92. Hessian Platte Grenadier Battalion Journal (Quartermaster Carl Bauer), in Bruce E. Burgoyne, Enemy Views: The American Revolutionary War as Recorded by the Hessian Participants (Bowie, MD.: Heritage Books, 1996), 141.
93. Diary entry June 12, Lt. Johann von Bardeleben, Hessian Regiment von Donop, Ibid., 141–42.
94. Gruber, Peebles Diary, 53.
95. Orderly Book and Journal of Capt. Robert Kirkwood, entries for June 10 and 11, 1777. Published as Robert Kirkwood, The Journal and Order Book of Captain Robert Kirkwood of the Delaware Regiment of the Continental Line, edited by Joseph Brown Turner (Wilmington, DE: Historical Society of Delaware, 1910), entries for June 10 and 11, 1777.
96. John Peebles, Journal of Capt.-Lt. John Peebles, Grenadier Company, 42nd Royal Highland Regiment, Public Records Office, Edinburgh, Scotland; Gruber, Peebles Diary.
97. Joesph Lee Boyle, From Redcoat to Rebel: The Thomas Sullivan Journal (Bowie, MD: Heritage Books, 1997), 116.
98. Diary of Ens. William Viscount Cantelupe, Grey Papers, University of Durham, United Kingdom, entry for June 13, 1777.
99. Peebles described the full composition of von Heister's column: “The 2nd Division under the Command of his Excellency Lt. Genl. DeHeister, Major Genls. Stirn, Vaughan & Gray, Brigr. Genls. Agnew & Leslie to March by the left—the 4 Companys of Light Infantry with Major Craig & Capt. Fergusons Rifle Company To join the Light Infantry of the Guards under the Command. of Lt. Col. Twistleton—four Grasshoppers [light cannon] to be Attached to this Corps—the Battalions. Of Guards with a Corps of Pioneers, 40th & 23rd Regts. Under the Command. of Lt. Colo: Trelawney to form the Advance Guard following Lt. Col: Twistletons Corps with 2 Medium 12 pounders. & two 6 pounders. Major Genl. Stirne with the 2nd & 4 Brigades with 2 Six pounders. to each, Majr. Genl. Vaughan with 3rd & 1st Brigade with 2 Six pounders. to each, 17th Dragoons with their dismounted—Brigadier Genl. Leslie with ye Brigade of 71st Regt. to assemble on the Prince Town road at 11 OClock in the rear of Ld. Cornwallis's Division & wait further Orders…The first Division March'd to Hillsborrow the 2nd to Middle Bush…” Gruber, Peebles Diary.
100. Archibald Robertson, Archibald Robertson, Lieutenant General of the Royal Engineers: His Diaries and Sketches in America, 1762–1780, edited by Harry Miller Lydenberg (New York: New York Public Library, 1930), 136–37.
101. Von Münchhausen, Diary, 16.
102. Letter, Col. James Chambers to Gen. Edward Hand, “Mount Prospect Camp, 18th June, 1777.” John Blair Linn and William H. Egle, Pennsylvania in the War of the Revolution, 1775–1783, vol. 1 (Harrisburg, PA: Lane S. Hart, 1880), 313.
103. Fitzpatrick, Washington 7, 236–37.
104. Letter, Wayne to Peters, “Mount Prospect 17th June 1777,” Wayne Papers, vol. 3, 101–10, HSP.
105. Letter, Wayne to the Pennsylvania Board of War, dated “Camp at Mount Prospect 3 June 1777,” Stillé, Wayne, 65.
106. Henry Steele Commager and Richard B. Morris, eds., The Spirit of Seventy Six: The Story of the American Revolution as Told by Participants (New York: Bonanza Books, 1968), 536–37.
107. Letter, Charles Stuart to Lord Bute, “New York, July 10, 1777,” New Records, 33.
108. Letter, John Adams to Abigail Adams, “Phyladelphia June 14, 1777,” Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 194–95.
109. John Andre, Andre's Journal, vol. 1, edited by Henry Cabot Lodge (Boston: The Bibliophile Society, 1903), 39.
110. Von Münchhausen, Diary, 16.
111. Linn and Egle, Pennsylvania, 313.
112. Historical Anecdotes Civil and Military, 41–42.
113. Commager and Morris, Spirit of Seventy Six, 537.
114. Joseph Clark, Diary, entry for June 20, 1777, MS MG 256, New Jersey Historical Society.
115. Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 195.
116. Letter, Percy to Polly Frazer, “Mount Pleasant near Bound Brook June 17, 1777,” Frazer, Frazer Memoir, 139–40.
117. Letter, John Adams to Abigail Adams, “Philadelphia June 18, 1777,” Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 207.
118. Letter, Rush to Wayne, “Philadelphia June 18, 1777,” Wayne Papers, vol. 3, 101–10.
119. Timothy Pickering, Pickering Papers, Microfilm reel 51 and 52, 142, Massachusetts Historical Society, Boston.
120. Kemble, Journals, 121.
121. Von Münchhausen, Diary, 18.
122. Johann Ewald, Treatise on Partisan Warfare (Abhandlung über den kleinen Krieg von Joh. Ewald), Cassel, 1785, translated and edited by Robert A. Selig and David C. Skaggs (New York: Greenwood Press, 1991), 119.
123. Ewald, Diary, 65.
124. Pickering Papers, 142.
125. Commager and Morris, Spirit of Seventy Six, 537.
126. Letter, Percy to Polly Frazer, “June 20, 1777,” Frazer, Frazer Memoir, 140.
127. Letter, Charles Stuart to Lord Bute, “New York, July 10, 1777,” New Records, 32–33.
128. “Record of the Campaign of 1777,” New Records, 49.
129. Letter, Grant to Harvey, “New York 10th July 1777,” Grant Papers, reel 28/29.
130. Letter, John Adams to Abigail Adams, “Philadelphia June 21, 1777,” Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 240.
131. Cresswell, Journal, 283.
132. Entry for June 24, Kemble, Journals, 122.
133. Historical Anecdotes Civil and Military, 41–42.
134. Sarah Logan Fisher, edited by Nicholas Biddle Wainwright, “A Diary of Trifling Occurrences, Philadelphia, 1776–1778,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography 82 (1958): 437.
135. Gruber, Peebles Diary, 117.
136. Letter, Charles Stuart to Lord Bute, “New York, July 10, 1777,” New Records, 32.
137. Von Münchhausen, Diary, 18–19.
138. Boyle, Thomas Sullivan Journal, 119.
139. Letter, Percy to Polly Frazer, “Wednesday July 2, 1777,” Frazer, Frazer Memoir, 142–43.
140. Cresswell, Journal, 240–41.
141. G. Washington to Congress, 11 PM June 22, Published by Order of Congress, Pennsylvania Evening Post, June 24, 1777, in Stryker, New Jersey Archives, 402–3.
142. Fitzpatrick, Washington 8, 295–96.
143. Letter, Harris to Gen. Edward Hand, “Cross Roads, (abt. 20 miles from Phila'da,) 13 August, 1777.” Linn and Egle, Pennsylvania, 315. “Sawny” was a nickname for Scotsmen in the same way that “Paddy” was for Irishmen and “Taffy” was for Welshmen. Though Harris does not specify during which skirmish this comment was made, the fight at Brunswick Bridge involved Morgan's corps and some of Wayne's men, as well as Highlanders, as pointed out by both Cresswell and Peebles.
144. Cresswell, Journal, 241–42.
145. Burgoyne, Enemy Views, 151.
146. G. Washington to Congress, June 22, in Stryker, New Jersey Archives, 402–403.
147. Letter, Lewis Nicola to ——, “[Philadelphia] July 2, 1777,” PaArch I, V, 410. Nicola was the town major of Philadelphia and commander of the Invalid Regiment. He obtained this information from Pvt. John Warrel, who was “a Deserter who came here yesterday morning having given some interesting intelligence…. he was pressed in London.”
148. Cresswell, Journal, 240.
149. William Gordon, The History of the Rise, Progress, and Establishment of the Independence of the United States of America…, 2d Amer. ed., vol. 2 (New York: Samuel Campbell, 1794), 201.
150. Letter, Percy to Polly Frazer, “Camp at the Cloves July 18th 1777,” Frazer, Frazer Memoir, 150. Sir George Osborn had informed Lord Germain on May 15, “The Hessian Grenadiers have lost within these two Months more than 300 Men by a Putrid fever which got among them at Brunswick,” PRO, CO 5/93-3, MS sheet 426.
151. Lillian B. Miller, Sidney Hart, and Toby A. Appel, eds., The Selected Papers of Charles Willson Peale and His Family, vol. 1, Charles Willson Peale: Artist in Revolutionary America, 1735–1791 (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1983), 233–34.
152. Frazer, Frazer Memoir, 1
43.
153. Ibid.
154. Annual Register for 1777, 2d ed., 1781, 123.
155. Von Münchhausen, Diary, 19.
156. Edward William Harcourt, The Harcourt Papers, vol. 11 (Oxford: James Parker and Co., fifty copies printed for private circulation, 1880), 217.
157. Andre, Journal, 47.
158. Boyle, Thomas Sullivan Journal, 122.
159. Hunter, 27.
160. “Letter from Middle Brook, June 28,” Pennsylvania Journal, July 2, 1777, in Stryker, New Jersey Archives, 415–16.
161. Richard Ketchum, “New War Letters of Banastre Tarleton,” in Narratives of the Revolution in New York (New York: New York Historical Society, 1976), 134.
162. John Montrésor, The Montrésor Journals, edited by G. D. Scull, Collections of the New York Historical Society, vol. 14 (New York, 1882), 426. “Monthly Return of the 3 Regiments Guards…1st July 1777” confirms that “Capt Finch Died of His Wounds 29th June 1777.” Orders of British Troops.
163. Grant to Harvey, 10 July, Grant Papers.
164. Letter, Germain to Sir Wm. Howe, 3rd September 1777, HQP, Carleton Papers, PRO 30/55, vol. 6.
165. Grant to Harvey, 10 July, Grant Papers.
166. “Extract of a Letter from Philada. July 1st 11 Oclock AM,” unknown to Samuel Chase; the extract is in Chase's handwriting and is in the papers of Richard Henry Lee. Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 280–81.
167. Octavius Pickering and Charles Upham, The Life of Timothy Pickering, vol. 1 (Boston: Little, Brown, and Company, 1867), 144–45.
168. Grant to Harvey, 10 July, Grant Papers.
169. Dennis P. Ryan, ed., A Salute to Courage: The American Revolution as Seen through Wartime Writings of Officers of the Continental Army and Navy (New York: Columbia University Press, 1979), 82–83.
170. Letter, John Adams to Abigail Adams, “Philadelphia June 29 1777,” Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 262.
171. Boyle, Thomas Sullivan Journal, 122.
172. Montrésor, Montrésor Journals, 425.
173. Letter, Charles Stuart to Lord Bute, “New York, July 10, 1777,” New Records, 33.
174. Fitzpatrick, Washington 8, 311.
175. Syrett and Cooke, Papers of Hamilton, 274–75.
176. Letter, Richard Fitzpatrick to his brother the Earl of Upper Ossory, dated “Camp Staten Island, July 5, 1777,” Richard Fitzpatrick Papers, Miscellaneous Manuscripts 622, Library of Congress.
177. Pickering and Upham, Life, 145.
178. Pennsylvania Gazette, July 9, 1777, in Stryker, New Jersey Archives, 422.
179. André, Journal, 48.
180. Letter, Major Saml. Hay to Col. Irvine at Carlisle, dated “Morris Town, July 10, 1777,” Irvine Papers 1777, Manuscript Division, Library of Congress.
181. Robertson, Diaries, 139.
182. Hessian Platte Grenadier Battalion Journal (Quartermaster Carl Bauer), Enemy Views, 152.
183. Ewald, Diary, 69.
184. Fitzpatrick, Washington 8, 315.
185. Grant to Harvey, 10 July, Grant Papers. éclat is a French word meaning “burst” or “sudden uproar.” In the sense of Grant's sentence and in the spirit of Grant's sardonic wit, it would best be translated idiomatically as “with a bang.”
186. Ibid.
187. Letter, July 5, 1777, Fitzpatrick Papers
188. Montrésor, Montrésor Journals, 426.
189. Letter, July 5, 1777, Fitzpatrick Papers.
190. Letter “New York, July 10, 1777,” New Records, 33.
191. Frazer, Frazer Memoir, 144.
192. Cresswell, Journal, 256–57; 252; 257; 259–60.
193. Entry for July 1, 1777, Kemble, Journal, 124.
CHAPTER 2
1. Fisher, 437.
2. Letter, Grier to Wayne, “Philada. July 5th 1777,” Wayne Papers, vol. 3, 101–10.
3. Article quoted from Virginia Gazette, July 18, 1777. Fourth of July Celebrations Database by James R. Heintze, http://gurukul.american.edu/heintze/fourthhtm#Beginning. Feux de joie, “firings of joy,” referred to a “running fire” of shots fired rapidly in sequence down a line of troops, starting at one end of the line. Each soldier fired his musket individually, the effect being similar to a string of firecrackers.
4. Letter, John Adams to Abigail Adams II, “Philadelphia, July 5th, 1777,” Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 293–94.
5. Ibid.
6. Letter, William Williams to Jonathan Trumbull Sr., “Philadelphia, July 5. 1777,” Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 303.
7. Letter, Adams to Abigail, July 5, 1777, Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 294.
8. The Hessian band performed for hire for Congress and others while in captivity over the next few years. As odd as it may seem to modern minds, musicians were noncombatants by the rules of eighteenth-century warfare and were also “non-political” (i.e., “you pay, we play!”). Bandsmen were treated separately from regimental fifers and drummers, who were called “field music.” The list of prisoners from Trenton included “5 Hautboys” from the Regiment von Lossberg (Samuel and Wilhelm Hatteroth, Johannes Saechtling Sr. and Jr., and Johann Wickhard), “1 Hautboy” from the Regiment von Knyphausen (Philip Pfiel), and “4 Hautboys” from the Regiment von Rall (Emanuel Grau, Johannes Nickell, Johannes Sondermann, and one unidentified). [PaArch, 2nd ser., vol. 1, 432–34; and Richard Barth, Dornemann, and Mark Schwalm, “The Trenton Prisoner List,” Schwalm 3, 1 (1985), 1–21]. On many of the prisoner lists kept by American authorities, the first names of most of the German prisoners have been Anglicized—See Force Papers 9, 17,137, reel 104, LOC.
Hessian records indicate that Philip Pfiel “was released from prison by Hessian troops in Feb. 1777 and evidently returned to duty,” but how, where, and when is a mystery. The same records show that he deserted in 1783. He stayed in Philadelphia, where his name changed to Philip Phile, and he composed the music for “The President's March,” later called “Hail, Columbia,” now used as the vice-president's march. See Robert M. Webler, “A Notable Hessian Deserter,” Schwalm 8 (2005): 41.
9. Letter, Adams to Abigail, July 5, 1777, Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 294.
10. Letter, Thomas Burke to Richard Caswell, “Philadelphia July 5th 1777,” Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates 7, 295. Sir George Osborn wrote to Lord Germain in May, “I found the Hessian Battalion, now under the Command of Colonel Loose [Loos], sick 183, deserted not one since their Misfortune at Trenton, they return Prisners of War 830 Private, 32 Officers, 84 N:Commissiond[.] they have reason to believe that not one of the Prisners have enlisted with the Rebels, excepting the Musick, and 30 Men who are reported by some German deserters to be engaged lately by a Lieutenant Farré (a near relation of Lt. Genl. Kniphausen) and is said to be with the Rebels at Newark.” MS Letter, Osborn to Germain, “Raritan near Brunswick, May the 15, 1777,” PRO, CO 5/93-3, MS sheet 426.
11. Fisher, 437. Jacob Hiltzheimer wrote, “June 30 1777: Monday Rain all day, in afternoon went to Schuylkill Stables, which is full of Light horse, from thence went to Governor Penns woods to see the North Carolina Camp.” Jacob Hiltzheimer Diary for 1777, B/H56d 1777–1778, American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
12. Phineas Pemberton, “Weather Observations,” American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia.
13. Letter, John Adams to Abigail Adams, “Philadelphia July 1, 1777,” Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 278.
14. Christopher Marshall Remembrancer, vol. D, entry for June 9, 1777, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia. After the war, once the Protestant Episcopal Church was organized, the crown was replaced by a bishop's mitre decorated with thirteen star-shaped perforations.
15. Letter, Adams to Abigail, July 5, 1777, Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 294. The New Moon began at 7:33 P.M. on July 4, 1777.
16. Letter, Williams to Trumbull, July 5, 1777, Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 303.
&nb
sp; 17. Muhlenberg, Journals 3, 68.
18. Journal entry for September 3, 1776. Cresswell, Journal, 155.
19. Colonial Records, Minutes of the Supreme Executive Council of Pennsylvania, vol. 9 (Harrisburg, PA: Theo Fenn & Co., 1852), 37.
20. Letter, Grier to Wayne, July 5, 1777.
21. Letter, Williams to Trumbull, July 5, 1777, Smith, et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 303.
22. Elizabeth Drinker, The Diary of Elizabeth Drinker, vol. 1, edited by Elaine F. Crane (Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1991), 225.
23. Fisher, 438.
24. Muhlenberg, Journals 3, 56.
25. Osborn report to Lord George Germain, July 4. “I have the honor of acquainting your Lordship that part of the Reinforcement consisting of 1300 Troops from Anspach, 300 Hessian Chasseurs [Jägers], and 440 Hessian recruits are arrived. The Chasseurs are better Cloathed than they were last Year, their Arms and boots are in good order, the Chasseurs for the Reinforcement are chiefly Hessians, the Recruits are from Saxe, Hanover, & the County of Wirtembergh [Württemberg], hardly every other Man is a Hessian, they appear howe[ve]r neither too young nor too old to bear the fatigue of the Campaign.” PRO, CO 5/93-3, MS sheet 428.
26. Letter, John Adams to Abigail Adams, “Philadelphia July 13, 1777,” Smith et. al., Letters of Delegates, vol. 7, 340. Von Heister received his official letter of recall on June 28. Von Münchhausen wrote on July 1, “Late in the evening General Howe paid an unpleasant visit to General von Heister, to whom he had not talked since the latter's recall.” Von Münchhausen, Diary, 20.
27. Letter, Fitzpatrick to his brother, “Camp upon Staten Island, July 5, 1777,” Fitzpatrick Papers.
28. Osborn Letters 3, 98.
29. Letter, Fitzpatrick to his brother, July 5, 1777, Fitzpatrick Papers.
30. Entry for July 4, 1777, Kemble, Journal, 124.
31. Letter, Grant to Harvey, “New Brunswick 7th June 1777,” Grant Papers, reel 28/29.
The Philadelphia Campaign Page 43
