by Ling Zhang
multi-dimensional thesis, 222– 223
Tangut. See Xixia empire
Three Gorges Dam, 270, 288– 289
Tongli Commandery, 198, 220
trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state concept of, 7n11
in imperial China, 6, 51– 52 , 109– 110 , 122– 123 , 133– 137 , 286– 289 in modern China, 288– 289
and the spontaneity of non-human environmental entities, 17– 19 , 180n80
See also Song dynasty, the state as an environmental force reshaping the land of Hebei
tunnels, 65n20, 68, 68n25, 92, 256
Twitchett, Denis, 47n40
Twitchett, Denis and Paul Jakov Smith, 49n45, 50n47, 56n4, 64n18, 117n18
van Glahn, Richard, 11n17, 17n27, 54n2, 67n24, 85n2, 87n8
Wallerstein, Immanuel, 16n26
Wang Anshi effect of reforms on Hebei population, 191
and Emperor Shenzong, 149– 153 government downsizing, 150n14, 200, 200n40
hydraulic works in Hebei, 150– 151 , 154
Guards and Tithing (baojia) system, 196– 197 , 203, 204
and hydraulics under Emperor Zhezong, 155
“measure of agricultural fields and water benefits” policy, 173n71“silting-field measure” (yutian fa), 257– 260 , 265n58
reform agenda executed by Cheng Fang. See Cheng Fang
resumption of reforms of supported by the Water Conservancy, 153– 154
Taizu's perception of state-society relationship compared with, 149n13
Wang, Gungwu, 127n39
Wang Jing, 35– 36 , 36n24
Wang Ju, 246
Wang, Ling and Lu Gwei-djen, 27n5
Wang, Lingling, 63n15
Wang, Tzeng-yu. See Wang Zengyu
Wang Yansou, 154, 173, 246
Wang, Yuanlin, 33n16
Wang, Zengyu and David Wright, 60n11, 63n17
Water Conservancy (dushuijian) competition with regional authorities across north China, 185, 208– 209
External Executive (dushui waicheng), 173– 176 , 208, 274
and Hebei's regional authorities, 172– 176 , 178Du Chun's criticism of, 173– 176
and the Golden Dyke, 210– 212
in Nanpi and Leshou, 208– 209 , 213– 214 , 215
Li Lizhi (chief director of), 152– 153
plantings of trees along banks and dykes, 275– 278
resumption of Wang Anshi's reforms supported by, 153– 154
“wood-grass fee” (shaocao qian), 185, 274
See also Cheng Fang; Li Zhongchang; Meng Changling; Shen Li; Wu Anchi
Weber, Edward P., 19n31
Weilu commandery, 70
Wen Yanbo, 152, 154
Western Han dynasty colonization of the North China Plain, 31
flooding during the reign of Emperor Wu, 35, 128
White, Gilbert, 109– 110
White, Richard, 177
Will, Pierre Etienne, 118n19, 175n74, 178– 179n79 , 180, 180n81, 210n61, 213n64
winter wheat and crop rotation, 85– 86 , 226n31, 226, 227
increased consumption of, 230– 231
millet compared with, 224, 225, n226t4
Wittfogel, Karl, hydraulic mode of production theory hydraulic leader of, 114, 135, 178– 179n79
hydraulic mode of consumption compared with, 12n20, 12, 13, 177, 186– 187
and the rise of despotic states, 12n20, 178– 179n79
and the Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex, 135, 142
“world” as a concept. See environmental world
Worster, Donald, xv, 141– 142
Wu Anchi, 153– 154 , 175
Wu Chuhou, 236
Xin Dynasty, 35
Xiongzhou, 61, 69, 70, 167– 168 , 220, 236– 237
Xixia empire, 56, 84, 101
Xue Xiang, 236, 238, 243
Yang Huaimin, 163
Yangzi valley agricultural productivity, 94– 95 early-ripening rice cultivation, 85, 87, 238– 239
buds of capitalism in, 283
developmental trajectory advocated by Tang-Song transition theory, 242
earthquakes in, 101– 102
Yellow River anliu period of tranquility, 31, 36
course of lower reaches after 1128, 282illus14, 284
before 1048, 36illus4, 128– 132
shifts in the course of, 26illus2, 25– 26 , 284
course of middle reaches of, 29illus3, 27– 29 , 33, 265n58, 277– 278
courses 1048–1128, 147illus11, 197
courses 1048–1128 in Hebei, 2illus1, 1– 2 , 5, 8– 9 , 25– 26 , 160– 161 , 194– 195 , 249– 256 flooding in 1048, 1– 5 , 27, 107– 110 , 132, 143– 145
land “north of the river”, 36
and sandification, 262– 267
course shift encouraged in 972 by Emperor Taizu, 119, 158, 208
course shift in Mingzhou Prefecture, 208
deforestation and soil erosion in upper and middle reaches of, 27– 33 , 265n58, 268– 279
discharge into the Bohai Gulf, 284
rate of, 30, 34
flooding before 1048, 34– 35 , 111t2, 125– 126 , 128
flooding between 1099 and 1102, 198
flooding from 1048 to 1067, 199
flooding of Hebei in 1048, 1– 4 , 23– 24 , 27– 33 , 107– 110 , 143– 145
Great Bend, 29, 31, 32, 277n102
Henan as a land “south of the river”, 36, 113, 115– 117
hydrological dynamics as a means to transform the landscape, 205
and its muddy nature, 30
and its tendency to flood, 27
legendary Nine Rivers of, 118– 119 , 152, 158– 159
“return the river” of Emperor Shenzong, 154
siltation. See silt, Yellow River siltation
See also dykes; frontier ponds in Hebei; sand; silt; trialectics among a river, a plain, and a state; Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex
Yellow River Conservancy, 27n5
Yellow River–Hebei environmental complex creation of, 4– 5 , 8– 9 , 23– 24 , 27– 33 , 172– 174 , 177– 178
as an “environmental world”, 5– 9 , 16n26, 19, 24– 25 , 40– 41
and the hydraulic mode of consumption, 6, 11– 13 , 141– 143 , 177– 180 , 244– 247 , 285– 286 , 287– 288 , 289– 290
political pressure imposed on the state by the river, 142– 143 , 186, 215
See also Song dynasty, the state as an environmental force reshaping the land of Hebei
Yongjing Commandery, desolation of, 200
Yuhe Canal (or Yongji Canal) abandonment of, 199, 252, 254
stagnant water on the plain due to, 257
and waterbased transportation in Hebei, 46, 60– 62 , 68, 250illus13, 265– 266 restoration by the Mongol Yuan, 255
Yu the Great, 119n21and the 1048 flooding during the reign of Emperor Renzong, 132– 133 , 143
and Emperor Taizu's politico-hydraulic discourse, 118– 120 , 120– 121n22 , 123– 124 , 128
and Huizong's 1115 hydraulic project, 158– 159 , 160
legendary Nine Rivers of, 118– 119 , 120– 121n22 , 152, 158– 159
Zeng Xiaoguang, 176
Zhang Cun, 195, 197
Zhang, De'er, 33n18, 33n19, 33n20
Zhang, De'er and Sun Xia, 33n20
Zhang Fangping, 168– 169
Zhang, Jiayan, 205n54, 210n61, 213n64
Zhang, Ling, 120– 121n22 , 260n35, 260n37, 272n76, 287n10
Zhanguo ce, 44n31
Zhang Xiaohua, 259– 260n34
Zhao kingdom, 44
Zhao Pu, 48
Zhao Zhixi, 266
Zhao Zi, 169
Zuozhuan, 44n31
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