The End Is Always Near

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The End Is Always Near Page 22

by Dan Carlin


  Webster, Donovan. Aftermath: The Remnants of War: From Landmines to Chemical Warfare—the Devastating Effects of Modern Combat. New York: Pantheon, 1996.

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  Zaloga, Steven J. The Kremlin’s Nuclear Sword: The Rise and Fall of Russia’s Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945–2000. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Books, 2002.

  Zubok, Vladislav, and Constantine Pleshakov. Inside the Kremlin’s Cold War: From Stalin to Krushchev. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996.

  Chapter 8: The Road to Hell

  Biddle, Tami Davis. “Air Power and the Law of War,” in Laws of War, edited by Michael Howard, George Andreopoulos, and Mark Shulman. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1994.

  Carey, John, ed. Eyewitness to History. Reprint ed. New York: William Morrow Paperbacks, 1997.

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  Crane, Conrad C. American Airpower Strategy in World War II: Bombs, Cities, Civilians, and Oil. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2016.

  Deighton, Len. Blood, Tears, and Folly: An Objective Look at World War II. New York: HarperCollins, 1993.

  Douhet, Giulio. The Command of the Air. Translated by Dino Ferrari. Center for Air Force History. Originally published in 1921 under the auspices of the Ministry of War. Reprint ed. CreateSpace, 2015.

  Dyer, Gwynne. War: The New Edition. Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2005.

  Dyson, Freeman. The Fire: The Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945. New York: Columbia University Press, 2008.

  Edoin, Hoito. The Night Tokyo Burned: The Incendiary Campaign against Japan, March–August, 1945. New York: St. Martin’s, 1989.

  Ferguson, Niall. The War of the World: Twentieth-Century Conflict and the Descent of the West. New York: Penguin Press, 2006.

  Friedrich, Jörg. The Fire: The Bombing of Germany, 1940–1945. Translated by Allison Brown. New York: Columbia University Press, 2006.

  Giangreco, D. M. Hell to Pay: Operation DOWNFALL and the Invasion of Japan, 1945–1947. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 2017.

  Grossman, Dave. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill in War and Society. Reprint ed. New York: Back Bay Books, 2009.

  Hopper, Bruce. TK

  Howard, Michael, George Andreopoulos, and Mark R. Shulman, eds. The Laws of War: Constraints on Warfare in the Western World. New ed. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.

  Kennett, Lee B. A History of Strategic Bombing: From the First Hot-Air Balloons to Hiroshima and Nagasaki. New York: Scribner, 1982.

  Knell, Hermann. To Destroy a City: Strategic Bombing and Its Human Consequences in World War II. New York: Da Capo, 2003.

  Martin, Douglas. “Thomas Ferebee Dies at 81; Dropped First Atomic Bomb.” New York Times, March 18, 2000.

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  Truman, Harry S., diary.

  Wells, H. G. The War in the Air. Originally serialized in The Pall Mall Magazine, 1908. Reprint ed. CreateSpace, 2013.

  Ziegler, Philip. London at War, 1939–1945. New York: Knopf, 1995.

  Index

  The pagination of this digital edition does not match the print edition from which the index was created. To locate a specific entry, please use your ebook reader's search tools.

  abuse of children, 18–19, 23–24

  Achilles, 30

  Adrianople

  Goths and, 113–114

  importance of, 112

  point in history, 114

  Roman Empire after, 114–115

  Afghans, 12

  AIDS, 143, 144

  airpower

  Allied bombing of German cities, 240–241

  B-17, 222, 225–226, 230

  Battle of Britain, 231

  bombing accuracy and, 230–231

  control of military aircraft and, 227

  “death blow,” 241

  development of, 219

  Douhet and, 224–225

  early targets, 231

  end of First World War and, 223

  fear of, 220

  firebombings, 156, 217–218, 238–239

  First World War, 219–225

  Guernica attack, 228–230

  heavy bombing, 226

  interwar period, 220

  London Blitz, 236–237

  Luftwaffe, 232, 235

  morale-targeted bombing, 221

  night bombing, 234

  precision, 225

  RAF manual rules, 230

  strategic bombing, 192, 223, 234, 241

  terror versus morale bombing, 235

  WWII bombers, 232

  zeppelin fleet, 222

  Alexander the Great, 30, 83–84, 160

  Anabasis, 69

  Arnold, Henry “Hap,” 236

  Arnold, John H., 33

  Ashurnasirpal II, 73–74, 75–76

  Assyria. See also Nineveh

  age of culture, 71

  as apex of civilization, 71

  Ashurnasirpal II and, 73–74, 75–76

  Babylon and, 82

  backlash, 76

  biblical prophets on downfall, 86

  bloody symbolism, 75

  cavalry, 77–78

  civil war and, 84

  Cyaxares attack on, 85

  defined, 56

  drilled infantry formations, 78

  location, 56

  military overextension and, 84

  overview of, 56–57

  quick decline of, 76–77

  repression and, 74

  revolution and, 74

  Sennacherib and, 82, 83, 84

  state terrorism, 74

  success and it’s fall, 83

  Xenophon record of, 69–71, 86

  Assyrian kings, 73–74

  Assyrians

  behavior of, 74

  cast as Nazis, 72–73

  chariots of, 79–80

  defeat of Hittites, 57

  enemies of, 80–81

  as horsemen, 80

  imperialists, 76

  movable wealth of, 81–82

  power of, 57–58

  succession problem of, 77

  toughness and, 72

  warfare and, 56–59

  Athens of Pericles, 31

  atomic blitz strategy, 173–174

  atomic bomb

  Einstein on, 163

  horrors associated with, 157

  initial damage of, 157

  Manhattan project, 153

  morality of using, 155, 156

  official line on dropping of, 217

  peace and, 162

  realities of, 158

  Soviet test of, 182

  Trinity test, 154, 155, 160

  United Kingdom and, 192–193

  usage as ok, 213

  victims of, 157–158

  Atomic Energy Commission, 185

  atomic secrets, 172

  Aurelius, Marcus, 105

  Axelrod, Daniel, 177

  B-17 bombers, 222, 225–226, 230

  Babylon

  as apex of civilization, 71

  Assyria and, 82

  defined, 69

  destruction of, 83

  final solution to problem of, 82–83

  Babylonia, 69

  Babylonians

  as hard to pacify, 82

  Median army alliance, 85

  Sennacherib and, 84

  bacteriological warfare, 142–143

  “barbarians”
<
br />   armies, 91

  defined, 94

  fall of Roman Empire and, 28

  local, 95

  public perception of, 94–95

  Romano-Germanic crisis and, 109–110

  Romans and, 1, 94–95

  Rome foes, 96

  we as, 211

  Barbero, Alessandro, 121, 122–123

  Barry, John, 137–138, 139

  Baruch, Bernard, 166

  Battle of Britain, 231

  Battle of the Teutoburg Forest, 105

  beating of children, 19, 20–21, 22

  Berlin Blockade, 178–179, 206

  “biblical era,” 79

  Biddle, Tami Davis, 235–236

  “Big Stories,” xii

  Black Death. See also plagues

  art of the period and, 134

  clergy and, 132, 133

  dead, 131–132

  death rates, 130, 135, 144

  description of devastation, 131

  first reports of, 130

  Great Pestilence and, 135–136

  Jews and, 134–135

  mass absolutions and, 133

  modern man birth because of, 136

  onset of, 130

  parents abandoning children, 132

  peasants and, 136

  pessimism in society and, 134

  as population disaster, 135–136

  population loss in England, 135

  precursor to, 128

  Spanish Flu and, 140

  strength of, 130

  subsequent outbreaks of, 135–136

  witchcraft and, 135

  Bostrom, Nick, 129

  Brands, H. W., 209

  Britain

  atomic bomb and, 192–193

  London and, 117–118

  under Roman rule, 89

  Romans and, 88

  after Rome’s power, 89

  at war (WWII), 231–240

  Brodie, Bernard, 198

  Bronze Age

  archaeological evidence from, 36–37

  defined, 32

  destroyed cities and, 37–38

  Egyptian records, 37–40

  public opinion and, 182

  system as fragile, 61

  trading network, 60

  Bronze Age collapse

  bureaucratic structure and, 64–65

  climate change, 48

  drought and, 48–49

  earthquakes and, 53–54

  explanation behind, 34

  famine and, 45–49

  invasion theory and, 41–42, 44–45

  multiple causes for, 60–61

  plagues and, 54–56

  questions for understanding, 34

  sea peoples and, 38–39, 40–45

  systems collapse and, 60–61

  theories, 36

  tsunamis and, 51–54

  volcanos and, 49–52

  warfare and, 42, 56–60

  Caesar, Julius

  Celtic tribes and, 100

  conquest of Gaul, 96

  description of troops, 101

  Germans and, 100–101

  nuclear weapons and, 169

  over English Channel, 88

  Carolingians, 119, 121

  Castle Bravo test, 148

  Catholic Church, 117

  Celtic tribes, 88

  chariots, Assyrians, 79–80

  Charlemagne

  fighting pagan Saxons, 122–123

  as historical figure, 119

  as king of the Franks, 120

  pope and, 120–121

  Vikings and, 124

  Charles I. See Charlemagne

  child abandonment, 23–24

  child labor, 25–26

  child-rearing practices

  actions and harm and, 23

  best, as abusive and damaging, 27

  corporal punishment, 19–21

  historical importance of, 16–17

  in history, 15

  ignorance and, 15

  liquor and opium in, 22

  modern, 15–16

  psychohistory and, 16–17

  society and, 16, 17–18

  theories of impact of, 16

  wet nurses and, 24–25

  witnessing executions and, 22, 23

  children

  abuse of, 18–19, 23–24

  beating of, 19–21, 22

  casual giving away of, 24–25

  as commodity, 25–26

  culture shielding from abuse and, 18

  exposure to violence, 22–24

  liquor and opium practice and, 22

  losing to disease, 9–10

  parent contact with, 24–25

  sexuality between adults and, 21–22

  in Sparta, 7–8

  Chinese Communists, 179

  cholera, 144

  Churchill, Winston, 233, 237–238

  Cimbri, 98–99, 100, 103

  Cirincione, Joseph, 166, 199–200

  Ćirković, Milan, 129

  civilization

  “blessings of,” 88–89

  destruction of, growing possibility of, 163

  human being and, 11

  as not unsinkable, 141

  “preserver of,” 81

  rise and fall of, x, 1, 27

  Total War and, 147

  civilizational experiment, 184, 187

  climate change, in Bronze Age collapse, 48

  Clovis I, 118–119

  Cold War, 166–167, 171, 175, 242

  collateral damage, 217

  Collins, Roger, 106, 114

  Compton, Arthur Holly, 162

  corporal punishment, 19–21

  Crane, Conrad, 218, 240

  Crete, 52

  Cuban Missile Crisis

  EXCOMM meetings and, 205–206

  Kennedy and, 204–208

  media reporting of, 208–210

  missile discovery and, 204–205

  Soviets and, 205, 207–208

  televised speech on, 207

  terror of, 208

  Custer, Armstrong, 103

  Cyaxares, 84–85

  Dananu, 75

  Danube River, 98, 105, 110–111

  dark age, x, 45, 62–63, 159, 242

  Dark Ages, 28, 116, 119

  Davy Crockett, 199

  dead zones, 102–103

  deaths

  Black Death, 131–132, 133

  child, 22

  Spanish Flu, 140

  deep questions, xi

  Deighton, Len, 233, 235

  Delbrück, Hans, 11–12, 13

  deMause, Lloyd, 16–17, 19, 25

  deterrence, 177–178

  disease. See also plagues

  Bible catalog of, 127

  as constant human companion, 126

  contagion spread, 145

  extreme levels of, 128

  weaponization, 142

  Douhet, Giulio, 224–225

  Drews, Robert, 35

  drought, 34, 45–49, 53

  Durant, Will, 6

  Dyer, Gwynne, 83, 167

  Dyson, Freeman, 234

  earthquakes, 53–54

  Ebola, 140–141

  Egypt, ancient

  Assyria and, 84

  Bronze Age records, 37–40

  in crushing invasion, 39

  encounters with sea peoples, 38

  famine evidence, 47

  migration and, 44

  plague and, 56

  Ramesses III and, 38–39, 40

  Einstein, Albert, 152–153, 159, 163

  Eisenhower, Dwight David, 195, 201

  Elamite people, 31–32, 75, 82, 84

  “The End of the World,” 161–162

  The Epic of Gilgamesh, 71

  “escalation dominance,” 176

  EXCOMM meetings, 205–206

  famine

  in Bronze Age demise, 45–49

  causes of, 47–48

  evidence of, 47

  in Hattusa, 55–56

  mass fatality-l
evel, 46

  as reason for migrations/invasions, 46–47

  as spark, 49

  in systems collapse, 60–61

  Fermi, Enrico, 184–185, 243

  Fermi paradox, 243, 244

  Ferrill, Arther, 92, 111

  firebombings, 156, 217–218, 238–239

  First World War. See also war

  airpower in, 219–225

  economies at end of, 58

  Royal Navy in, 235

  Spanish Flu and, 137

  weapon technology and, 151–152

  Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse, 45, 56, 58

  Franks, 115, 116, 118–120, 123

  Friedrich, Jörg, 235

  Gaddis, John Lewis, 148–149, 191

  game theory, 197–198

  Gauls, 101, 108

  generations, toughness of, 5

  Germanic tribes. See also “barbarians”

  in central Europe, 97–98, 106

  contracts/treaties with, 115

  dead zones and, 102–103

  driven from Danubian frontier, 110

  first contact moment, 98

  Goths, 112, 113–114

  of late imperial era, 109

  as looking like romans, 106–107

  post-Adrianople Romans and, 115

  Roman armies and, 103

  Saint Lebuin conversion of, 123

  successor states, 118

  swelling of numbers, 99

  Germanization, 108–109

  Germans, 97, 100–101, 102, 107–108

  Gibbon, Edward, 9

  gods of war, 214

  Golden, William, 181–182

  Gotha raids, 221–222

  Gothic War, 111

  Goths, 112, 113–114

  Great Depression, 3–4, 47–48, 62–64, 227

  Greatest Generation, the, 3, 5, 19

  Great Filter, 243, 245

  Great Pestilence, 135

  Greece, ancient

  civilian militia approach in, 7

  Dorians and, 45

  history writing from, 1

  plague and, 56

  Xenophon and, 7

  Grossman, Dave, 239–240

  growing into greatness, 184, 187

  Guernica attack, 228–230

  Hague Convention, 220

  Halsey, William F. “Bull,” 174

  Halzi Gate, 67–68

  Harris, Arthur “Bomber,” 233, 235

  Hattusa, 55–56

  Heather, Peter, 109

  Heston, Charlton, 28–29, 242

  Hiroshima, 83, 156, 157–158, 183–184, 198, 212–213

  The History of Childhood, 19, 20, 22

  Hitler, Adolf, 160, 175, 231

  Hittite Empire, 31, 35, 42

  Hittites

  decline of, 59

  defeated by Assyrians, 57

  Egyptian food to, 60

  food crisis, 47

  Hoffmeister, Kate, 237

  Homer, 29, 30, 65, 71

  Honorius, 115

  Hopper, Bruce, 241

 

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