by David Treuer
Cottier, Allen, 297
Council Fire and Arbitrator, The, 159, 160
Court of Indian Offenses, 152–55, 156–58, 255
Crazy Horse, 2
creation stories of Indians, 28–29, 56, 76–77, 212–13
Cree, 46, 84, 87, 89, 91
Creek
and amalgamation of tribes, 32
and Civil War, 189
and disease, 35
homesteads claimed by, 174
hunting of, 34
military service of, 192
resettled to Oklahoma, 83
and Seminole, 35
Creek Draft Rebellion (1919), 189
Creek War (Red Stick Rebellion), 35–36
Crook, George, 123, 124, 126, 128, 129
Crow
bison-centered culture of, 86
and Dixon’s “vanishing race” documentation, 194
in High Plains, 84
intertribal conflicts, 89, 91
and military service of Indians, 196
and Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851), 90
Crow, John, 302
Crow Dog, Leonard, 318, 327
Crow Dog, Mary, 354
Crowfoot (Blackfeet warrior), 9–10, 87
culture, tribal, 382–84, 416
attempted policing, 151–58, 166–67
and health/wellness, 429
plurality in, 438–39
Cuneo, Michele da, 23, 454
Curtis, Charles, 148, 149
Curtis Act (1898), 148–49, 168
Custer, George Armstrong, 2, 5, 84, 94–95, 447
Czywczynski, James, 316
Dade Massacre, 36
Dakota
and annuity payments from U.S., 92
and Battle of the Little Bighorn, 3, 95
culture of, 46
displacement of, 86
and expansion of Ojibwe, 87, 186
and guns provided by French, 87
in High Plains, 84
mass execution of, 93, 445
and Plains Indian Wars, 92–93
Dakota Access Pipeline (DAPL), 432–40, 441–42
dances, ritual, 153, 156, 166–67
Davids, Sharice, 441
Dawes, Henry L., 113, 145, 160
Dawes Act (1887), 145, 149, 153, 158, 160–61, 205, 259. See also allotments
“dead Indian” narrative, 17
Deep Creek Reservation, 189
Deer, Ada, 174
Dekanawida, 39–40
Delaware (tribe), 39, 83
Deloria, Vine, Jr., 291
dignity, 389, 402
Diné (Navajo)
and Anasazi/Násaazí culture, 53–54
Athabascan ancestors, 55
and Collier, 207
conflicts with Americans, 61–62
and Coronado’s expedition, 57
and horses, 58
language of, 96
military service of, 189
origin stories of, 28, 56
resettlement of, 62
and Spanish explorers, 60
Diné College (previously Navajo Community College), 334–35
Dinkins, David, 409
direct action, 289, 290, 292
diseases spread by Europeans and other whites
and Blackfeet, 91–92, 239
chlamydia and syphilis, 72
and enslavement of Indians, 31, 41
and Indians west of Appalachians, 45
by Lewis and Clark’s Corps of Discovery, 72
measles, 31, 41, 72, 73
in New England, 41
in Pacific Northwest, 72, 73
smallpox, 31, 72, 91–92, 122, 239
disenrollment from tribes, 378–82, 394
Dixon, Joseph Kossuth, 193–96, 199
Dog Soldiers (Lakota), 151
Dorgan, Byron, 373
Dorsey, James, 159
Drake, Sir Francis, 70
Dull Knife, 114
Dunbar-Ortiz, Roxanne, 35
Dundy, Elmer Scipio, 124, 126–29
Dust Bowl, 149
Eagle, Jimmy, 351
education of Indians
bilingual, 335
charter schools, 328–29
to “civilize” Indians, 133–34
and curriculum, 418
dropout rates, 181, 328
higher education, 334–35, 418, 443
legislation addressing, 333–34, 335
in prison, 330
trade schools, 335, 399–400
See also boarding schools
Ehrlichman, John, 303, 322
Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte, The (Marx), 17
Ely, Robert, 205
elections, 2018, 441
employment
effects of termination/relocation on, 278
and job-training programs, 268, 269
and tribal gaming, 373–74
unemployment rate, 181, 278, 284, 296, 373–74
England
and American Revolution, 104–5
and First Anglo-Indian War, 50
fishing fleets from, 40–41
and Great Lakes Indians, 49
Indians allied with, 104–5
Indians on public display in, 41
and Iroquois Confederacy, 50
and Memeskia’s death in Pickawillany attack, 49–50
in Pacific Northwest, 71, 72
Puritans, 26, 410–11
and Seven Years’ War, 50–51
and War of 1812, 72, 265
enrollment, 146
Erickson, Ralph, 324
Eriksson, Leif, 21
Esens (Little Shell), 257–58, 259–60
Esteban, 56–57
Europeans
diseases of. See diseases spread by Europeans and other whites
exploitative practices of, 25–26
exploration/colonization of North America, 21–24, 25–26, 29, 30–32
first contact in Northeast, 40
in fishing fleets, 40–41
in Great Lakes region, 44–45
Indian response to, 31
livestock brought by, 65
and Menominee, 264
in Northern Plains, 84–85
in Pacific Northwest, 70–71
quincentenary of arrival of, 409, 411–12
and Silk Road trade route, 21–22
and slave trade, 23–24, 31, 41
in Texas, 80–81
trade with Indians, 45
See also Spain and Spanish explorers; specific explorers
Ex Parte Crow Dog, 248
Facebook, 263
family of author, 11–12, 13–14
family lives of Indians, 154, 156
Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 349–54, 372
Fernandes (Lavrador), João, 25
fiction writing, multicultural trends in, 14
First Anglo-Indian War, 50
fishing fleets from Europe, 40–41
Fisk, Clinton B., 131
Five Civilized Tribes, 148, 168, 169, 174, 220
Flanagan, Peggy, 441
Flandreau Indian School, South Dakota, 137, 138, 140, 273, 454
Flathead, 72, 257
Florida
BIA offices abolished in, 257
European explorers in, 31–32
gambling rulings in, 370
Indians remaining in, 96
prehistoric tribes of, 30
and Public Law 280, 256
Seminole Wars in, 35–38
Spanish in, 56
food, indigenous, 413–17
Fools Crow, Frank, 321
Forsyth, James W., 5, 8
Fourteenth Amendment, 129, 199
Fox, 46, 83, 87, 219–20
France
and arming of Indians, 87
in eastern Canada, 26
forts and trading posts of, 49
French and Indian War, 50
and Great Lakes Indians, 48–51
Indians brought to, 41
and Iroquois Confederacy, 46
and Nez Perce, 116
and Seven Years’ War, 50–51
trade with Indians, 47, 48
and World War I, 191
Frechette, Charlie, 170
Frederickson, Sierra, 260–62
free labor ideology, 130–31
freedom of religion, 5, 205, 335
French and Indian War, 50
Friends of the Indian, 114, 130–32, 143, 145, 158, 173, 199
Frizzell, Kent, 325
Fuca, Juan de, 70
Fulbright, William, 321–22
fur trade
beaver pelts, 45–46, 47, 51
and economics of exchanges, 48–49, 338–39
in Great Lakes region, 48–49, 51
of Ojibwe/Odawa, 47, 48, 86–87, 185, 338
in Pacific Northwest, 72
in South Dakota, 89–90
Galanda, Gabe (Gabriel), 378, 383–84, 398
gaming, 370–73, 378–81, 385. See also casinos
Garment, Leonard, 305–6
Gates, Merrill, 144
General Allotment Act, 145, 147. See also Dawes Act (1887)
General Council of the Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians, 165
General Federation of Women’s Clubs (GFWC), 205
genocide of Indians, 409, 412
Georgia, 31, 32, 34
Germany, 191
Ghost Dance religion, 4, 5
Gobin, Teri, 399, 400
Gold Rush, 66–67, 90, 92, 94, 120
Gordillo, Francisco, 31
Goshute, 189
Graham, John, 355
Grand Portage Reservation, 151
Grant, Ulysses S., 109–10, 113–14, 131, 137
Graves, Peter, 165, 202–4
Great Basin region, 75, 75–79
Great Britain, 191, 245. See also England
Great Lakes region, 42–51
agriculture in, 46
Europeans’ arrival in, 44–45
French forts and trading posts in, 49
fur trade in, 45–46, 47, 48, 51
importance of, to Indians, 43
Indian tribes and culture in, 46, 96–97
and mound building of Hopewell culture, 43–44
and Pickawillany attack, 49–50
power of tribes in, 51
and refugees from coastal areas, 45
relocation of tribes to Indian Territory, 51
straits of, 47–48
Great League of Peace, 40
Great Migration, 246
Great Plains region, 79–84, 373. See also Northern Plains
Great Sioux Reservation, 2, 4, 94, 95, 159, 160
Green Bay, Wisconsin, 87
Gros Ventre, 89, 90
Guale, 31
Gulf of Saint Lawrence, 45–46
guns, introduction among Indians, 47, 87, 90, 116, 185
Haaland, Deb, 441
Haig, Alexander, 324
Hall, Red (William), 240–44, 262–63, 279
Hare, Leslie, 314–16
Hare, Melvin, 314–16
Hare, William Hobart, 152
Harris, LaDonna, 303–4
Harrison, William Henry, 33
Haskell boarding school, Kansas, 137, 140
Hayes, Ira, 221–22
health concerns of Indians
addressed via smartphone, 440–41
diabetes, 293, 392, 419, 420, 441
in modern life, 419, 420, 421–24, 440–41
shortened life expectancy, 293, 296
and Well for Culture (WFC), 428, 429–30
Herrera, Pablo, 190
Hiawatha, 39–40
Hidatsa
culture of, 46, 89
displacement of, 86, 87
in High Plains, 84
and Lake Oahe, 436
and Treaty of Fort Laramie (1851), 90
Hill, Harry David, 318, 327
Hispaniola, 24, 25
historical records of tribes, 173
Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, 37
Ho-Chunk (Winnebago)
Court of Claims case, 252
culture of, 46
homelands of, 51, 87
resettlement of, 83, 252
Hohokam culture, 51–52, 55
Holder, Stan, 327
HolyWhiteMountain, Sterling, 237–38, 239–40
Homestead Acts (1862; 1865), 173–74
Hopewell Ceremonial Earthworks, 43
Hopewell culture, 43–44, 264
Hopi, 53, 54, 57, 58, 60–61, 268
horses
and Blackfeet, 87, 91, 238
brought by Spanish, 60, 89
and Comanche, 60, 81–82
importance of, to Indians, 88
and Northern Plains tribes, 85, 87, 88
and Pacific Northwest tribes, 71–72
as weapon of war, 89
House Concurrent Resolution 108, 256–57
Hoyhtya, Todd, 339, 344–45
Howard-Wheeler Act. See Indian Reorganization Act (1934)
Howes, Sarah Agaton, 419, 441, 443
Hunt, Lamar, 298
Hunt, Thomas, 41
hunter-gatherers, 284, 338, 347, 348. See also subsistence
Huron, 46, 47, 86
Idaho, 256
identity, Indian
and adaptability of Indians, 450
and blood quantum, 146, 378–80
and culture question, 382–84
defined by spiritual/cultural genesis in homelands, 55–56
effect of reservation life on, 151–52
and the “Indian problem,” 418
in modern life, 442
number of people identifying as Indians, 409, 418–19, 443
political aspects of, 383
and stereotypes of Indians, 12
In the Spirit of Crazy Horse (Matthiessen), 356
Inca civilization, 25
incarceration rates of Indians, 181
income levels of Indians, 202, 218, 268, 443
Indian (term), 1n
Indian agents, 111–13, 151
Indian Appropriations Act (1851), 110
Indian Appropriations Act (1871), 110–11, 113, 127
Indian Appropriations Act (1889), 83
Indian Arts and Crafts Act (1990), 430–31
Indian Child Welfare Act (1978), 103–4
Indian Claims Act (1946), 251, 253
Indian Claims Commission, 2, 251–68, 319–20
Indian Education Act (1972), 333–34
Indian Education for All Act (1999), 335
Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA; 1988), 372–73
Indian Health Service, 254
Indian Intercourse Acts, 106
Indian policy
on annuity payments, 92
and apology issued in 2009, 431
and Indian boarding schools, 4, 110
and Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor, 129–30
legislated by Congress, 114
Meriam Report on, 201–2
and mission of BIA, 113
and Nixon administration,
278, 417
and property ownership, 4
See also assimilation; Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA); Office of Indian Affairs; relocation
“Indian problem,” 2, 205, 250, 255, 418, 436–37
Indian Removal Act (1830), 83, 220
Indian Reorganization Act (1934), 204–17
and allotments, 206
and “Blackfeet” term, 237
and blood quantum, 380
and constitutions of tribes, 207–9
and Meriam Report, 249
passage of, 205
and Pueblos, 215
scope of, 206
and termination policy, 277–78
and ties between tribal governments, 289
and tribal government, 207–8
tribes’ approval/rejection of, 207
Indian Rights Association (IRA), 130, 131, 143, 159, 160, 199
Indian rights movement, 130–32
aesthetic of, 293
and Alcatraz Island protest, 297
and Collier, 205
direct action employed in, 290
emergence of, 129–30
and Jackson’s A Century of Dishonor, 129–30
and Jackson’s Ramona, 130
and National Indian Youth Council, 290–92
and rise of Red Power, 289–90
and self-regard of Indians, 291–92
Indian Severalty Act (1887), 145. See also Dawes Act (1887)
Indian Territory, 51, 83, 112
Indian Welfare Committee, 205
Indigenous Peoples Day, 412
indigenous status of Indians, 28–29
infant mortality rate among Indians, 88, 185, 293
International Day of the World’s Indigenous Peoples, 412
internecine wars, 38–39
interracial dating/marriage, 241
invasive species, 65
invisibility of Indians, 418–19
Iowa (tribe), 248
Iowa (state), 256
Iowa Burials Protection Act (1976), 337
Iroquois Confederacy
alliance with British, 50, 104–5
and Anishinaabe of Great Lakes region, 49–50
Iroquois remaining in Northeast, 96
origins of, 39
territorial expansion of, 86–87
and trade with Europeans, 46
war declared on Axis powers, 218
Jackson, Andrew, 32, 33–34, 36, 220
Jackson, Helen Hunt, 129
Jackson, Henry, 250
Jefferson, Thomas, 32, 33–34, 83, 89, 246–47
Jicarilla Apache, 55, 385–86
Jigonhsasee, 39–40
job-training programs, 268, 269
Johnson, Andrew, 109
Johnson, Lyndon B., 278, 330–31
Jones, Stan, 390, 394–95, 400
Jordan, Paulette, 441
Jororo, 31
Joseph (Nez Perce chief), 114–22, 129
Jumping Bull compound firefight, 349–53, 355, 356
