Pilot's Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge (Federal Aviation Administration)
Page 2
Static Pressure Chamber and Lines
Altimeter
Principle of Operation
Effect of Nonstandard Pressure and Temperature
Setting the Altimeter
Altimeter Operation
Types of Altitude
Instrument Check
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
Principle of Operation
Instrument Check
Airspeed Indicator (ASI)
Airspeed Indicator Markings
Other Airspeed Limitations
Instrument Check
Blockage of the Pitot-Static System
Blocked Pitot System
Blocked Static System
Electronic Flight Display (EFD)
Airspeed Tape
Attitude Indicator
Altimeter
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
Heading Indicator
Turn Indicator
Tachometer
Slip/Skid Indicator
Turn Rate Indicator
Air Data Computer (ADC)
Trend Vectors
Gyroscopic Flight Instruments
Gyroscopic Principles
Rigidity in Space
Precession
Sources of Power
Turn Indicators
Turn-and-Slip Indicator
Turn Coordinator
Inclinometer
Yaw String
Instrument Check
Attitude Indicator
Heading Indicator
Attitude and Heading Reference System (AHRS)
The Flux Gate Compass System
Remote Indicating Compass
Instrument Check
Angle of Attack Indicators
Compass Systems
Magnetic Compass
Magnetic Compass Induced Errors
The Vertical Card Magnetic Compass
Lags or Leads
Eddy Current Damping
Outside Air Temperature (OAT) Gauge
Chapter Summary
Chapter 9
Flight Manuals and Other Documents
Introduction
Preliminary Pages
General (Section 1)
Limitations (Section 2)
Airspeed
Powerplant
Weight and Loading Distribution
Flight Limits
Placards
Emergency Procedures (Section 3)
Normal Procedures (Section 4)
Performance (Section 5)
Weight and Balance/Equipment List (Section 6)
Systems Description (Section 7)
Handling, Service, and Maintenance (Section 8)
Supplements (Section 9)
Safety Tips (Section 10)
Aircraft Documents
Certificate of Aircraft Registration
Airworthiness Certificate
Aircraft Maintenance
Aircraft Inspections
Annual Inspection
100-Hour Inspection
Other Inspection Programs
Altimeter System Inspection
Transponder Inspection
Emergency Locator Transmitter
Preflight Inspections
Minimum Equipment Lists (MEL) and Operations With Inoperative Equipment
Preventive Maintenance
Maintenance Entries
Examples of Preventive Maintenance
Repairs and Alterations
Special Flight Permits
Airworthiness Directives (ADs)
Aircraft Owner/Operator Responsibilities
Chapter Summary
Chapter 10
Weight and Balance
Introduction
Weight Control
Effects of Weight
Weight Changes
Balance, Stability, and Center of Gravity
Effects of Adverse Balance
Stability
Control
Management of Weight and Balance Control
Terms and Definitions
Principles of Weight and Balance Computations
Weight and Balance Restrictions
Determining Loaded Weight and CG
Computational Method
Graph Method
Table Method
Computations With a Negative Arm
Computations With Zero Fuel Weight
Shifting, Adding, and Removing Weight
Weight Shifting
Weight Addition or Removal
Chapter Summary
Chapter 11
Aircraft Performance
Introduction
Importance of Performance Data
Structure of the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Pressure
Pressure Altitude
Density Altitude
Effects of Pressure on Density
Effects of Temperature on Density
Effects of Humidity (Moisture) on Density
Performance
Straight-and-Level Flight
Climb Performance
Angle of Climb (AOC)
Rate of Climb (ROC)
Climb Performance Factors
Range Performance
Region of Reversed Command
Takeoff and Landing Performance
Runway Surface and Gradient
Water on the Runway and Dynamic Hydroplaning
Takeoff Performance
Landing Performance
Performance Speeds
Performance Charts
Interpolation
Density Altitude Charts
Takeoff Charts
Climb and Cruise Charts
Crosswind and Headwind Component Chart
Landing Charts
Stall Speed Performance Charts
Transport Category Aircraft Performance
Air Carrier Obstacle Clearance Requirements
Chapter Summary
Chapter 12
Weather Theory
Introduction
Atmosphere
Composition of the Atmosphere
Atmospheric Circulation
Atmospheric Pressure
Coriolis Force
Measurement of Atmosphere Pressure
Altitude and Atmospheric Pressure
Altitude and Flight
Altitude and the Human Body
Wind and Currents
Wind Patterns
Convective Currents
Effect of Obstructions on Wind
Low-Level Wind Shear
Wind and Pressure Representation on Surface Weather Maps
Atmospheric Stability
Inversion
Moisture and Temperature
Relative Humidity
Temperature/Dew Point Relationship
Methods by Which Air Reaches the Saturation Point
Dew and Frost
Fog
Clouds
Ceiling
Visibility
Precipitation
Air Masses
Fronts
Warm Front
Flight Toward an Approaching Warm Front
Cold Front
Fast-Moving Cold Front
Flight Toward an Approaching Cold Front
Comparison of Cold and Warm Fronts
Wind Shifts
Stationary Front
Occluded Front
Thunderstorms
Hazards
Squall Line
Tornadoes
Turbulence
Icing
Hail
Ceiling and Visibility
Effect on Altimeters
Lightning
Engine Water Ingestion
Chapter Summary
Chapter 13
Aviation Weather Services
Introduction
Observations
Surface Aviation Weather Observations
Air Route Traffic Control Center (ARTCC)
Upper Air Observations
Satellite
Service Outlets
Flight Service Station (FSS)
Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS)
Hazardous Inflight Weather Advisory Service (HIWAS)
Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska Only)
Weather Briefings
Standard Briefing
Abbreviated Briefing
Outlook Briefing
Aviation Weather Reports
Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR)
Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs)
Aviation Forecasts
Terminal Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF)
Area Forecasts (FA)
Inflight Weather Advisories
AIRMET
SIGMET
Convective Significant Meteorological Information (WST)
Winds and Temperature Aloft Forecast (FB)
Weather Charts
Surface Analysis Chart
Weather Depiction Chart
Significant Weather Prognostic Charts
ATC Radar Weather Displays
Weather Avoidance Assistance
Electronic Flight Displays (EFD)/Multi-Function Display (MFD) Weather
Weather Products Age and Expiration
What Can Pilots Do?
NEXRAD Abnormalities
NEXRAD Limitations
AIRMET/SIGMET Display
Graphical METARs
Data Link Weather
Data Link Weather Products
Flight Information Service- Broadcast (FIS-B)
Pilot Responsibility
Chapter Summary
Chapter 14
Airport Operations
Introduction
Airport Categories
Types of Airports
Towered Airport
Nontowered Airport
Sources for Airport Data
Aeronautical Charts
Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory)
Notices to Airmen (NOTAM)
Automated Terminal Information Service (ATIS)
Airport Markings and Signs
Runway Markings and Signs
Relocated Runway Threshold
Displaced Threshold
Runway Safety Area
Runway Safety Area Boundary Sign
Runway Holding Position Sign
Runway Holding Position Marking
Runway Distance Remaining Signs
Runway Designation Marking
Land and Hold Short Operations (LAHSO)
Taxiway Markings and Signs
Enhanced Taxiway Centerline Markings
Destination Signs
Holding Position Signs and Markings for an Instrument Landing System (ILS) Critical Area
Holding Position Markings for Taxiway/Taxiway Intersections
Marking and Lighting of Permanently Closed Runways and Taxiways
Temporarily Closed Runways and Taxiways
Other Markings
Airport Signs
Airport Lighting
Airport Beacon
Approach Light Systems
Visual Glideslope Indicators
Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)
Other Glidepath Systems
Runway Lighting
Runway End Identifier Lights (REIL)
Runway Edge Lights
In-Runway Lighting
Control of Airport Lighting
Taxiway Lights
Omnidirectional
Clearance Bar Lights
Runway Guard Lights
Stop Bar Lights
Obstruction Lights
New Lighting Technologies
Wind Direction Indicators
Traffic Patterns
Example: Key to Traffic Pattern Operations—Single Runway
Example: Key to Traffic Pattern Operations—Parallel Runways
Radio Communications
Radio License
Radio Equipment
Using Proper Radio Procedures
Lost Communication Procedures
Air Traffic Control (ATC) Services
Primary Radar
ATC Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS)
Transponder
Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast (ADS-B)
Radar Traffic Advisories
Wake Turbulence
Vortex Generation
Terminal Area
En Route
Vortex Behavior
Vortex Avoidance Procedures
Collision Avoidance
Clearing Procedures
Pilot Deviations (PDs)
Runway Incursion Avoidance
Causal Factors of Runway Incursions
Runway Confusion
Causal Factors of Runway Confusion
ATC Instructions
ATC Instructions—“Hold Short”
ATC Instructions—Explicit Runway Crossing
ATC Instructions—“Line Up and Wait” (LUAW)
ATC Instructions—“Runway Shortened”
Pre-Landing, Landing, and After-Landing
Engineered Materials Arresting Systems (EMAS)
Incidents
EMAS Installations and Information
Pilot Considerations
Chapter Summary
Chapter 15
Airspace
Introduction
Controlled Airspace
Class A Airspace
Class B Airspace
Class C Airspace
Class D Airspace
Class E Airspace
Uncontrolled Airspace
Class G Airspace
Special Use Airspace
Prohibited Areas
Restricted Areas
Warning Areas
Military Operation Areas (MOAs)
Alert Areas
Controlled Firing Areas (CFAs)
Other Airspace Areas
Local Airport Advisory (LAA)
Military Training Routes (MTRs)
Temporary Flight Restrictions (TFR)
Published VFR Routes
Terminal Radar Service Areas (TRSAs)
National Security Areas (NSAs)
Air Traffic Control and the National Airspace System
Coordinating the Use of Airspace
Operating in the Various Types of Airspace
Basic VFR Weather Minimums
Operating Rules and Pilot/Equipment Requirements
Ultralight Vehicles
Unmanned Free Balloons
Unmanned Aircraft Systems
Parachute Jumps
Chapter Summary
Chapter 16
Navigation
Introduction
Aeronautical Charts
Sectional Charts
VFR Terminal Area Charts
World Aeronautical Charts
Latitude and Longitude (Meridians and Parallels)
Time Zones
Measurement of Direction
Variation
Magnetic Variation
Magnetic Deviation
Deviation
Effect of Wind
Basic Calculations
Converting Minutes to Equivalent Hours
Time T = D/GS
Distance D = GS X T
GS GS = D/T
Converting Knots to Miles Per Hour
Fuel Consumption
Flight Computers
Plotter
Pilotage
Dead Reckoning
Wind Triangle or Vector Analysis
Step 1
Step 2
Step 3
Step 4
Flight Planning
Assembling Necessary Material
Weather Check
Use of Chart Supplement U.S. (formerly Airport/Facility Directory)
Airplane Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Handbook (AFM/POH)
Charting the Course
Steps in Charting the Course
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Filing a VFR Flight Plan
Ground-Based Navigation
Very High Frequency (VHF) Omnidirectional Range (VOR)
Using the VOR
Course Deviation Indicator (CDI)
Horizontal Situation Indicator
Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI)
Tracking With VOR
Tips on Using the VOR
Time and Distance Check From a Station Using a RMI
Time and Distance Check From a Station Using a CDI
Course Intercept
Rate of Intercept
Angle of Intercept
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME)
VOR/DME RNAV
Automatic Direction Finder (ADF)
Global Positioning System
Selective Availability
VFR Use of GPS
RAIM Capability
Tips for Using GPS for VFR Operations
VFR Waypoints
Lost Procedures
Flight Diversion
Chapter Summary
Chapter 17
Aeromedical Factors
Introduction
Obtaining a Medical Certificate
Health and Physiological Factors Affecting Pilot Performance
Hypoxia
Hypoxic Hypoxia
Hypemic Hypoxia
Stagnant Hypoxia
Histotoxic Hypoxia
Symptoms of Hypoxia
Treatment of Hypoxia
Hyperventilation
Middle Ear and Sinus Problems
Spatial Disorientation and Illusions
Vestibular Illusions
Visual Illusions
Postural Considerations
Demonstration of Spatial Disorientation
Climbing While Accelerating
Climbing While Turning
Diving While Turning
Tilting to Right or Left
Reversal of Motion
Diving or Rolling Beyond the Vertical Plane
Coping with Spatial Disorientation
Optical Illusions
Runway Width Illusion
Runway and Terrain Slopes Illusion
Featureless Terrain Illusion
Water Refraction
Haze
Fog
Ground Lighting Illusions
How To Prevent Landing Errors Due to Optical Illusions
Motion Sickness
Carbon Monoxide (CO) Poisoning
Stress
Fatigue
Exposure to Chemicals
Hydraulic Fluid
Engine Oil
Fuel
Dehydration and Heatstroke
Alcohol
Drugs
Altitude-Induced Decompression Sickness (DCS)
DCS After Scuba Diving
Vision in Flight
Vision Types
Photopic Vision
Mesopic Vision
Scotopic Vision
Central Blind Spot
Empty-Field Myopia
Night Vision
Night Blind Spot
Dark Adaptation
Scanning Techniques
Night Vision Protection
Self-Imposed Stress
Distance Estimation and Depth Perception
Binocular Cues
Night Vision Illusions
Autokinesis
False Horizon
Reversible Perspective Illusion
Size-Distance Illusion
Fascination (Fixation)
Flicker Vertigo
Night Landing Illusions