by Studs Terkel
It took some great effort to get out because I couldn’t really move. Somehow, after I managed to get out, I saw the total changed scenery outside. First I thought there should be a great big crater in the middle of my grandfather’s garden because I thought it was a direct hit by a huge bomb of some kind. There was no crater. So I stepped outside. Our house was raised up like a castle. So I stepped down to find people who were injured and the houses had collapsed and everything. Everything inside was just rubble. The first people I saw were two women and they were on the ground. Their clothes were bloodstained, and they were asking for help. There were others in the house trying to get out. They were covered with soot and hair all messed up, and later on I started to see en masse people who were hurt and burned.
I think we were all in a state of shock. All of us were raised in a culture that valued perseverance, not calling out with one’s discomfort—that was frowned upon. So you persevere, and virtue is to try to cope with whatever comes along. You’re not supposed to cry out with pain. Some people who just couldn’t help it would say something, but for the most part people were very silent. They were whispering, like people who couldn’t breathe, people who needed to be helped out . . . [softly] “Please help me . . .” And that’s much more painful to remember, because you know they were in dire agony. I think my sensation was sort of like a frozen statue. I knew we were at war, and that this was part of the destruction of the war, but I didn’t know what happened. I kept on hearing explosions. I think ammunition was exploding at the military base. Every thirty seconds. The whole city kind of smoking up and people coming out in this horrible condition.
So all I did was try to follow my mother’s instruction—my mother, who was afraid that incendiary bombs would surround us. She always taught me, “Get away and go to the river.” The river Ota had seven branches, so there were plenty of rivers around. I tried to get to the river. People were already trying to jump into the water and drowning because they were just burnt to death practically, but they were still alive and trying to relieve the pain of their burns. I had no idea where my mother was, and had I known, I probably wouldn’t be here talking to you because I would have gone where she was. Absolutely nothing would have prevented me. As it turned out, she was crushed and burnt to death. Under a house near the center. I would have died with her. I really would have stayed there, I wouldn’t have left her. There was no way I could find her because I didn’t know where she was.
After that very day, all of us went back looking for our kin. Most of us didn’t know where they were. So we had to go to rescue stations. A lot of these were just people lying on the ground, dirt, or floor of a chapel of one of the temples. I just couldn’t stand going by—person, person, person . . . So I would announce my mother’s name and then say, “Oh, please answer me,” and no one would answer but sort of stir . . . Even if I was so much in a state of shock and desensitized myself, I tried. I just couldn’t stand it, thinking I can’t find her, I can’t find her, what am I going to do? I want to see her, but I don’t want to see her in that condition. But if I can let her know that I love her and that I want to be there . . . so, just playing with magical things in my mind, I started to sing some songs that she taught me, that she loved hearing. [With a touch of happiness] So I said, “Please, God, carry this tune to my mother and comfort her, because I can’t find her.” That’s when my feelings came back and I just cried and cried and cried. But those are the scenes that all hibakusha, the survivors, were subjected to. The powerlessness of not being able to help or participate because we didn’t know what dropped. Even those people who didn’t have any burns and injuries started to suffer and drop dead because, you know, the radiation, how forceful it was there. It goes into the marrow of your bones and penetrates your brains and then changes your fetus, and malformed children are being born. We had no idea how to help ourselves or help anybody. So that kind of death is annihilation and death without dignity. Complete powerlessness. Not even a person being there, torturing you. It’s invisible. Done to people, DNA, plants.
I gave you the four-leaf clover I picked. Just all over the bank of the Ota River. The clover’s changed—to five-leaf, six-leaf, all over. I know—I picked them. Their DNA changed, for sure. Even people who weren’t at the center, if you got wet with the black rain,* it stuck to you—and we didn’t know what it was. And all of us had to carry this—not just the biological effects, but mentally. For the longest time, it haunted me and tortured me. I think practically most of my young life. Even into my forties and fifties. Until I came to work in this hospital and saw death with dignity. I was trained in psychiatric services with many people, for this very precise challenge of understanding death.
I nearly died with A-bomb sickness at the time. I ran the highest kind of fever for days and I was delirious. I was out of commission for months. How did I recover? It was very slow. The peak time, when I was worst off, I wasn’t expected to live. My father’s younger sister came with a few living snapping turtles because she believed a living turtle saves a person’s life. And my father and she struggled to sever the heads of the turtles with a decanter underneath it to catch the dripping blood. They made me drink it. Afterwards they made soups from it and they made me eat them. Probably the proteins from it were very helpful because most of us were starving. My fever started to go down. I didn’t go to school the year after that. My best friend who was evacuated in the same class and also came back with me on the 5th of August—she was crushed to death. We were from the same village, same temple.
My brother-cousin, his body melted, he was burned to death. He was alive for several hours and somebody who saw him told us that all his clothes, including his outer skin, were gone, burned, scorched. He had lead bindings over his pants. Parts of that still remained, but everything else was burned.
Something in my gut, especially when I think about my mother and my cousin, how they met their end, something happens . . . It’s a terror and it’s a grief combined. And all of us who were there and who survived carry the imagery from it, the guilt. Grief is that you lost them and another grief is that you weren’t there, you were powerless; you didn’t understand what was happening; you were not warned; you weren’t prepared. So, if you love your mom or if you love your brother, you wish that you could have done something, and even if you couldn’t do it, you wish you could have been there to tell them, “I love you, I’m sorry we can’t do anything about your pain, but I am here . . .” We couldn’t even give aspirin . . . we didn’t even have aspirin, so what am I talking about?!
We couldn’t even give water. In Japanese ritual, when a person is near death we always moisten the lips with cotton or something. Those burned people were begging for water. We couldn’t give any water. People said, “If you give water, they’ll die, so don’t give it to them.” You survived but they didn’t. People went around saying, “Oh, so-and-so died, and so-and-so died.” And then my grandmother was there. “Hey, you make it look like all the people who died were good, but those of us who survived aren’t.” And there was something to that, because we didn’t feel good about having survived.
My uncle developed some kind of a swelling at the place where he had a gashing-open caused by glass. He was under my grandfather’s factories that crushed him. It turned into brain cancer and he died. The aunt who wasn’t there but brought me the turtle that helped me to survive—she was so close to him, and she died of grief. My other aunt, who was an older sister to that aunt, also died after taking a bath. My grandmother complained about abdominal pain for a long, long time, and then died also. My father, who lived for, oh, into his early sixties, he wrote me a letter and said, “I am so tired every day, it’s an effort.” And several days later I had a phone call: my father passed away. A lot of us had what other people called “lazy sickness.” We were always easily tired, fatigue-prone. And we were cancer-prone. Some of the mothers gave birth to small-headed babies, so single women hid that they were survivors because, in those times, marri
ages were arranged. If you had a chance of giving birth to a defect baby, you were an employment risk, a marriage risk. You were vulnerable to unknown illnesses.
During the [American] Occupation, the press couldn’t release any findings of these illnesses. They were not allowed to publish anything. So nobody really knew what was going on, and there was no treatment. Plus the fact that this was the first time the Japanese were defeated. And it was such a horrible war, and we suffered so much. Nobody wanted to be reminded of it.
Oh yes, it’s etched in my mind like it happened yesterday. There is no way I can erase it, no way I can erase all the drenching memories and the terror.
I was driven by fear most of my life because of this—because I connected, identified death as annihilation. There was no respect to it. The memorial, the Peace Park, all of this, fine—but I saw it, I lived it. You cannot fool me that this is not awful, OK? I have to quicken myself to tell you that I don’t feel the same way about death today.
This happened by an accident—I was led, like by the hands of fate, guided into this setting. My very first experience in terms of near-death conditions, my assignment was transplant. This was 1987. Fate is that my kids went to the Lab School,* and I needed a place to work. I said, “I’ve got to find work here on the campus”—and my first assignment at the hospital was a liver transplant. So I put on my sterilized gown and walked into intensive care, where a patient who had the transplant came out of the surgery. It’s very serious, life-threatening surgery. I saw this person connected up to every possible life-support machineries, OK? My reaction to that was: How wonderful! Everything is being done to sustain this person’s life in honor of her life. Unlike those people who were dying without aid, out on the dirt, on the floor, and no medicine, no food, no water. I said, “This is so restoring to me, that this can be done for human beings.” For me it was a privilege to be a part of that effort to sustain life. The unfinished business and the regret that I could not help in Hiroshima, here totally different possibilities exist to honor human lives.
I began to let myself feel a little bit what I had been trying to suppress for years. I couldn’t really look it in the eyes—I was too terrified. But after I saw other possibilities, I began to be able to start my process of how to think about death.
It didn’t happen overnight. I trained with Elisabeth Kübler-Ross, I trained with Milton Erickson, I trained with Ken Moses. There was so much grief connected with my thinking about death. I was able to bring up the dreams that were shattered, questions unanswered because my mother died so suddenly and to express, really truly and fully, what had been on my mind for years and years. But you can’t really share, maybe because I’m Japanese and very reserved when it comes to very private feelings.
My patients were the teachers, really. Like young women with young babies or children, feeling such great grief that they can’t die, they can’t leave these young ones behind. And I could feel how my mother must have felt, even momentarily: I cannot die, I cannot leave this child. It was so good to feel that it’s a two-way thing. To lose a parent is hard, but for a parent to go is even harder.
Every single human being I met here who called themselves patients and allowed me to enter their lives and share in their deepest thoughts and feelings, I experience it. I’ve lived a thousand lives already, all of which enriched mine. Yeah. OK, here is what I learned from my patients: It’s terribly important for us to have death with dignity. In annihilation, you have no preparation. Annihilation is simply a torture. What death means is saying good-bye to all your attachments, including things, but most importantly to bonds to people. For the person who’s left, it’s saying good-bye to that person, but for the person who’s going, it’s everything, it’s global, saying good-bye to all that.
I love the music of Hebrew chorus in Nabucco,* the prisoners. I just loved it the first time I heard it. And then when I understood the stanzas, what they were saying, longing for their homeland, I felt so much in common with them because I had that feeling deep in my head. And I said, “I understand that feeling, I long for my home-land too.” But when I really settled down in my mind and thought about it, it’s not the Hiroshima of today, the way it’s rebuilt as a sprawling megalopolis. I’m longing for my grandfather’s garden, I’m longing for my own home. I’m longing for the home where my mother was. I’m longing for something that doesn’t exist in a biological sense any longer. Death is going home. In our conscious memory, we remember how we came down through the birth canal and came out. The tape recorder of conscious memory doesn’t start until later years, but your cells probably have memories. I’m going back to the home there, even beyond conscious memory. So I think of death as being retired from this dimension, but moving on and being transformed.
When I was sitting by the riverbank in my teens, so brought down and distraught and confused—that’s how I gathered all these malformed clovers—sunset would come and the river is full tide. The colors are reflected on the water that’s almost still. Then when it begins to recede and it’s like, with the wind, dancing colors of tranquillity, for the fleeting moment, even in those worst times, there was a quietness that was Heaven. You bring me Heaven when you understand what I’m trying to say. Being able to communicate, that’s Heaven. Being able to share feelings, that’s Heaven.
When I speak of my home, it’s closely tied to death. I took my young adult children back to Hiroshima to visit and took them to the markers of my life. Every time I went back I used to be so depressed, feel so upset. This time it was a different kind of experience. And I never really entered the Peace Museum because I didn’t want any real things reminding me, but I needed my children to go in to see, so I took them. And then I saw something I had never seen before. It was a life-size screen across the center rotunda area with a black-and-white picture of the Enola Gay, a millisecond movie coming towards us before the bomb was dropped. And I just unthinkingly put my hands out trying to stop it. Then I remembered how innocent and how well we were, even though we were starving. And then I started to cry. I started to just cry until I was choking. I couldn’t stop. “Oh please stop, please stop.” And yet I knew that it couldn’t stop, it kept on going. And then it occurred to me.
In a way it’s still up there: as long as we believe in waging wars with the possibilities of using of nuclear weapons at some point. Because in all of mankind’s history we’ve never possessed something that was not used. So that’s when I found that, until my last breath I draw, I must address the consequences of Hiroshima because it was the very first time an atom weapon was used upon the human race. And that was a part of the family of man that it was used upon, and it was a part of the family of man that used it. So, please, remember August 6th and mark it down as the day of Hiroshima. And know that death and life are so tied together and so precious. And with life you can love, you can be loved; you can respect, you can honor; you can speak, you can sing, and you can celebrate until your last breath. [Close to a whisper] Not the hideous life and the hideous death that the hibakusha had to bear.
*Black rain—rain mixed with ashes from incinerated material and radioactive fallout—fell after the bombings of both Hiroshima and Nagasaki.
*A highly regarded private school, part of the University of Chicago complex.
*An early Verdi opera.
Mothers and Sons
V.I.M. (Victor Israel Marquez)
He is a veteran of the Vietnam War.
When my big, fat grandmother died, I cried to myself. Like right now, I’m getting it in my eyes. Usually, I don’t allow people to sit this close to me—usually you’d be over there. I see a psychologist and he knows he’s got to sit on the other side of the room. But I’m doing this because I want to be truthful with you as much as I can. And it feels good because I feel like I’m opening up and releasing right now. Plus, I’m learning things too, because you’ve asked a few things I’m going to be thinking about for the rest of the day. [From his wallet, he extracts and unfolds a report of his
illness dealing with post-traumatic stress disorder.] I carry this as a reality check. Usually, I don’t bother anybody, but there are people out there that will bother you. And what I’ll do is I’ll take this out and I’ll read it.
“V.I.M. (Victor I. Marquez), 52
DSM III-R
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
The attitudes of all contacts except the most intimate are so adversely affected as to result in virtual isolation in the community. Totally incapacitating psychoneurotic symptoms, bordering on gross repudiation of reality with disturbed thought or behavioral processes associated with almost all daily activities as fantasy, confusion, panic and explosions of aggressive energy resulting in profound retreat from mature behavior. Demonstrably unable to obtain or retain employment.”
I VOLUNTEERED BECAUSE I wanted to be a hero. I wanted to prove that I was an American through and through. In a way, I was aware of death because of the neighborhood I lived in. The chop-shops in the neighborhood—you deal with all the bad guys, you knew all the bad guys. And, yeah, there were three murders that I remember, right there in the neighborhood. Yeah, so I seen death. But it was nothing because it was like the guy deserved it.
A long time ago, when I was in the Marine Corps, there’s an oath that you take, and it talks about integrity, family, God, honor to the Corps, the whole bit. I pretty much stuck with that my whole life. I found out that lying doesn’t do you any good. Always tell the truth. I joined the Marine Corps on April Fools’ Day, 1966. [Laughs] That was a real cool experience because I was so small, I weighed less than a hundred pounds and I was like maybe five feet tall. I thought there was no chance I’d be in the Marine Corps, but you know, they were snatching everybody. Like when they said “Marine” like that, I was proud—I felt good.
