by Lynn Schler
London & Kano Trading Company, 116
Lubeck, Paul, 9
Lyttelton Constitution (1954), 106
Mamdani, Mahmood, 15, 163
marketing boards, 106, 109, 116, 121, 123, 125
McClatchey, Alfred, 92
Merseyside Maritime Museum, 17
Miller-Idriss, Cynthia, 196
Monday, A., 84
Mothibe, Tefetso, 12
MV Accra, 38, 74, 76
MV Apapa strike (1959), 79–80, 88–93, 99–100
MV Aureol, 45–46, 76
MV Dan Fodio, 94, 116, 124, 127, 132, 139–40, 141, 143, 171–72
MV Egori, 37, 81
MV Ileoluji, 187
MV King Jaja, 127, 145, 150, 152, 171, 172, 189–90
MV Oduduwa, 127, 132–33, 139, 140, 145, 148, 154, 171, 188
MV River Ngada, 152
MV Sekondi, 97
National Bank of Nigeria, 108
National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons (NCNC), 106
National Economic Council (NEC), 111–12, 113, 114, 116
nationalism/nationalization, 3; and black diaspora, 55, 78; economic, 103, 108, 109; and indigenization, 134–35; and Nigerianization of shipping, 195–97; organized labor and, 6–7; and political elites, 11–12, 78, 103, 105–8, 109–10; and seamen, 5, 50, 135–41; vs. solidarity of local populations, 77; and transnational alliances, 10
National Maritime Board, 4, 28, 135, 137
National Seamen’s Union (Britain), 39
NCNC, Se National Council of Nigeria and the Cameroons
NEC. See National Economic Council
Neocosmos, Michael, 78
Niagwan, Cosmos, 47–48, 198
Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation, 130
Nigerian Institute of International Relations, 18
Nigerianization of shipping, 6, 13, 95–97, 98, 99, 179; critique of, 131, 134–35, 155, 160, 195, 197; culture of, 132–35, 144–48, 162–63; disappointment with, 3, 155–61; economic obstacles to, 98, 108–11; nation-building and, 195–97; as priority, 141–43; staff, 141–44
Nigerian Labour Congress, 98
Nigerian Maritime Board, 190
Nigerian National Shipping Line (NNSL): aging ships, 171–74; and class, study of, 197–98; corruption and decline, 14–17, 164–65; criticisms and debates on, 117–24; data secrecy, 123, 173; disillusionment with, 3, 155–61; employment with, 2–3; establishment of, 5, 32, 102, 105, 111–17, 162; fleet expansion, 127–28, 169, 172; food served to crews, 137–39; illegal activities on ships, 186–92; knowledge of officers, 19; liquidation of, 156, 165, 201; mismanagement of, 5–6, 14, 16, 102–3, 165, 169–71, 176; and nationalism, 105–8; Nigerian seamen’s perspective on, 175–79; oral interviews, 18–20, 198–201; partnerships, 113–16; and political economy, 174–75; and political elite’s agendas, 103–5, 124–31, 162–63, 166, 169–70, 197; and regional marketing boards, 123; ship logbooks, 18. See also Nigerianization of shipping; specific ships
Nigerian National Union (NNU), 95–96
Nigerian officers and captains: discrimination by, 37, 46, 86, 88–89, 159–61, 178; relationship to crew, 18, 45, 144–45, 153, 156, 158, 183; relationship to European crew, 36–37, 133, 143, 144–45, 175; ship hierarchies, 2, 18, 22, 24–25, 32, 36, 41, 48, 139, 142–43, 145, 156, 164, 191, 195; training, 19, 32, 116, 141–43, 145
Nigerian Railway Corporation, 117
Nigerian seamen and seafaring: and black diaspora, 21, 56, 79, 80–83, 98, 194–95; as British subjects, 50–51; cosmopolitan imaginaries of, 49–50, 55; discrimination toward, 2, 5, 25, 28, 35–38, 42–44, 46, 51, 62, 70, 86, 88–90, 100, 135, 195; disciplinary actions against, 18, 45, 88, 145–47, 150, 152, 182, 186–87, 190–91; drunkenness, 145–46, 150–51; entitlement, sense of, 57, 148, 149, 151–52, 156; ethnic tensions, 178–79; exploitation of, 182–86; foreign families of, 5, 50, 56–58; home, sense of, 60–63, 137, 148–55; identity of, 13; insubordination, 150, 152–53, 155; and nationalization, 5, 50, 135–41; NNSL, perspective on, 175–79; oral interviews, 18–20, 198–201; overview, 3–6; passports issued to, 136; pay scale, 28, 32, 137, 139–40, 157–58; protests, 81–83; recruitment of, 2, 4, 25–29; relationship to European crews, 2, 3–4, 25–26, 28, 30, 32–33, 35–36, 38, 88–89, 137–41, 143–44, 147, 148–49, 151–52, 158, 175, 183; relationship to officers and captains, 18, 45, 144–45, 153, 156, 158, 183; repatriation, 18, 52; secondhand goods trading by, 2, 4, 50, 64, 176, 179–86; ship hierarchies, 2, 18, 24–25, 32, 36, 41, 48, 139, 142–43, 145, 156, 164, 191, 195; sleeping on duty, 146–47; transnational mobility, 1–2, 48, 49, 54–55, 80, 136, 194; transnational trading by, 4–5, 63–70; union organizing, 38–44; way of life, 54–60; wives and families, 19, 33–35, 46, 57–59. See also African seamen
Nigerian Shipping Federation, 18
Nigerian Union of Seamen, 4, 17, 18, 39, 40, 96; letter to Elder Dempster, 81–82; in postcolonial era, 97–101; power and politics in, 44–46; recognition of, 93; on working conditions, 63
Njoku, Amanze, 112, 113–21, 124, 125, 128–29, 133, 141
Nnaemeka, Abonyi, 164
Nnoli, Okwudiba, 107
NNSL. See Nigerian National Shipping Line
NNU. See Nigerian National Union
Northern People’s Congress (NPC), 106
Northern Region, 106, 107, 127
NPC. See Northern People’s Congress
Nwoke, Chibuzo N., 110
Nwokedi (minister), 87
Nyerere, Julius, 12
Ogunsiji, E. Olu, 146
Oguntimeyin, T., 84
Ojora, Otunba Adekunle, 169
Ojukwu, Louis, 124, 125–28, 166
Olivier de Sardan, J. P., 15–16
Olugbake, Franco, 40, 84
Olukoju, Ayodeji, 111
Oranyan, 149–50, 172
Osaghae, Eghosa, 156, 163–64
overtime pay, 137, 139–40, 157–58
Oyesiku, Nelson, 171
Palm Line, 16, 17, 75, 98–99, 139–40; as NNSL partner, 113–17, 118–19, 122, 128–30; in WALCON, 122
Pan-Africanism, 10, 55, 56, 77, 78, 79, 83
Passage, Leslie, 130–31
patron-clientism, 15, 164
Paxton, A., 96
Peace, Adrian, 7–8
Peter Waterman Papers, 18
Pienkowski, T., 147
political elites, 11–12, 78, 103, 105–8, 109–10, 124–31, 156, 164, 166
postcolonialism, 3, 13–14, 15, 156, 163–64
prebendalism, use of term, 164
Produce Marketing Boards, 116
proletarianization, 8
punishment. See discipline
race relations: colonial, 52–53; discrimination and violence, 35–38, 42–44, 51, 80, 86, 88–89, 100, 135; and exclusion, 50–54; hierarchies, 2, 24, 36, 62–63, 70, 82, 194; Khayam on, 42–43, 86, 94–95, 143–44; seamen’s union on, 41–42; solidarity among seamen, 24, 194, 210n30
Rediker, Marcus, 24, 194
regional governments, Nigerian, 105–8, 111–13; solidarities, 10, 78, 105–7. See also specific regions
River Andoni, 76
River Benue, 146, 152, 154, 187, 190
River Ethiope, 153
River Majidum, 145
River Niger, 154–55
River Ogun, 145, 147, 149, 152, 189
River Oji, 154–55, 188
River Oshun, 153–54
Rules of the Union, 41
Sachikonye, Lloyd, 97
Salamat Ambi, 187, 190
Salubi, Thompson Edogbeji, 92
Salubi, Thompson Edogbeji A., Jr., 92
Salubi report, 93–97, 100, 135, 137
secondhand goods trade: captain’s role, 65–66; as distraction, 68; as supplemental income, 2, 4, 50, 64, 176, 179–86
Second Republic, 156
segregation, 36
Sewell, William, 8
Simpson, David, 31
ship hierarchies, 2, 18, 24–25, 32, 36, 41, 48, 139, 142–43, 145, 156, 164, 191, 195
Smith, Daniel, 16–17, 165
smuggling, 63
social imaginaries, 47, 48–49
Socialist Labour League, 90
social policing, 51–52
Solaru, T. T., 111
SS Winneba, 85
stevedores, 26, 29
stewards, 29, 30, 32
stokers, 26, 31
Sturmey, S. G., 173
Suberu, Rotimi, 106, 107
SWAL (Scandinavian West Africa Shipping), 122
Tabili, Laura, 31, 51
Tajudeen, Alao, 145
Taylor, Charles, 47, 48–49
Tignor, Robert, 108–9, 125
Tijani, Hakeem, 44
Tod, Donald, 126, 171
Trade Union Congress Colonial Advisory Committee, 28
trading, transnational, 4–5, 63–70. See also secondhand goods trade
transnational migrations, 1–2, 48, 49, 54–55, 80, 136, 194
trimmers, 29, 30–33
Tsiquaye (captain), 150–51
UK Board of Trade, 116
United Africa Company, 40, 169
Uwazurike, Chudi, 164
Van Der Walt, Lucien, 10
WALCON. See West African Lines Conference
Warren, W. M., 7
Waterman, Peter, 8, 97–98
West African Lines Conference (WALCON), 103, 113–14, 116–17, 120–24, 127, 168, 169
West African Pilot (newspaper), 119
Western Region, 106, 108, 111, 112–13, 116–17, 120, 124, 127, 130
Woermann Line, 133
World War II (1939–1945), 4
Yates, Thomas (Tom), 39, 85–86, 96
Yesufu, Tijani, 7
Yinka Folawiyo, 148–49
Yogoi, Benson, 177
Yoruba: Action Group, 106; railway workers, study of, 9
Yoruba Oduduwa Society, 133
Yoruba seamen, 56
Zachernuk, Philip, 78
Zim Integrated Shipping, 113
Zimmerman, Sarah J., 210–11n38
