Invisible Women

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Invisible Women Page 38

by Caroline Criado Perez


  10 http://www.pwc.com.au/australia-in-transition/publications/understanding-the-unpaid-economy-mar17.pdf

  11 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/folbre_hdr_2015_final_0.pdf

  12 Ibid.

  13 Sánchez de Madariaga, Inés, ‘Mobility of Care: Introducing New Concepts in Urban Transport’, in Marion Roberts and Inés Sánchez de Madariaga (eds.) (2013), Fair Shared Cities: The Impact of Gender Planning in Europe, Farnham

  14 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/folbre_hdr_2015_final_0.pdf

  15 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf

  16 In 2011 the OECD’s annual Social Indicators report included a chapter on unpaid work – but no report since has done the same. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/download/8111041e.pdf?expires=1500914228&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=CD8E8A5F41FA84BE66F2291FF893E9F0

  17 https://theconversation.com/gender-neutral-policies-are-a-myth-why-we-need-a-womens-budget-55231

  18 Himmelweit, Susan (2002), ‘Making Visible the Hidden Economy: The Case for Gender-Impact Analysis of Economic Policy’, Feminist Economics, 8:1, 49–70, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13545700110104864

  19 https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf

  20 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WBG_briefing_Social-Care_Budget-2017_final_JDH_SH_EN_20Mar.pdf

  21 Ibid.

  22 Ibid.

  23 https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2012/mar/18/public-sector-cuts-hit-prudent-houseife

  24 https://www.unison.org.uk/content/uploads/2014/06/On-line-Catalogue224222.pdf

  25 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/WBG_briefing_Soc-Security_pre_Budget.pdf

  26 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/01/conservatives-universal-credit-hard-work

  27 https://wbg.org.uk/news/low-income-women-lose-2000-tax-benefit-changes/

  28 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf; http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/WBG_Budget2017_Fullresponse-1.pdf

  29 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/12/Budget_pressrelease_9Mar17.pdf

  30 https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2010/15/section/149

  31 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/01/conservatives-universal-credit-hard-work

  32 Barsh, Joanna and Yee, Lareina (2011), ‘Unlocking the full potential of women in the U.S. Economy’, McKinsey

  33 http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/the-case-for-gender-equality/

  34 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Gender_statistics#Labour_market

  35 https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.FE.ZS?locations=US, accessed 13 March 2018

  36 Ibid.; https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.CACT.MA.ZS, accessed 13 March 2018

  37 http://reports.weforum.org/global-gender-gap-report-2015/the-case-for-gender-equality/

  38 McKinsey (2015), ‘The Power of Parity: how advancing women’s equality can add $12 trillion to global growth’

  39 Ibid.

  40 Ibid.

  41 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf

  42 Himmelweit (2002)

  43 http://cep.lse.ac.uk/pubs/download/dp1464.pdf

  44 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269288731_Business_training_plus_for_female_entrepreneurship_Short_and_medium-term_experimental_evidence_from_Peru

  45 http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_431_listaFile_itemName_1_file.pdf

  46 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf

  47 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/lancet-ageing-series/en/

  48 Ibid.

  49 https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/projects/time-think-differently/trends-disease-and-disability-long-term-conditions-multi-morbidity

  50 http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/tgm/table.do?tab=table&language=en&pcode=tps00001&tableSelection=1&footnotes=yes&labeling=labels&plugin=1

  51 http://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pagineAree_431_listaFile_itemName_1_file.pdf

  52 Ibid.

  53 http://caringeconomy.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/care-crisis-means-big-trouble.pdf

  54 Ibid.

  55 http://www.slate.com/blogs/xx_factor/2017/06/20/the_gop_s_plan_to_slash_medicaid_will_shift_a_costly_burden_onto_women_who.html

  56 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf

  57 https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Women-and-Dementia-A-Marginalised-Majority1.pdf

  58 Ibid.

  59 http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom

  60 http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/10/world/europe/10iht-sweden.html

  61 https://iwpr.org/publications/impact-equal-pay-poverty-economy/

  62 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_Perrons_WBG_CareEconomy_ITUC_briefing_final.pdf

  63 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf

  64 http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf

  65 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf

  66 Kim, Kijong and Antonopoulos, Rania (2011), ‘Working Paper No. 691: Unpaid and Paid Care: The Effects of Child Care and Elder Care on the Standard of Living’, Levy Economics Institute of Bard College

  67 Ibid.

  68 http://hdr.undp.org/sites/default/files/folbre_hdr_2015_final_0.pdf

  69 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/

  70 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_Perrons_WBG_CareEconomy_ITUC_briefing_final.pdf

  71 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/

  72 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_Perrons_WBG_CareEconomy_ITUC_briefing_final.pdf

  73 Ibid.

  74 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf

  75 http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom

  76 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf

  77 http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom

  78 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf

  79 Ibid.

  80 http://www.gothamgazette.com/city/6326-pre-k-offers-parents-opportunity-at-economic-gain

  81 Ibid.

  82 https://ourworldindata.org/women-in-the-labor-force-determinants

  83 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf; http://progress.unwomen.org/en/2015/pdf/UNW_progressreport.pdf

  84 http://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes/gender-equality/the-power-of-parity-advancing-womens-equality-in-the-united-kingdom http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/

  85 http://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/De_Henau_WBG_child-care_briefing3_2017_02_20-1.pdf

  86 http://newlaborforum.cuny.edu/2017/03/03/recognize-reduce-redistribute-unpaid-care-work-how-to-close-the-gender-gap/

  Chapter 13

  1 https://twitter.com/alex6130/status/872937838488281088

  2 https://twitter.com/MaliaBouattia/status/872978158135508992

  3 https://twitter.com/DavidLammy/status/873063062483357696

  4 https://www.buzzfeed.com/ikrd/we-dont-actually-know-how-many-young-people-turned-out-to?utm_term=.yw9j2lr8l#.cqOlx8Aa8

  5 https://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2017/12/14/youthquake-word-ofthe-year-2017-commentary/

  6 http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/the-myth-of-the-2017-youthquake-election/

  7 https://www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/blogs/peter-kel
lner/the-british-election-study-claims-there-was-no-youthquake-last-june-its-wrong

  8 https://twitter.com/simonschusterUK/status/973882834665590785

  9 https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/are-women-really-70-of-the-worlds-poor-howdo-we-know/; http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/article/2014/jul/03/meet-zombie-stat-just-wont-die/

  10 https://www.americanprogress.org/issues/poverty/news/2013/03/11/56097/gender-equality-and-womens-empowerment-are-key-to-addressing-global-poverty/; https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-professionals-network/2013/mar/26/empower-women-end-poverty-developing-world; https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/introduction-to-the-challenges-of-achieving-gender/; https://www.pciglobal.org/womens-empowerment-poverty/; https://reliefweb.int/report/world/women-and-development-worlds-poorest-are-women-and-girls; http://www.ilo.org/global/about-the-ilo/newsroom/news/WCMS_008066/lang–en/index.htm; https://www.oecd.org/social/40881538.pdf

  11 https://oxfamblogs.org/fp2p/are-women-really-70-of-the-worlds-poor-howdo-we-know/

  12 http://www.politifact.com/punditfact/article/2014/jul/03/meet-zombiestat-just-wont-die/

  13 http://ideas4development.org/en/zombie-facts-to-bury-about-women-and-girls/

  14 https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Rahul_Lahoti/publication/236248332_Moving_from_the_Household_to_the_Individual_Multidimensional_Poverty_Analysis/links/5741941d08aea45ee8497aca/Moving-from-the-Household-to-the-Individual-Multidimensional-Poverty-Analysis.pdf?origin=publication_list

  15 A note on household heads. The sex of a household head is determined by the sex of the other people living with her. A male-headed household can, and often does, include adult females. A female-headed household, on the other hand, is almost always by definition a household that lacks an adult male – and lack is the operative term here. Households are not female-headed by default.

  16 Lundberg, Shelly J., Pollak, Robert A. and Wales, Terence J. (1997), ‘Do Husbands and Wives Pool Their Resources? Evidence from the United Kingdom Child Benefit’, Journal of Human Resources, 32:3, 463–80, http://www.jstor.org/stable/146179

  17 http://www.cpahq.org/cpahq/cpadocs/Feminization_of_Poverty.pdf; http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/3040/1/Gendered_nature_of_natural_disasters_%28LSERO%29.pdf

  18 https://www.jstor.org/stable/145670?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents; https://blogs.wsj.com/ideas-market/2011/01/27/the-gender-of-money/; François Bourguignon, Martin Browning, Pierre-André Chiappori and Valérie Lechene (1993), ‘Intra Household Allocation of Consumption: A Model and Some Evidence from French Data’, Annales d’Économie et de Statistique, 29, Progrès récents en théorie du consommateur / Recent Advances in Economic Theory, 137–56; http://jezebel.com/5744852/money-has-a-gender

  19 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/01/conservatives-universal-credit-hard-work

  20 https://docs.gatesfoundation.org/documents/gender-responsive-orientation-document.pdf

  21 Ibid.

  22 Gauff, Tonya Major (2009), ‘Eliminating the Secondary Earner Bias: Lessons from Malaysia, the United Kingdom, and Ireland’, Northwestern Journal of Law and Social Policy, 4:2

  23 European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/583138/IPOL_STU%282017%29583138_EN.pdf

  24 Andrienko, Yuri, Apps, Patricia and Rees, Ray (2014), ‘Gender Bias in Tax Systems Based on Household Income’, Discussion Paper, Institute for the Study of Labor

  25 https://www.gov.uk/marriage-allowance/how-it-works

  26 https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016–08-18/japan-may-finally-end-10–000-cap-on-women-s-incentive-to-work

  27 http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gender/Gender%20and%20Poverty%20Reduction/Taxation%20English.pdf

  28 European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union, http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2017/583138/IPOL_STU%282017%29583138_EN.pdf

  29 Ibid.

  30 Ibid.

  31 Institute of Development Studies (2016), ‘Redistributing Unpaid Care Work – Why Tax Matters for Women’s Rights’

  32 https://wbg.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/taxation-pre-Budget-nov-2017-final.pdf

  33 Ibid.

  34 Ibid.

  35 Institute of Development Studies (2016), ‘Redistributing Unpaid Care Work – Why Tax Matters for Women’s Rights’

  36 http://www.taxjustice.net/2016/11/03/switzerland-un-hot-seat-impact-tax-policies-womens-rights/

  37 http://cesr.org/sites/default/files/downloads/switzerland_factsheet_2nov2016.pdf

  38 http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gender/Gender%20and%20Poverty%20Reduction/Taxation%20English.pdf 2010

  39 Institute of Development Studies (2016), ‘Redistributing Unpaid Care Work – Why Tax Matters for Women’s Rights’

  40 European Parliament (2017), Gender Equality and Taxation in the European Union

  Chapter 14

  1 https://www.politicalparity.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/Parity-Research-Women-Impact.pdf

  2 http://www.historyandpolicy.org/policy-papers/papers/women-in-parliament-since-1945-have-they-changed-the-debate

  3 https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:200156/FULLTEXT01.pdf

  4 Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Greece, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, the United Kingdom and the United States

  5 https://economics.mit.edu/files/792

  6 https://web.stanford.edu/group/peg/Papers%20for%20call/nov05%20papers/Clots-Figueras.pdf

  7 https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2016/09/clinton-trust-sexism/500489/

  8 http://www.telegraph.co.uk/comment/3558075/Irrational-ambition-is-Hillary-Clintons-flaw.html

  9 https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/are-we-born-racist/201010/is-hillary-clinton-pathologically-ambitious

  10 http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9807E3D8123EF932A-15751C0A9619C8B63&sec=&spon=&pagewanted=2

  11 http://www.weeklystandard.com/colin-powell-on-hillary-clinton-unbridled-ambition-greedy-not-transformational/article/2004328

  12 http://www.teenvogue.com/story/hillary-clinton-laughs-too-ambitious-attack

  13 http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-3900744/Assange-says-Clinton-eaten-alive-ambitions-denies-Russia-Democratic-email-hacks-interview-Kremlin-s-TV-channel.html

  14 http://www.theonion.com/blogpost/hillary-clinton-is-too-ambitious-to-be-the-first-f-11229

  15 https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/are-we-born-racist/201010/is-hillary-clinton-pathologically-ambitious

  16 http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0146167210371949

  17 http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022103108000334

  18 Cikara, Mina and Fiske, Susan T. (2009), ‘Warmth, competence, and ambivalent sexism: Vertical assault and collateral damage’, in Barreto, Manuela, Ryan, Michelle K. and Schmitt, Michael T. (eds.), The glass ceiling in the 21st century: Understanding barriers to gender equality, Washington

  19 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2016/08/160829095050.htm

  20 Hekman, David, Johnson, Stefanie, Foo, Maw-Der and Yang, Wei (2017), ‘Does Diversity-Valuing Behavior Result in Diminished Performance Ratings for Non-White and Female Leaders?’, Academy of Management Journal, 60:2, 771

  21 https://www.lrb.co.uk/v39/n02/rebecca-solnit/from-lying-to-leering

  22 http://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/world.htm

  23 https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/women-and-equalities-committee/news-parliament-2017/govt-response-women-hoc-2017–19/

  24 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/642904/Government_Response_-_Women_in_the_House_of_Commons.pdf

  25 http://archive.ipu.org/wmn-e/arc/classif010197.htm

  26 https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=2e149e34-9c26-4984-bf64-8989db41a6ad

  27 https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/6
42904/Government_Response_-_Women_in_the_House_of_Commons.pdf

  28 Diana Z. O’Brien and Johanna Rickne (2016), ‘Gender Quotas and Women’s Political Leadership’, American Political Science Review, 110:1 (February 2016), 112–26

  29 https://blogs.eui.eu/genderquotas/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Executive-summary-Sweden-Freidenvall1.pdf

  30 Ibid.

  31 http://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/note/join/2013/493011/IPOL-FEMM_NT(2013)493011_EN.pdf

  32 https://blogs.eui.eu/genderquotas/wp-content/uploads/sites/24/2015/03/Executive-summary-Sweden-Freidenvall1.pdf

  33 Yoon, J. and Shin, K. (2015), ‘Mixed effects of legislative quotas in South Korea’, Politics & Gender, 11:1, 186–95

  34 O’Brien and Rickne (2016)

  35 https://web.archive.org/web/20110605021810/ http://www.parliament.the-stationery-office.co.uk/pa/cm200708/cmhansrd/cm080306/debtext/80306–0007.htm

  36 https://www.worksopguardian.co.uk/news/politics/man-who-sent-mp-s-wife-dead-bird-in-post-is-given-restraining-order-1–4777574

  37 https://christinescottcheng.wordpress.com/publications/women-in-politics/mixed-member-proportional-leads-to-more-women-mps/how-the-electoral-system-matters-for-electing-women/; http://www.europarl.europa.eu/workingpapers/femm/w10/2_en.htm

  38 Castillejo, Clare (2016), ‘Women political leaders and peacebuilding’, http://noref.no/var/ezflow_site/storage/original/application/6ccaf3f24b120b8004f0db2a767a9dc2.pdf

  39 http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/6ccaf3f24b120b8004f0db2a767a9dc2.pdf

  40 Castillejo (2016)

  41 http://www.capwip.org/readingroom/cawp-womenstateleg.pdf

  42 https://www.fawcettsociety.org.uk/Handlers/Download.ashx?IDMF=2e149e34-9c26-4984-bf64-8989db41a6ad

  43 Hancock, Adrienne B., Rubin, Benjamin A. (2015), ‘Influence of Communication Partner’s Gender on Language’, Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 34:1, 46–64

  44 http://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/for-many-women-watching-trump-interrupt-clinton-51-times-was-unnerving-but-familiar/

  45 https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2017/11/inside-the-fall-of-todays-matt-lauer

  46 https://hbr.org/2016/09/why-hillary-clinton-gets-interrupted-more-than-donald-trump

  47 https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016/mar/28/hillary-clinton-honest-transparency-jill-abramson

 

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