by Simon Heffer
2. Ibid. p. 293.
3. Carlyle, Letters, Vol. X, p. 15. Elliot was ‘The Corn Law rhymer’.
4. Carlyle, Letters, Vol. XI, pp. 83–4.
5. Ibid. p. 160.
6. Ibid. p. 161.
7. Carlyle, Letters, Vol. XII, pp. 278–9.
8. Carlyle, Works, Vol. XXIX, p. 118.
9. Ibid. p. 119.
10. Ibid. p. 123.
11. Ibid. p. 130.
12. Ibid. p. 135.
13. Ibid. p. 155.
14. Ibid. p. 157.
15. Ibid. p. 162.
16. Ibid. p. 204.
17. Carlyle, Works, Vol. X, p. 2.
18. Ibid. p. 18.
19. Ibid. p. 30.
20. Ibid. p. 169.
21. Ibid. p. 184.
22. Ibid. p. 207.
23. Ibid. p. 212.
24. Ibid. p. 215.
25. Ibid. p. 179.
26. Ibid. p. 177.
27. Disraeli, Coningsby, p. 91.
28. Blake, p. 175.
29. Ibid. p. 184.
30. Holloway, p. 87.
31. Disraeli, Sybil, p. 67.
32. Ibid. p. 63.
33. Ibid. p. 64.
34. See, for example, Cobbett, Vol. II, pp. 151–6.
35. Beer, p. 63.
36. Disraeli, Sybil, p. 99.
37. Ibid. p. 170.
38. Ibid. pp. 127, 140.
39. Ibid. p. 423.
40. Finlayson, p. 15.
41. Ibid. p. 14.
42. Hansard, Vol. 67, col. 48.
43. Ibid. Vol. 53, cols 1092–3.
44. Kingsley, W-B, p. 1.
45. Hansard, Vol. 53, col. 1093.
46. Ibid. Vol. 55, col. 109.
47. Quarterly Review, December 1840 (Vol. LXVII), p. 94.
48. Ibid. p. 95.
49. Ibid. p. 96.
50. Ibid. p. 97.
51. Ibid. p. 98.
52. Gash, p. 280.
53. BL Add. MS 40483, ff. 44–5.
54. BL Add. MS 40483, f. 46.
55. BL Add. MS 40483, ff. 47–8.
56. BL Add. MS 40483, ff. 49–50.
57. BL Add. MS 40483, f. 51.
58. Gash, p. 332.
59. BL Add. MS 40483, f. 53.
60. Finlayson, p. 179.
61. Hansard, Vol. 63, col. 1321.
62. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 1322.
63. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 1327.
64. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 1328.
65. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 1337.
66. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 1353.
67. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 1354.
68. Ibid. Vol. 63, cols 1357–8.
69. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 1359.
70. BL Add. MS 40483, ff. 68–70.
71. Hansard, Vol. 64, cols 538–9.
72. Ibid. Vol. 64, col. 540.
73. Ibid. Vol. 64, cols 541–2.
74. Ibid. Vol. 64, col. 616.
75. BL Add. MS 40483, f. 79.
76. BL Add. MS 40483, ff. 80–1.
77. Hansard, Vol. 65, col. 1101.
78. Ibid. Vol. 64, cols 999–1000.
79. Ibid. Vol. 64, col. 1001.
80. Ibid. Vol. 65, col. 101.
81. BL Add. MS 40483, ff. 108–9.
82. BL Add. MS 40483, ff. 110–11.
83. BL Add. MS 40483, f. 124.
84. BL Add. MS 40483, f. 192.
85. Hansard, Vol. 65, cols 1094–5.
86. Ibid. Vol. 65, col. 1098.
87. Finlayson, p. 212.
88. BL Add. MS 40483, f. 194.
89. BL Add. MS 44777, f. 149.
90. Hansard, Vol. 73, col. 1155.
91. Ibid. Vol. 73, col. 1626.
92. Gash, p. 444.
93. Hansard, Vol. 67, col. 70.
94. Carlyle, Letters, Vol. XV, p. 3.
95. Finer, p. 9.
96. Hansard, Vol. 67, cols 60–1.
97. Ibid. Vol. 67, col. 66.
98. Ibid. Vol. 67, col. 71.
99. Ibid. Vol. 67, col. 76.
100. Gash, p. 383.
101. Hansard, Vol. 67, col. 106.
102. BL Add. MS 44777, f. 103.
103. Hansard, Vol. 72, cols 280–1.
104. Ibid. Vol. 72, col. 281.
105. Ibid. Vol. 80, cols 916–7.
106. Finlayson, p. 250.
107. Quarterly Review, December 1846 (Vol. LXXIX), p. 128.
108. Ibid. p. 129.
109. Ibid. p. 130.
110. Ibid. p. 131.
111. Ibid. p. 132.
112. Ibid. p. 137.
113. Ibid. p. 136.
114. Dickens, Letters, Vol. VI, p. 167.
115. Quarterly Review, December 1846 (Vol. LXXIX), p. 140.
116. Ibid. p. 141.
Chapter 3: The Ascent of the Bourgeoisie (here)
1. Eliot, Holt, p. 33.
2. Ibid. p. 464.
3. Disraeli, Coningsby, p. 136.
4. Gaskell, N&S, p. 18.
5. Ibid. p. 42.
6. Ibid. p. 51.
7. Ibid. p. 50.
8. Ibid. p. 195.
9. Kingsley, W-B, p. 68.
10. Gaskell, N&S, p. 233.
11. Kingsley, W-B, p. 69.
12. Gaskell, N&S, p. 136.
13. Ibid. p. 137.
14. Ibid. p. 367.
15. Ibid. p. 368.
16. Ibid. p. 181.
17. Engels, p. 61.
18. Ibid. p. 60.
19. Ibid. p. 63.
20. Ibid. p. 64.
21. Ibid. p. 104.
22. Ibid. p. 105.
23. Ibid. p. 148.
24. Ibid. p. 149.
25. Ibid. p. 15.
26. Ibid. p. 76.
27. Ibid. p. 86.
28. Ibid. p. 18.
29. Ibid. p. 17.
30. Ibid. p. 76.
31. Ibid. p. 80.
32. Ibid. p. 29.
33. Ibid. pp. 29–30.
34. Ibid. p. 37.
35. Ibid. p. 40.
36. Trevelyan, p. 43.
37. Ibid. p. 31.
38. Hansard, Vol. 59, col. 233.
39. Ibid. Vol. 59, col. 235.
40. Ibid. Vol. 59, col. 241.
41. Ibid. p. 59.
42. Hansard, Vol. 69, col. 59.
43. Trevelyan, pp. 86–7.
44. Hansard, Vol. 73, col. 944.
45. Carlyle, Letters, Vol. XII, p. 23.
46. Carlyle, Works, Vol. X, p. 165.
47. Ibid. p. 181.
48. Hansard, Vol. 75, col. 1353.
49. Gash, p. 457.
50. Hansard, Vol. 78, col. 785.
51. BL Add. MS 40447, f. 134.
52. BL Add. MS 40479, f. 523.
53. BL Add. MS 40479, ff. 525–6.
54. Greville, Part II, Vol. II, p. 301.
55. Trevelyan, p. 138.
56. The Times, 4 December 1845, p. 4.
57. BL Add. MS 44777, f. 233.
58. BL Add. MS 40479, ff. 538–41.
59. Greville, Part II, Vol. II, p. 330.
60. Gladstone, Diaries, Vol. III, p. 506.
61. BL Add. MS 40479, f. 555.
62. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, pp. 175–6.
63. Hansard, Vol. 83, col. 238.
64. Ibid. Vol. 83, col. 252.
65. Ibid. Vol. 83, col. 260.
66. Greville, Part II, Vol. II, p. 323.
67. Hansard, Vol. 83, col. 1003.
68. Ibid. Vol. 83, col. 1008.
69. Ibid. Vol. 83, col. 1009.
70. Greville, Part II, Vol. II, p. 354.
71. Hansard, Vol. 83, col. 1319.
72. Ibid. Vol. 83, col. 1335.
73. Ibid. Vol. 83, col. 1346.
74. Ibid. Vol. 83, col. 1347.
75. Ibid. Vol. 84, col. 19.
76. Ibid. Vol. 84, col. 348.
77. Greville, Part II, Vol. II, p. 372.
78. Ibid. p. 367.
79. Hansard, Vol. 84, col. 431.
80. Ibid. Vol. 84, col. 435.
> 81. Greville, Part II, Vol. II, p. 368.
82. Eyck, p. 37.
83. Greville, Part II, Vol. II, p. 380.
84. BL Add. MS 44777, f. 245.
85. Hansard, Vol. 87, col. 1043.
86. Ibid. Vol. 87, col. 1047.
87. Ibid. Vol. 87, col. 1054.
88. BL Add. MS 44780, f. 175.
89. Hansard, Vol. 87, col. 1055.
90. Trevelyan, p. 144.
91. Ibid. p. 179.
92. Blake, p. 407.
93. Clapham, p. 3.
94. BL Add. MS 44777, f. 245.
Chapter 4: Chartism (here)
1. Hansard, Vol. 51, cols 1233–4.
2. Engels, p. 126.
3. Ibid. p. 75.
4. Ibid. p. 130.
5. Ibid. p. 200.
6. Kingsley, AL, (Preface), p. lxxxix.
7. Ibid. pp. 114–15.
8. Ibid. p. 114.
9. Eliot, Holt, p. 187.
10. Gaskell, MB, pp. 96–7.
11. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 234.
12. Ibid. p. 238.
13. Gaskell, MB, p. 23.
14. Ibid. p. 24.
15. Trevelyan, p. 45.
16. Hansard, Vol. 49, col. 231.
17. Ibid. Vol. 49, col. 236.
18. Ibid. Vol. 49, col. 247.
19. Ibid. Vol. 49, col, 252.
20. The Times, 31 July 1839, p. 5.
21. Ibid. 2 August 1839, p. 5.
22. Hansard, Vol. 62, col. 1376.
23. Ibid. Vol. 62, col. 1373.
24. Ibid. Vol. 62, cols 1374–5.
25. Ibid. Vol. 62, col. 1377.
26. Ibid. Vol. 62, cols 1379–80.
27. Ibid. Vol. 63, cols 16–17.
28. Ibid. Vol. 63, cols 21–2.
29. Ibid. Vol. 63, cols 22–3.
30. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 41.
31. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 43.
32. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 71.
33. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 76.
34. Ibid. Vol. 63, col. 77.
35. Ibid. Vol. 63, cols 77–8.
36. Ibid. Vol. 80, col. 913.
37. Ibid. Vol. 80, col. 916.
38. Greville, Part II, Vol. III, p. 164.
39. Ibid. p. 165.
40. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56.
41. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/14.
42. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/12.
43. Eyck, p. 161.
44. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/18.
45. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/19.
46. Arnold, Letters, Vol. I, p. 100.
47. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/20.
48. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/34.
49. Greville, Part II, Vol. III, p. 165.
50. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/50.
51. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/59/18a.
52. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/55.
53. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/56.
54. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/60.
55. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/65.
56. The Times, 19 May 1848, p. 6.
57. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/66.
58. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/68.
59. The Times, 19 May 1848, p. 4.
60. Ibid. 20 May 1848, p. 5.
61. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/72.
62. RA/VIC/MAIN/C/56/73.
Part II: The Victorian Mind
Chapter 5: The Godly Mind (here)
1. Davenport-Hines, pp. 223–4.
2. Chadwick, p. 12.
3. BL Add. MS 44792, f. 24.
4. BL Add. MS 44793, f. 133.
5. BL Add. MS 44793, f. 289.
6. BL Add. MS 44766, f. 195.
7. BL Add. MS 44409, f. 207.
8. RA/VIC/MAIN/F/24/59, 63.
9. Butler, Flesh, p. 209.
10. Gaskell, N&S, p. 270.
11. Ibid. p. 279.
12. Gladstone, Diaries, Vol. III, p. 89.
13. Martin, p. 47.
14. Gladstone, Diaries, Vol. III, p. 321.
15. Ibid. p. 322.
16. Willey, p. 85.
17. Froude, Remains, Vol. I, p. 404.
18. Morley, Gladstone, Vol. I, p. 306.
19. Froude, Remains, Vol. I, (Preface), p. xi.
20. Ibid. p. 433.
21. Greville, Part II, Vol. II, p. 25.
22. Morley, Compromise, p. 56.
23. Morley, Gladstone, Vol. I, p. 306.
24. Engels, p. 125.
25. Inglis, p. 3.
26. Ibid. p. 12.
27. Ibid. p. 15.
28. Mann, (Preface), p. vii.
29. Ibid. p. 13.
30. Ibid. p. 14.
31. Ibid. p. 55.
32. Ibid. p. 57.
33. Ibid. p. 58.
34. Ibid. p. 59.
35. Ibid. p. 64.
36. Ibid. p. 89.
37. Ibid. p. 93.
38. Ibid. p. 94.
39. Ibid. p. 96.
40. Ibid. p. 97.
41. Ibid. pp. 102–3.
42. Inglis, p. 41.
43. Chadwick, p. 91.
44. Parry, p. 6.
45. Inglis, p. 75.
46. BL Add. MS 44819, f. 83.
Chapter 6: The Doubting Mind (here)
1. Gaskell, N&S, p. 13.
2. Ibid. p. 36.
3. Ibid. p. 38.
4. Ibid. p. 420.
5. Strachey, p. 201.
6. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, (Preface), p. xvi.
7. Ibid. p. 61.
8. Strachey, p. 202.
9. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 20.
10. Ward, pp. 109–10.
11. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 96.
12. Ibid. p. 100.
13. The Nineteenth Century, Vol. 43, p. 106.
14. Honan, p. 72.
15. Clough, Remains, p. 91.
16. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 140.
17. Ibid. p. 191.
18. Ibid. p. 193.
19. Ibid. p. 194.
20. Ibid. p. 197.
21. Lowry, p. 47.
22. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 219.
23. Ibid. p. 220.
24. Ibid. p. 221.
25. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 242.
26. Ibid. p. 237.
27. Lowry, p. 99.
28. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, pp. 247–8.
29. Ibid. p. 249.
30. Clough, Remains, p. 419.
31. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 127.
32. Ibid. p. 128.
33. Ibid. p. 153.
34. Ibid. p. 207.
35. Ibid. p. 209.
36. Ibid. p. 215.
37. Lowry, pp. 109–11.
38. Clough, Remains, p. 40.
39. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 298.
40. Ibid. p. 299.
41. Ibid. p. 303.
42. Lowry, pp. 122–3.
43. Lowry, p. 125.
44. Clough, Letters, Vol. II, p. 400.
45. Ibid. p. 430.
46. Ibid. p. 432.
47. Ibid. p. 447.
48. Ibid. p. 502.
49. Ibid. p. 504.
50. Ibid. pp. 546–7.
51. Ibid. p. 557.
52. BL Add. MS 45795, f. 9.
53. BL Add. MS 45795, f. 19.
54. Clough, Letters, Vol. II, p. 579.
55. BL Add. MS 45795, ff. 25–6.
56. Clough, Letters, Vol. II, p. 588.
57. Ibid. p. 594.
58. Ibid. p. 596.
59. Ibid. p. 597.
60. Ibid. p. 604.
61. Ibid. p. 605.
62. Ibid. p. 606.
63. Ibid. p. 608.
64. Bostridge, p. 384.
65. Lowry, p. 157.
66. Ibid. p. 159.
67. Osborne, p. 176.
68. Honan, p. 45.
69. Arnold, Letters, Vol. I, p. 37.
70. Martin, p. 44.
71. Arnold, Letters, Vol. I, p. 117.
72. Ibid. p. 82.
73. Lowry, p. 111.
74. Arnold, Letters, Vol. I, p. 91.
75. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 215.
76. Lowry, p. 68.
&nb
sp; 77. Ibid. pp. 72–3.
78. Ibid. p. 79.
79. Clough, Letters, Vol. I, p. 215.
80. Ibid. p. 251.
81. Lowry, p. 27.
82. Arnold, Essays 2, p. 186.
83. Arnold, Letters, Vol. I, p. 227.
84. Lowry, p. 130.
85. Ibid. p. 143.
86. DNB, Vol. XXII, Supplement, p. 72.
87. See Professor Collini’s article on Arnold in the New Dictionary of National Biography at http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/679.
88. DNB, Vol XXII, Supplement, p. 73.
89. Dunn, Vol. I, p. 17.
90. Ibid. p. 18.
91. Ibid. p. 26.
92. Ibid. p. 34.
93. Vide infra, Chapter 12.
94. Dunn, Vol. I, p. 39.
95. Ibid. p. 75.
96. Maurice, Vol. I, p. 517.
97. Dunn, Vol. I, p. 146.
98. Ibid. p. 131.
99. Ibid. p. 132.
100. Ibid. p. 134.
101. Froude, Nemesis, p. 8.
102. Ibid. p. 10.
103. Ibid. p. 11.
104. Arnold, Letters, Vol. I, p. 144.
105. Carlyle, Letters, Vol. XXIV, p. 13.
106. Froude, Nemesis, p. 35.
107. Ibid. p. 156.
108. Ibid. p. 84.
109. Ibid. p. 92.
110. Ibid. p. 144.
111. Dunn, Vol. I, p. 74.
112. Froude, Nemesis, pp. 144–5.
113. Ibid. pp. 145–6.
114. Ibid. p. 147.
115. Ibid. p. 148.
116. Ibid. p. 157.
117. Ibid. p. 158.
118. Ibid. p. 148.
119. Lowry, p. 140.
120. Dunn, Vol. I, p. 148.
121. Sanders, p. 139.
122. Froude, MT, p. 76.
123. Ibid. p. 137.
124. Ibid. p. 143.
125. Ibid. p. 320.
126. Mill, Later, Vol. II, p. 633.
127. BL Add. MS 41298, f. 8.
128. BL Add. MS 41298, f. 16.
129. Maurice, Vol. I, p. 225.
130. BL Add. MS 41299, ff. 7–8.
131. Maurice, Vol. II, p. 35.
132. BL Add. MS 41299, f. 53.
133. BL Add. MS 41297, f. 15.
134. BL Add. MS 41297, f. 23.
135. BL Add. MS 41297, f. 136.
136. BL Add. MS 41297, ff. 147–8.
137. BL Add. MS 41297, f. 154.
138. Westminster Review, October 1855.
139. Milford, p. 34.
140. Clough, Poems, p. 60.
141. Arnold, Poems, pp. 112–14. In later editions ‘ebb’ in line 8 is replaced by ‘sea’, accentuating the metaphor, and ‘suck’ in line 10 by ‘draw’.
142. Honan, p. 234.
143. Arnold, Letters, Vol. I, p. 214.
144. PMLA, Vol. 66, No. 6, December 1951, p. 920.
145. See, for example, T&L, p. 177.
146. PMLA, Vol. 66, No. 6, December 1951, p. 924.
147. Hutton, p. 350.
Chapter 7: The Rational Mind (here)
1. Russell, p. 801.
2. Ibid. p. 803.
3. Ibid. p. 804.
4. Mill, Autobiography, p. 33.
5. Ibid. p. 36.
6. Dickens, HT, p. 2.
7. Ibid. p. 1.
8. Ibid. p. 113.
9. Ibid. p. 192.
10. Ibid. p. 123.
