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Index
Abert, Lt. James, 256
American Revolutionary War, 98, 99, 112,
Abiquiu, 55, 74, 88, 203; Comanche raids
129
on, 209–10, 377n50; map, 56, 79
Anderson, Gary Clayton, 10
Adelman, Jeremy, 8
Anglo Americans, 2, 10; buffalo hunters,
Adobe Walls, 176, 336, 338–39, 340
336, 338–39, 431n9; colonial documents
agriculture, 2, 30, 351; Apaches and, 66;
of, 13; filibusters, 344; stigmatization
empire and, 283; mechanized in United
of Mexicanness, 359–60. See also cap-
States, 303; in Mexican Texas, 198
tives, Anglo-American; settlers, Anglo-
Aguajes, 152. See also Panismahas
American
Akokisas, 98, 137
Anza, Gov. Juan Bautista de, 85, 103,
Alabama Indians, 112
104, 117, 119, 215; Ecueracapa and, 107,
Alamo, 201, 213
120–22, 125–26, 128, 132, 135, 201, 282;
Albuquerque, 56, 62, 63, 76, 79, 81, 176,
patriarchal rhetoric of, 125; progressive
203, 316
Indian policy and, 131; scheme to make
alcohol, 91, 272, 318
Comanches into farmers, 126; trade
Alencaster, Gov. Joaquin Real, 136, 208
fair sponsored by, 122–23; war against
alliances, 9, 42–43, 58–61, 142, 181, 275,
Comanches and, 109–10, 111, 187
293, 349; Comanche conquest of
Apachería (Apache territory), 18, 64, 101,
southern plains and, 18; map of alliance
351; agriculture in, 30; Spanish empire
network, 176; with Osages, 154–55; pan-
and, 35; as spin-off of Comanchería, 354;
Indian, 177, 301, 337–38; with Plains
Ute-Comanche slave raiders in, 28
Apaches, 161–62; with Spaniards, 116–
Apaches, 1, 16, 51, 143, 309; agriculture
17, 123–24, 128, 138–40; with Taovayas,
and, 66–67; Carlana, 27, 28, 30, 32, 48,
43–44, 48–49, 59, 61, 70, 90, 91–93;
77; Christianity and, 31, 33, 35, 40, 58;
with Tonkawas and Hasinais, 90–91;
Comanches at peace with, 282; Coyo-
with Utes, 20, 24–30, 32–33, 34, 379n68
tero, 230; Cuartelejo, 48; displacement
Amangual, Capt. Francisco, 188–89,
by Comanches and Utes, 28; expanding
428n88
power of, 30–31; Faraone, 32, 138; geo-
475
476
Index
Apaches (continued)
through, 312; source of river, 88; “Texas
political order of Southwest and, 124;
Trading Frontier” and, 146. See also
incorporation into Comanchería, 174–
Bent’s Fort
75; Jumanos defeated by, 19; Mimbreño,
Armijo, Gov. Manuel, 211, 212, 228, 237
77, 128, 129, 138–39; Natagé, 74, 98, 101,
Aron, Stephen, 8
138–39; Paloma, 34, 35, 48; in peace
Athapascan speakers, 161
establishments, 129–30, 138; Pelone, 30;
Austin, Stephen F., 150, 188, 194, 195, 201
Penxaye, 28, 30; raids against Spaniards,
Awahakei, Chief, 149
62, 64, 80, 82, 109, 115, 208, 354; raids in
Aztec empire, 3, 21
Mexico, 225, 232; retreat of, 38, 75, 89–
Aztlán, 21
90, 139, 349; scalp wars and, 228; semi-
sedentary life of, 346; Shoshones and,
Bajo el Sol, Chief, 307
23; Sierra Blanca, 30, 32, 35, 74; slave
Barbaquista, Chief, 191
raiders, 27; Spanish backing of, 34, 35–
Barr, William, 189
37, 48, 60, 120; Spanish Texas and, 57;
Baylor, John R., 311–12
U.S. takeover of Southwest and, 233. See
Bent, Charles and William, 164–65, 167,
also Gileño Apaches; Lipan Apaches;
223, 299–300
Mescalero Apaches; Naishans (Plains
Bent, George, 250, 252–53, 258, 315,
Apaches); wars, Comanche-Apache
408n16
Arapahoes, 162, 164, 172, 176, 211, 325,
Bent’s Fort, 165, 167, 176, 216, 230; bison
331; Charitica, 173, 175, 176, 404n54;
robes traded at, 295; destruction of, 300
Comanche trade relations with, 169,
Berlandier, Jean Louis, 151, 173, 192, 244;
230; conflict with Comanches and allies,
on captives, 254, 255, 257; on Coman-
164–65, 168, 170, 179; horse raiding of,
che raids in Texas, 198, 199; on labors of
42; incorporation into Comanchería,
Comanche women, 248; on marriage
326; massacred at Sand Creek, 321;
among Comanches, 249; on structure of
nomadism of, 329; peace with Coman-
Comanche war parties, 225; on war and
ches, 165, 295; on reservations, 322, 323;
kinship obligations, 279–80
Sun Dance and, 338; war with United
Bidais, 79, 98
States, 342
Big Fat Fall by Tripping, A, Chief, 259
Arista, Gen. Mariano, 212, 228, 230
Big Horses society, 281
Arizpe, Miguel Ramos, 223
Big Tree, Chief, 332, 335
Arkansas River basin/valley, 28, 32, 49, 57,
Bigotes, Chief, 96
319; Big Timbers, 37, 56, 63, 71, 118, 162,
bison, 19, 22, 24, 66, 429n2; annihilated
164–65, 176; climatic/ecological fault
by buffalo runners, 336–37, 340, 431n9;
line of, 241, 351; Comanche conquest
cibolero hunters of, 206; Comanche
of, 37; Comanche trade fairs, 102, 163;
control of southern plains and, 101–2;
commercial network of, 29, 72, 73, 75;
Comanche reliance on horses and, 241,
decline of bison in, 300; as heart of early
243; commodity and industrial exploi-
Comanchería, 70; hunting camps, 284;
tation of, 156, 336–37; diet based on, 31;
intertribal war in, 110; proliferation of
ecological crisis in Comanchería, 293–
Comanche camps, 39; Santa Fe Trail
99, 313, 361; grazing competition with
and, 159; settler overland migration
horses, 246; hides, 38, 45, 72, 192, 244;
Index
477
horse-mounted hunting of, 247, 347;
Comanche trade with, 71; Mississippi
intertribal war over, 301, 304–5; migra-
valley fortifications, 90; Native nations’
tion of, 421n16, 430n7; Native nations
relations with, 68–69, 73, 143, 365n3;
transplanted by Indian Removal Act
Spanish rivalry with, 90–91, 93, 100;
and, 152; in reservation era, 330–31, 336;
traders in Louisiana, 97; victory in
robe dressing as female labor, 247, 248;
Seven Years’ War, 58
Shoshones and, 21–22; stabilization of
Brooks, James, 10–11, 88, 369n15, 423n30
ecology, 329; in summer, 285–86; super-
Bucareli, Antonio María de, 78, 80, 83
natural origin ascribed to, 298–99
buffalo. See bison
Black Hills region, 22, 71, 162, 322
Buffalo Bill, 343
Blackfeet, 22, 162, 163
Burnet, David G., 248, 277–78; on au-
Blackhawk, Ned, 10
thority of chiefs, 270, 274; on Coman-
Blanco, Chief, 183
che social organization, 276; on horse
Blood Meridian (McCarthy), 344, 419n106
wealth of Comanches, 260; on initiation
Bo
lsón de Mapimí, 222, 224–25
of captives, 254, 257, 258; on unity of
Bolton, Herbert Eugene, 8
Comanches, 278–79
Bonnell, G. W., 274
Bustamante, Gen. Anastasio, 196, 210
borderlands, 6, 7, 120; Comanche-
Bustamante, Juan Domingo de, 35–36
American trade in, 157; Comanche
spatial geometry and, 182; cross-cultural
Cabello y Robles, Gov. Domingo, 73, 99,
cooperation in, 128–30; frontiers con-
247–48; Indian policy and, 113, 131;
trasted with, 8; imperial rivalry in, 346;
peace offer to Comanches, 114–17
of independent Mexico, 191; of New
Cabeza Rapada (Shaved Head), Chief, 113,
Mexico, 23, 26, 201; political reposition-
114, 115, 128
ing in, 50; of Spanish empire, 69, 349–
Cachupín, Gov. Tomás Vélez de, 44–48,
50; of Texas, 90, 99, 144
49, 50, 123, 125; Comanche chiefs and,
Bosque Redondo, 210, 315, 316, 325
274; paternalism of, 53, 54–55; progres-
boundaries, 182, 215, 217–19, 333
sive Indian policy and, 131; second gov-
Bourbon officials, 130–31, 132, 134, 136;
ernorship, 53, 54; treaty with Coman-
Comanche-American trade and, 157;
ches and, 69–70, 73–74, 379n80;
Comanches as key to imperial strategy,
Ute-Comanche conflicts and, 50
202; discord in alliance with Coman-
Caddos, 58, 92, 147, 386n45; Comanche
ches, 138; Louisiana and, 144; Reforms
raids against, 309; economic depen-
of, 108–9, 134, 203, 411n39. See also
dence on Comanchería, 170; incorpo-
New Spain; Spain/Spanish empire
ration into Comanchería, 174–75; on
Brazos River, 49, 71, 91; British peddlers
reservations, 308, 312; as scouts for U.S.
on, 102; headwaters, 295; as political
forces, 310, 311; semi-sedentary life of,
boundary, 218; reservation on, 308; U.S.
346; territory of, 56, 63, 316; Texas Re-
commerce on southern plains and, 149,
public and, 217
151; Wichita settlements, 96; winter
Calhoun, James S., 301
camps, 284–85
California, 88, 100, 108, 141, 303
Britain/British empire, 3, 228, 345; Ameri-
Camisa de Hierro (Iron Shirt), Chief, 113,
can Revolutionary War and, 98, 99, 111;
114, 115, 116, 118
The Comanche Empire Page 78
