to stop circulating and set up permanent settlements.
[174]PACS, or pacte civil de solidarité, is a type of civil union in France which is available to same-sex couples as well as traditional couples, although it gives fewer rights than does marriage.
[175]Helots were a group in some of the ancient Greek city-states which fell somewhere in the hierarchy between slaves and free men.
[176]This quote is the motto of Terre et Peuple, a group composed of intellectuals who have broken away from GRECE or the Front National. Faye has contributed to their journal.
[177]Louis Pauwels (1920-1997) was a French author and journalist, and a follower of Gurdjieff, who became known in the 1960s as a writer and publisher of popular writings on occult matters and science fiction, particularly through his book The Morning of the Magicians, which remains one of the most popular (if highly inaccurate) accounts of the supposed ‘occult’ origins of National Socialism. In 1978 he began publishing the Figaro-Magazine, which became a forum for New Right thinkers.
[178]Tags are a type of graffiti, usually used to mark a particular gang’s territory or the identity of its creator.
[179]French: ‘single thought’. Since it was first coined in the French magazine Le Monde diplomatique in 1995, it has become a common way in France to refer to the unquestioning manner in which the assumptions of liberal ideology are accepted.
[180]Albert Jacquard (b. 1925) is a French geneticist who has frequently opposed racism in his scientific writings and has also been active in protecting the rights of illegal immigrants.
[181]Yves Coppens (b. 1934) is a French anthropologist who is best-known for postulating what he terms the ‘East side story,’ in which he claims that all humans are descended from hominids who originally lived in East Africa, but were driven out as the result of a massive drought and began the process of outward expansion which continues to this day.
[182]Hervé Le Bras (b. 1943) is a demographer and is the Director of the National Institute of Demographic Studies (INED) in France, and has held some government-appointed posts. In 1991 he published a book in which he claimed that fears of falling birth rates among the native French were based upon biased studies produced by pro-natalist partisans within the INED.
[183]From Roquefavour, no. 14.
[184]This famous quarrel began in literary circles in Paris in the 1690s. The Ancients believed that it was not possible to produce literature greater than what the Greeks and Romans of Antiquity had produced, and that contemporary authors should simply aspire to imitate their example. The Moderns upheld that knowledge was progressive and that new discoveries could open up possibilities that were much greater than what was known in the Ancient world.
[185]From Roquefavour, no. 14.
[186]‘Alas, the time is coming when man will no longer give birth to a star. Alas, the time of the most despicable man is coming, he that is no longer able to despise himself. Behold, I show you the last man. “What is love? What is creation? What is longing? What is a star?” thus asks the last man, and he blinks. The earth has become small, and on it hops the last man, who makes everything small. His race is as ineradicable as the flea-beetle; the last man lives longest.’ From Friedrich Nietzsche, Thus Spoke Zarathustra (New York: Penguin Books, 1978), p. 5.
[187]Christopher Gérard (b. 1962) is a Belgian author and editor, and an advocate for the revival of paganism. In 1992 he revived the Antaios journal, which had originally been published by Mircea Eliade and Ernst Jünger, and edited it until it ceased publication in 2001. His work remains untranslated.
[188]From Christopher Gérard, Parcours païen (Lausanne: L’Age d’Homme, 2000).
[189]Marcus Aurelius (121-180) was a Stoic philosopher and Emperor of Rome. In his Meditations, he recommends that one’s emotions and indulgence in sense gratification should be kept well under control in order to keep one’s sense of judgment clear.
[190]From Une Terre, un people.
[191]‘The great health.— Being new, nameless, hard to understand, we premature births of an as yet unproven future need for a new goal also a new means — namely, a new health, stronger, more seasoned, tougher, more audacious, and gayer than any previous health… Whoever has a soul that craves to have experienced the whole range of values and desiderata to date…needs one thing above everything else: the great health — that one does not merely have but also acquires continually, and must acquire because one gives it up again and again, and must give it up.’ From Friedrich Nietzsche, The Gay Science (New York: Vintage Press, 1974), section 382.
[192]Eid al-Adha, meaning ‘festival of sacrifice’, is one of the major festivals of the Islamic calendar, commemorating Abraham’s willingness to sacrifice his son Ishmael on Allah’s order (an event which is described in the Old Testament as well as in the Qur’an). The festival also includes the sacrifice of an animal. Although it is true that the Qur’an enjoins Muslims to respect Jews and Christians as fellow ‘People of the Book’ (since they also derive from the Abrahamic tradition), and no similar injunction is given to extend respect to practitioners of pagan religions, historically Muslim rulers have generally extended the same rights to pagans under their control, such as to Hindus during the Mughal period in India. There are notable exceptions to this when Hindus who failed to convert were slaughtered outright.
[193]The Most Reverend Dr. Jacques Gaillot (b. 1935) is a former French Catholic bishop nicknamed ‘The Red Cleric’ because of his extreme Leftist positions. He was removed from his position by the Vatican in 1995 for publicly opposing several of the Church’s precepts.
[194]Louis Rougier (1889-1982) was an important French philosopher of his day. He was a vocal opponent of Catholicism throughout his career, and during the 1970s he began working with Alain de Benoist and GRECE, publishing works which were highly critical of Christianity, which he saw as being alien to the West. He was also one of the principal French expositors of neo-liberal socioeconomic philosophy.
[195]Saint Augustine (354-430) was an important bishop of the latter-day Roman Empire and was one of the Church Fathers. He outlines his idea of hierarchy in his City of God.
[196]Thomas Aquinas (1125-1274) was a Dominican priest whose theological writings became important in both theological and philosophical debates, known as Thomism.
[197]The idea that Christianity was ‘Europeanised’ during the process of its assimilation in the West has been a subject of some debate. An important recent work on this subject is James C. Russell’s The Germanization of Early Medieval Christianity (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1994).
[198]Pelagius (c. 354-c. 420) was an ascetic who was condemned as a heretic for denying the notion of original sin on the grounds that it was tantamount to denying free will. He cert
ainly did not see himself as a pagan, however, since he accused Augustine of being under the influence of pagan Manicheanism.
[199]Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955) was a French Jesuit priest and paleontologist who wrote several books about the past and future evolution of consciousness. The Catholic Church believes that Teilhard de Chardin’s ideas are in opposition to official doctrine, and in 1962 the Vatican issued a condemnation of his works.
[200]Giordano Bruno (1548-1600) was a Dominican friar who held a number of controversial views, including pantheism and the idea that the stars in the sky are of the same nature as our own Sun. He was ultimately burned at the stake by the Church.
[201]Latin: ‘here and now’.
[202]Mamadou Diop is a member of the central committee of the Socialist Party of Senegal. He was the mayor of Dakar from 1984 until 2002 and more recently became the Minister of Trade.
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