East Africa, British 112, 113, 115
East Africa, German 110–26
and Askari 109–10, 113–14, 126, 136–7, 138, 371, 372, 413–15
Battle of Kibata 133, 134
British attack and defeat at Tanga (1914) 119–25
British campaign against 119–32
British plans to capture all ports on coast of 116–17
capture of by Allies (1916) 137–8
Carrier Corps and treatment of 139–44, 147
controlling of levels of disease by German medical staff 145–6
deployment of African regiments in 136–7
economic development 112
fall of Dar es Salaam to Allies (1916) 137–8
increasing internationalization of campaign 134–7
involvement of Indian units 134–5
killing of soldiers and horses by disease 131–2, 138, 144
Maji-Maji rebellion (1905–6) 111–12
Muslims in 218
resentment of German rule 112
seen by Britain as ‘a colony for India’ 117–18
South African forces in 127, 128–32, 138–9, 146
use of forced labour by Germany 142–3
white European population 112
East Asian Squadron 300
East India Company 54
Efendi, Ali Haydar 212
Egypt
Ottoman attack on Suez Canal 228–31
Senussi attack in the west 231–4
Eichacker, Reinhold 192–3
Enver Pasha 221, 232, 236–7
Epp, Franz Ritter von 242
Esher, Viscount 17
ethnic nationalism 35, 37
ethnography
applied to India 56–7
and German PoW camps 261–5
rise of 55
Europe, James Reese 342
Evans, Andrew D. 263
Falkenhayn, Erich von 165–6, 168
Fante people 18, 134, 136
Fashoda Incident (1898) 101–2, 117, 154
Fatih Mosque (Istanbul) 204, 211, 212
Fifth Army, British 345
Fiji 279
Fijian Labour Corps 279
Footballers’ Battalion 297
Forbes and Co. 302
Force Noire theory 149–203
Fort de la Pompelle (France) 277
France 20, 24, 150–1, 178
attempts to segregate colonial soldiers from European soldiers 283–4
death toll of French soldiers in (1914) 161
declining birth rate 151, 152
deployment of Indochinese 198–9
deployment of Tirailleurs Sénégalais see Tirailleurs Sénégalais
German assault on Verdun (1916) 166–8, 278
graves of colonial soldiers 418–19
loss of Alsace and Lorraine to Germany 149, 150
losses 408
racial attacks and race riots (1917) 284–5
racial theory and races guerrieres concept 38, 159, 176, 178–9, 190, 197–200
recruitment drives in colonies 161–2
relationship between men from the colonies and women in 285
and Second World War 201
France, Battle of (1940) 201
Franco-Prussian War (1870–1) 16–17, 149, 150
Fréjus 13–14
French Army 278
French Empire 18, 20
French, Sir John 26, 78, 81, 97
French West Africa 154–6, 159, 176
recruitment drive 162–3
see also Force Noire theory; Tirailleurs Sénégalais
Frobenius, Leo 259
Funkstation Kamina (Togoland) 106–8
Fussell, Paul 281
Gallipoli 233
Gandhi, M.K. 21, 53, 87
Ganga Singh, Havildar 67
Garhwal Brigade 77, 80, 97
Garvey, Marcus 348, 390
gas masks 9–10
Geddes, Sir Eric 30
geographic determinism 55
George V, King 19, 47, 51, 61, 91–2, 294
German Army: ethnic minorities 275–6
German East Africa see East Africa (German)
German Empire 18, 24
German Seventh Army 191–2
Germany/Germans
alleged crimes committed by colonial troops in 381–2
alliance with Ottoman Empire 20, 207–11, 221, 245
atrocities by non-white troops allegations 187–90
‘Black Shame’ propaganda campaign and racial hatred against Africans ‘occupying’ 374–84
collapse of morale and mass surrenders 354–5
condemnation of deployment of African and Indian troops by Allies and propaganda against 182–6
demographic boom 151, 152
depiction and racialization of by British 35–7
fascination with Native Indians 368
occupation of by Allied forces after Armistice 374
opposition to racial mixing 380
and race issue 38–9
Reinsurance Treaty with Russia 209
relationship between black French troops and German women 382–3
Schlieffen Plan 49, 50
solving of ‘Rhineland Bastards problem’ by Nazis 384–5
Spring Offensive (1918) 331, 345–6
support of Jihad 206–7, 214, 218–19, 224–5
Völkerschauen (people shows) 258–9
withdrawal of French colonial troops from 383–4
see also Nazi Germany
Ghesquiere, Jozef 290
globalization 35
Godley, Lieutenant Colonel Godfrey 318, 320
Goetz, Karl 377
Gold Coast Regiment 136
Goltz, Baron Colmar von der Goltz, Baron Colmar 397
Gorguet, Auguste-Francois 408–9, 410
Goumiers 188, 282, 411
Grant, Horace 45–6, 60, 62, 63
Grant, Madison: The Passing of the Great Race 397
graves 417–23
Green, Charles 340–1
Greer, Colonel Allen J. 359
Grignard, Victor 9
Grimke, Archibald 327
Grunshi, Sergeant Major Alhaji 101, 108
Grunshi people 134, 136
Gurkhas 56, 58, 61, 63, 97, 187, 273–4
Gurung, Gane 79–80
Haber, Fritz 9
Habibullah Khan, Emir of Afghanistan 236–40
Hagenbeck, Carl 259–60, 368
Hague Convention 257
Hague, The 8–9
Haig, General Douglas 26, 33, 46–7, 97, 302, 313–14
Halbmondlager (Crescent Camp) 250–6, 264–5
construction of a mosque 253
and German propagandists 253–5
indoctrination and recruitment of prisoners for Jihad 255–6
inmates 250–1
life in 252
and Oppenheim’s Memorandum on prisoner requirements 251–2
Harden, Maximilian 382
Harlem Hellfighters (369th US Infantry Regiment (Colored)) 341–4, 352, 385
advance into Germany after Armistice 374, 385
arrival back in USA after Armistice 389–90
and ‘Battle of Henry Johnson’ 347–8
exclusion from Victory Parade 403
integration of into French army 343–4
and Meuse-Argonne Offensive 356
working in the SOS 342
Hausa people 18, 136, 155, 170, 171
Hedin, Sven 39, 183, 257
With the German Armies in the West 183–4
‘Henry Johnson, Battle of’ (1918) 347–8
Hentig, Werner Otto von 237, 239, 242
Herero people: genocide against by Germans (1904–8) 103, 128, 189, 413
Hitler, Adolf 152–3, 369, 384
Hobson, J.A.: Imperialism 171–2
Hopis 365
Horror on the Rhine, The (pamphlet) 378–80
continuing controversy of 380–4
Hoski
ns, Brigadier General A.R. 116, 119
hospitals, military 82–4
Houston, R.P. 173
Howell, Captain E.B. 73, 75–6, 77, 93
Hundred Days Offensive (1918) 355–7, 364–5
Hunton, Addie W. 386
Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck 214
Ibo people 136
Idris, King (of Libya) 234
Imperial War Graves Commission (IWGC) 144, 419, 420, 421
India
Jihad’s aim to separate from Britain 226–7
support of British war effort 21, 50–3
Indian Army Reorganization Committee 170
Indian Army/Corps 7, 14, 16, 22, 23, 41–99, 280, 333–4
and Battle of Loos 96–8
and Battle of Neuve Chapelle 79–82, 83, 95, 334
concern over contact between English women/nurses and soldiers of 88–90
cremation of the dead 86
culture within and British officers respect for 59–60
death toll and casualities 68, 81, 83, 96, 97
decorations awarded to wounded 92
defection of soldiers at Neuve Chapelle 92–4
departure from France and bound for Basra 99
depletion of 95–6, 98
deployment of in France and encampment in Marseilles 41–6, 61–2, 70–1
equipment and clothing provided 61–2
feelings of dislocation felt by 70
and First Battle of Ypres 64–8, 334
first soldier to be killed in First World War 66
and German East Africa campaign 118–20, 123, 134–5
German propaganda war against Gurkhas and Sikhs and war crime allegations against 187–8
Grant’s photographs of 63
graves of soldiers 422
grievance over being returned to active duty after being wounded 77
and Halbmondlager POW camp 251–4
impact of loss of British officers on 71–2, 95
and Izzat concept 60
Lahore Division 6, 41–2, 43, 45–6, 47, 81, 95–6, 98, 160
letters and written accounts of 73–7
martial-races theory 55–9, 60, 119
Meerut Division 43, 47, 81, 98
mobilization and embarkation of 47–50
reinforcements/reserves 72, 95
role of in colonial wars 53
and Second Battle of Ypres 6, 7, 95–6, 334
shaping of by Indian Mutiny 54–5, 59
suffering during winter (1914) 68–9
treatment of wounded at Royal Pavilion Hospital 82–3, 84–8, 90–1
under-preparation of 46, 47, 61–2
and Victory Parade 401
view of by Americans 333–4
Indian Corps Intelligence 94
Indian emigrants to Africa plan 117–18
Indian Expeditionary Force (IEF)
IEF A (Indian Corps in Europe) 41–99
IEF B (East Africa) 117, 118, 119; see also Tanga, Battle of
IEF C (East Africa) 117
Indian Labour Corps 280–1
Indian Mutiny (1857) 54–5, 58, 59
Indian National Congress 53
Indian Revolutionary Committee 227, 236
Indochinese 283, 411
deployment of by the French 198–9
Intelligence Bureau for the East 221, 225, 226, 251, 255
Istanbul 204, 217, 244–5
German Fountain 244, 245
Jahnow, Obit 101
Jail Porter and Labour Corps (Indian) 281
Jamaica/Jamaicans 293, 294–5
Janissary Corps (Ottoman) 244–5
Japan 23, 301
Jasin, siege of (1915) 125
Jats 58
Jews 384
Jihad (Holy War) 204–47
Afghanistan mission 236–40, 242
ambitions and ultimate aim 225, 245
attack on Egypt 228–31, 233–4
co-option of the Senussi sect 231–3
declaration of by Sultan Mehmed V 204–6, 211
demonstrations and parade of Muslim PoWs 214–16
failure of 246, 256
fatwas 212–13, 216, 218, 225–6
focus of on Britain 222–3
German support for 206–7, 214, 218–19, 224–5
and Halbmondlager (Crescent Camp) 255–6
impact of 241, 248–9
missions and expeditions to incite revolt 227–8
and Niedermayer 235–6
and Oppenheim 219–22, 223
outbreaks of violence in Islamic world 224
propaganda war 225–7
wanting British to lose India aim 225, 226–7, 236
Jihad Bureau see Intelligence Bureau for the East
Jingoes, Stimela Jason 315–16, 318
Joffre, Joseph 27
Johnson, Bud 393
Johnson, Henry 347–8, 352, 389–90, 392, 411
Johnson, James Weldon 395
Johnston, Sir Harry 117–18
Jünger, Ernst: Storm of Steel 369
Kasama 371
Khan, Khudadad 67, 89, 135
Kibata, Battle of (1916) 133, 134
King’s African Rifles (KAR) 116, 119, 127, 133, 136–7
Kipling, Rudyard 422, 423
Kitchener Hospital 84, 90
Kitchener, Lord 8, 9, 26, 27, 30, 47, 102, 231, 233
Königsberg, SMS 116, 126
Kressenstein, Lieutenant Colonel Kress von 229, 230
Krupp 32
Ku Klux Klan 329, 391
Kuki people 280
labourers 33–4 see also British West Indies Regiment; Chinese Labour Corps; Indian Labour Corps; Services of Supply (US); Seychelles Labour Battalion; South African Native Labour Corps
Laforce, Angus 4–5
Laturia, Naik 66
Lawrence, Sir Walter 70
Lawrence, T.E.: Seven Pillars of Wisdom 40, 228
League of Nations 148
League of Rhenish Women 381
Lettow-Vorbeck Barracks 414, 415–16
Lettow-Vorbeck, Lieutenant Colonel Paul Emil von 110–11, 113, 114–15, 121, 123, 124–6, 130, 132, 133, 144, 145, 370–2, 415
Levitch, Mark 409
Lewis, Major Harold 133, 135
Lewis, Private Charles 393
Liang Shiyi 300, 301
Liberia 325
Libya 231
Linard, Colonel 350
literary war 39–40
Little, Major Arthur 343
Little, Wilbur 393
Lloyd George, David 30, 302, 373
Loos, Battle of (1915) 9–10, 96–8, 240
Ludendorff, General Erich 331, 354, 357, 378
Lunn, Joe 163, 200
Luschan, Felix von 261, 262
Luxembourg 275–6
Lys, Battle of the (1918) 346–7
McCormick, Captain A. 303
machine guns 26–8, 29–30, 31, 32, 97
MacMunn, Major George: The Armies of India 56–7
Mahdists (Sudan) 27, 231
Maji-Maji rebellion (1905–6) 111–12
Mall Singh 264–5
Mangin, General Charles 27, 102, 152, 153–4, 156–9, 161, 168, 170, 177, 192, 193, 196, 349, 374
Manley, Norman 402
Mannesmann, Otto 232
Maoris 25
Marchand, Jean-Baptiste 102
Marne, First Battle of the (1914) 182
Marne, Second Battle of the (1918) 199, 349
Marseilles 41, 41–6, 43
martial races theory 38, 55–9, 60, 69, 72, 76, 94, 169
Martin, Dr Rudolf 258
Maxim machine gun 26, 27, 30, 97
May, Dr Karl 368–9
Meeson, Dora 401
Mehmed II, Sultan 211
Mehmed V, Sultan 204–6, 211
Meinertzhagen, Richard 118, 122–3, 124, 130, 131
Mendi, SS tragedy 269–72
Merewether, Lieutenant Colonel J.W.B. 41–2, 43, 57
The Indian Corps
in France 58
Merriman, John X 128, 314–15
Messenger, The 327
Meuse-Argonne Offensive (1918) 356–7, 359–60
Middleton, Samuel Henry 10
military hospitals 291
Milner, H. 421–2
Mir Dast, Jemadar 7, 14, 92, 96, 242–3
Mir Mast, Jemadar 14–15, 92–4, 237–8, 242–3, 256
Moltke, Helmuth von 19, 29
Monash, Lieutenant General Sir John 356
Mongara (ship) 41
Mons, Battle of (1914) 49
Morel, E.D. 377–8
The Horror on the Rhine 378–9
Morgenthau, Henry 217–18
Morison, Theodore 118
Moroccan Infantry Division, 1st 277
Morrow, John 360
Mors, Robert 228
Mountain Horse, Albert 5, 10, 423
Mountain Horse, Mike 10–13, 354, 367, 423
Great War Deeds 12–13, 354
Muslim soldiers 13, 54, 58–9, 189, 213, 215, 224, 251
Naga 280
Nama people: genocide against by Germans (1904-08) 103, 128, 189, 413
National Association for the Advancement of Coloured People 328, 387, 495
Nationality and Status of Aliens Act (1914) 296
Native Americans 326, 362–9
belief in navigational skills of 364–5
casualty rates 366
enlistment and deployment of 363–4
fascination with by Germany 368–9
and press 366–7
skills associated with different tribes 365–6
stereotypes attached to 304, 363, 365
treatment compared to African Americans 363
Native Canadians 4–5, 10–12
Native Followers Recruitment Ordinance (British) 139–40
Natives Land Act (1913) (South Africa) 315, 316
Naumann, Friedrich 220
Navajos 365
Nazi Germany 384–5
executing of African soldiers during Second World War 201–3
see also ‘Tanzania Park’
Neuve Chapelle, Battle of (1915) 78–82, 83, 92, 95, 334, 423
New York Times 327–8
Nicholson, Marshal Lord 72
Niedermayer, Oskar von 235, 237, 238, 239, 242, 414
Niemann, August Wilhelm Otto 226
Der Weltkrieg 16
Nigeria 141
Nigerian Regiment 402, 421
92nd Division (Colored) 341, 356, 358–62, 385–6
93rd Division (Colored) 341, 343, 352, 356; see also Harlem Hellfighters
Nivelle, General Robert 27, 168, 191, 193, 194
Norddeutsche Allgemeine Zeitung 187
Northern Rhodesia 371
Noyelles-sur-Mer 303
Chinese Cemetery at 298–9
Nyasaland 111, 136, 141
Omdurman, Battle of (1898) 27
Operation Barbarossa 250
Operation Georgette see Lys, Battle of the
Operation Michael (1918) 345, 345–6
Oppenheim, Baron Max von 219–22, 223, 225–7, 229, 232, 235, 236–7, 251, 255
Order of the Mendi 272
The World's War Page 52
