by Will Durant
7. Brandes, Goethe, II, 266-69.
8. Lewisohn, II, 209.
9. Schiller and Körner, I, 85.
10. Pascal, German Sturm und Drang, 17.
11. Ibid., 18.
12. 17.
13. Goethe to Jacobi, Nov. 12, 1783.
14. Goethe to Lavater, December, 1783.
15. Schiller and Körner, I, 85.
16. Clark, Herder, 240.
17. Bancroft, Geo., Literary and Historical Miscellanies, 173.
18. Herder to Hamann, Jan. 13, 1777, in Pascal, 95.
19. Clark, Herder, 274-77.
20. Herder to Jacobi, Feb. 6 and Dec. 30, 1784, in Pascal, 104.
21. Pascal, 104.
22. Clark, 340.
23. Pascal, 106.
24. Clark, 303.
25. Ibid., 322.
26. 357.
27. 368.
28. Lewisohn, I, 133.
29. Ibid.
30. 153.
31. Eckermann, 285 (Sept. 26, 1827).
32. Lewisohn, I, 134.
33. Ibid., 135.
34. 137-40.
35. 141.
36. 146.
37. 150.
38. Goethe to Charlotte von Stein, May 24, 1776.
39. Lewisohn, I, 151.
40. Ibid., 156.
41. 222.
42. Brandes, I, 335.
43. Lewisohn, I, 327.
44. Ibid., 236.
45. 271.
46. 306.
47. Eckermann, 251 (Apr. 25, 1827).
48. Goethe’s diary, in Lewisohn, I, 215.
49. Ludwig, 440.
50. Translation by Longfellow.
51. Lewisohn, I, 232.
52. See The Age of Reason Begins, 259-65.
53. Goethe, Tasso, Act I, Sc. ii.
54. Ibid., II, i.
55. I, II.
56. Ibid.
57. Letter of Apr. 24, 1783, in Lewisohn, I, 266.
58. Ludwig, 155.
59. Lewisohn, I, 309.
60. Ludwig, 217.
61. Letter of Oct. 8, 1786, in Letters from Italy, 177.
62. Ludwig, 222.
63. Städelsches Museum, Frankfurt.
64. Lewisohn, I, 320.
65. Ibid., 322.
66. Eckermann, 133, 201 (Jan. 30, 1825, and Jan. 18, 1827).
67. Letters from Italy, Dec. 3, 1786, and Feb. 16, 1787.
68. Ibid., Dec. 1 and 3, 1786.
69. Feb. 3, 1787, in Lewisohn, I, 327.
70. In McKinney and Anderson, Music in History, 511.
71. Eckermann, 213 (Jan. 29, 1827).
72. Taine, Philosophy of Art, in Brandes, Goethe, I, 457.
73. Letter of Dec. 13, 1786, in Lewisohn, I, 323. .
74. Lewisohn, I, 353.
75. Brandes, I, 469.
76. Lewisohn, I, 257.
77. Goethe, Poetical Works, 34-42. In Works.
78. Lewisohn, I, 368.
79. Ludwig, 300.
80. Brandes, II, 50.
81. Letter of Jan. 3, 1781, in Lewisohn, I, 229.
82. Examples in Lewisohn, I, 101-2, 186-88, 196-97, 229, 379.
83. Ludwig, 246.
84. Schiller and Körner, Correspondence, I, 112.
85. Ibid., 89 (Aug. 28, 1787).
86. Letters of July 28 and Aug. 18, 1787.
87. Don Carlos, Act III, Sc. x.
88. Schiller to Körner, Apr. 15, 1786.
89. Körner to Schiller, November, 1788.
90. Schiller to Körner, Sept. 12, 1788.
91. Schiller and Körner, Correspondence, II, 330.
92. Letter of May 28, 1789.
93. Carlyle, Life of Schiller, 103. In Works.
94. Letter of Dec. 7, 1787.
95. Heiseler, 114.
96. Letter of Mar. 1, 1790.
97. Heiseler, 119.
98. Schiller to Körner, Feb. 22, 1791.
99. Letter of May 24, 1791.
100. Schiller, Essays, 203. In Works.
101. On the Aesthetic Education of Mankind, Letters VII and V in Essays, 45, 53.
102. Letter of May 5, 1792.
103. Ludwig, 326.
104. Schiller, Poems, 272. In Works.
105. Schiller to Goethe, Aug. 17, 1795, in Schiller and Goethe, Correspondence, I, 88-89.
106. On Naïve and Sentimental Poetry.
107. Eckermann, Oct. 7, 1827.
108. Cf. letter to Körner, Aug. 29, 1787.
109. Schiller to Goethe, Aug. 23, 1794.
110. Schiller to Goethe, Aug. 31, 1794.
111. Goethe, “Happy Incident,” in Carlyle, Life of Schiller, 305. In Works.
112. Schiller and Goethe, Correspondence, I,
113. Ibid., 5.
114. 6.
115. Schiller to Körner, Feb. 1, 1796.
116. In Ungar, Schiller, 129.
117. Ibid., 140.
118. Schiller, Essays, 286, 321. In Works.
119. Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, I, 324.
120. Schiller to Körner, Dec. 9, 1794, Feb. 22, 1795, June 15, 1795, July 2, 1796.
121. Letters of July 2-9, Oct. 9, and Oct. 23, 1796.
122. Goethe to Schiller, July 7, 1796.
123. Eckermann, Mar. 23, 1829.
124. Ludwig, 385-86.
125. Eckermann, Mar. 22, 1825.
126. Lewes, G. H., Life of Goethe, II, 202.
127. Goethe to Schiller, Jan. 18, 1797.
128. Hermann and Dorothea, 56-57. In Works.
129. Brandes, II, 470.
130. Schiller to Körner, Jan. 5, 1800.
131. Eckermann, July 23, 1827.
132. Heiseler, 143.
133. Ludwig, 386.
134. Schiller to Charlotte Schimmelmann.
135. Goethe to Schiller, Feb. 28, 1801.
136. Eckermann, Oct. 7, 1827.
137. Lewisohn, I, 61.
138. Letter of Jan. 20, 1801.
139. Heiseler, 170.
140. Staël, Mme. de, Germany, I, 182.
141. Schiller to Goethe, Dec. 21, 1803, in Lewisohn, II, 92.
142. Ibid.
143. Staël, 23-24.
144. Lewisohn, II, 293.
145. Heiseler, 189.
146. Eckermann, Jan. 18, 1827.
147. Witte. Schiller, 38.
148. Goethe to Zelter, June 1, 1805, in Lewisohn, II, 107.
CHAPTER XXIV
1. Cf. final lines of Faust, Part II.
2. Brandes, Goethe, II, 250.
3. Recollections of Friedrich von Müller, in Lewisohn, II, 161.
4. Brandes, 263-64.
5. Ibid.
6. Eckermann, Mar. 15, 1829.
7. For the historical background of the Faust legend see The Reformation, 852.
8. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, II, 21-22. In Works.
9. Lewisohn, I, 123.
10. Ibid.
11. Eckermann, Feb. 10, 1829.
12. Brandes, 305.
13. In the Gesamtausgabe by Breitkopf and Härtel.
14. Translation by Albert Latham in Everyman’s Library ed. of Faust.
15. Eckermann, Jan. 10, 1825.
16. Latham’s translation, p. 52.
17. Ibid., 117-19.
18. 116.
19. Brandes, 229.
20. Lewisohn, II, 174.
21. Elective Affinities, English tr., 335. In Works.
22. Ibid., 180.
23. 218.
24. Ludwig, 427.
25. Ibid., 429.
26. 453.
27. Lewisohn, II, 202-4.
28. Ludwig, 445.
29. Lewisohn, II, 250.
30. Ibid., 303.
31. 334.
32. 306-8.
33. Ungar, Frederick, Goethe’s World View, 9.
34. Magnus, Rudolf, Goethe as a Scientist , 221.
35. Ibid., xvi-xviii, 209.
36. 167.
37. 178.
38. Goethe’s letter of May 17, 1787.
&
nbsp; 39. Magnus, 73.
40. Ibid., 78; Brandes, 462.
41. Ibid., 429.
42. Magnus, 42.
43. Ludwig , 188.
44. Magnus, 136.
45. Eckermann, Apr. 16, 1825.
46. Ungar, Goethe’s World View, 31.
47. IB id., 77.
48. Faust, Part II, line 1754.
49. Ungar, Goethe’s World View, 9, 105.
50. Letter of Jan. 6, 1798.
51. Ungar, 99.
52. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, II, 108. In Works.
53. Quoted in Mann, Three Essays, 49.
54. Truth and Fiction, Part III, Book 11.
55. Ludwig, 3.
56. Ungar, Goethe’s World View, 47.
57. Ibid.
58. Truth and Fiction, II, 272-73.
59. Lewisohn, I, 255.
60. Truth and Fiction, Book XIV.
61. Ungar, Goethe’s World View, 47.
62. Ibid., 41.
63. 37.
64. 37.
65. 43-45; Smith, Preserved, Age of the Reformation, 712.
66. Truth and Fiction, II, 311 f.
67. Ungar, Goethe’s World View, 55.
68. Ludwig, 206.
69. Ibid., 457.
70. Recollections of Johann Falk, in Lewisohn, II, 210.
71. Goethe to Zelter, May 11, 1820.
72. Brandes, I, 437.
73. Ungar, Goethe’s World View, 81.
74. Ibid., 6.
75. Eckermann, Apr. 2, 1829.
76. Ungar, 167.
77. Ibid., 129.
78. 139.
79. 16.
80. 89.
81. Truth and Fiction, I, 421.
82. Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre, Book VII, Ch. iii.
83. Ibid., Book V, Ch. iii.
84. Carus, Goethe, 168.
85. Faust, Part II, Act II.
86. Eckermann, Jan. 4, 1824.
87. Ungar, Goethe’s World View, 59.
88. Eckermann, Feb. 13, 1829.
89. Ungar, 141.
90. Ibid.
91. 91.
92. Lewisohn, II, 438.
93. Faust, Part II, p. 341.
94. Ibid., 407.
95. Friedrich von Miiller, in Lewisohn, II, 370.
96. Ibid., 371.
97. 376.
98. 430.
99. Goethe to Zelter, Dec. 14, 1830.
100. Lewisohn, II, 411.
101. Ungar, Goethe’s World View, 131.
102. Mann, Three Essays, 63.
103. Truth and Fiction, II, 246.
104. Ludwig, 293.
105. Ibid., 472.
106. In Mann, 47.
107. Lewisohn, II, 254.
108. In Friedell, Egon, Cultural History of the Modern Age, I, 272.
109. In Mann, 64.
110. We have followed the account given by K. W. Müiller in 1832, in Lewisohn, II, 449 f.
111. Eckermann, 572.
CHAPTER XXV
1. In Masson, P. M., La Religion de Rousseau, II, 240.
2. See “Sermon of Rabbi Akib,” and art. “Jews” in Philosophical Dictionary.
3. Ibid., Sec. III.
4. Sec. iv.
5. See The Age of Voltaire, Ch. xiii, Sec. VII.
6. Cf. Black, J. B., The Art of History, 49-50.
7. Graetz, H., History of the Jews, V, 346.
8. Gay, Voltaire’s Politics, 352.
9. Graetz, V, 347.
10. Rousseau, Émile, 267-68.
11. Sombart, W., The Jews and Modern Capitalism, 56.
12. Lea, H. C, History of the Inquisition in Spain, III, 308-11.
13. Altamira, History of Spain, 462.
14. Parton, Life of Voltaire, I, 161.
15. Bell, Aubrey, Portuguese Literature, 280.
16. Lea, III, 310.
17. Abbott, G. F., Israel in Europe, 209.
18. Abrahams, I., Jewish Life in the Middle Ages, 224.
19. Ibid.
20. Padover, The Revolutionary Emperor, 252.
21. Jewish Encyclopedia, XII, 434; Padover, 253 f; Graetz, V, 357.
22. Padover, 257.
23. Letter of May 17, 1717, in Montagu, Lady Mary W., Letters and Works, II, 321.
24. Dubnow, S. M., History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, I, 255-58; Florinsky, Russia, I, 490.
25. Dubnow, I, 307.
26. Ibid., 189.
27. 169-71.
28. 173.
29. 172-79.
30. 179-80.
31. 182-86.
32. Roth, Cecil, The Jewish Contribution to Civilization, 28.
33. Sombart, 23.
34. Jew. Enc, XIX, 418a.
35. Ibid., 415-18.
36. Corti, Egon C, Rise of the House of Rothschild, I, 19.
37. George, M. Dorothy, London Life in the 18th Century, 127.
38. Besant, Sir Walter, London in the 18th Century, 178.
39. Roth, 242.
40. Finkelstein, Louis, ed., The Jews, I, 260.
41. Besant, 180.
42. Browne, Lewis, The Wisdom of Israel, 551.
43. Dubnow, I, 233.
44. Ibid., 222 f.; Baron, Salo, Social and Religious History of the Jews, II, 54 f.: Graetz, V, 374 f; Howe and Greenberg, Treasury of Yiddish Stories, 15 f.
45. Graetz, V, 294.
46. Hensel, S., The Mendelssohn Family, 4.
47. Sime, Lessing, I, 133.
48. Graetz, V, 298.
49. In Wolf, A., History of Science … in the 18th Century, 781.
50. Graetz, V, 309.
51. Ibid., 311.
52. Hensel, 10.
53. Graetz, V, 317.
54. Jew. Enc, VIII, 482d.
55. Graetz, V, 365.
56. Ibid., 355.
CHAPTER XXVI
1. Voltaire, Works , Ib, 302.
2. In Herold, J., The Swiss without Halos, 106.
3. Oechsli, W., History of Switzerland, 290.
4. Parton, Life of Voltaire, II, 458.
5. Lewisohn, II, 238-39.
6. Goethe, Truth and Fiction, II, 240-46, 252, 375, 398-404. In Works.
7. Holberg, Ludwig, Selected Essays, p. 48 (Epistle 48).
8. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, letters of Aug. 3 and 5, 1716, in Letters and Works, II, 226-27.
9. Desnoiresterres, Voltaire et la société française, I, 237.
10. Boswell in Holland, 288.
11. Cumming, Ian, Helvétius, 50.
12. Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations, I, 81.
13. Parton, Life of Voltaire, I, 152.
14. Blok, P. J., History of the People of the Netherlands, Part V, 174 f.; Robertson, J. M., Short History of Freethought, II, 353.
15. Blok, V, 183.
16. Ibid., 92.
17. 86.
18. Dillon, Edw., Glass, 295 f.; Sitwell, S., The Netherlands, 147.
19. George Dempter to Boswell, Aug. 26, 1763.
20. Boswell in Holland, 93.
21. Ibid., 317.
22. Herold, Mistress to an Age, 143.
23. Ibid., 144.
24. Blok, V, 56.
25. Ibid., 108.
26. Horn, F. W., History of the Literature of the Scandinavian North, 187.
27. Freedley and Reeves, History of the Theatre, 268.
28. Holberg, Seven One-Act Plays, 165-87.
29. Matthews, Brander, The Chief Europea Dramatists, 705.
30. Holberg, Journey of Niels Klim to the World Underground, 10.
31. Ibid., 18.
32. 32.
33. 109.
34. 191.
35. 109.
36. Translation by Longfellow, in Van Doren, Mark, Anthology of World Poetry , 981.
37. Horn, Scandinavian Literature , 217.
38. Goodwin, A., European Nobility , 136.
39. CMH , VI, 762.
40. Bain, R. N., Gustavus III , I, 56.
41. CMH , VI, 768.
42. Bain, Gustavus III , I, 124.
44. Higgs, The Physiocrats , 87.
45. Bain, Gustavus III , I, 163.
46. CMH , VI, 776.
47. Enc. Brit. , XXI, 653d; Smith, Preserved, History of Modern Culture , II, 460, 108.
48. Gustafson, Alrik, History of Swedish Literature , 112, 136.
49. Bain, Gustavus III , I, 260; Horn, 355.
50. Bain, II, 239.
51. Horn, 359 f.
52. Gustafson, 139 f.
53. Bain, Gustavus III , II, 286-88; Gustafson, 139 f.
54. Horn, 369.
55. Bain, II, 210.
56. Ibid ., I, 38.
57. Ibid ., II, 157.
CHAPTER XXVII
1. Shakespeare, Richard II , Act II, Sc. i.
2. Nussbaum, History of the Economic Institutions of Modern Europe , 130.
3. Namier, Sir Lewis, Crossroads of Power , 175.
4. Ashton, T. S., Economic History of England , 179.
5. Watson, J. S., Reign of George III , 28.
6. Nussbaum, 73.
7. Hammond, J. L. and Barbara, The village labourer , 17.
8. Usher, A. P., An Introd. to the Industrial History of England , 323.
9. Quennell, M. and C, History of Everyday Things in England , 79.
10. Mantoux, Paul, The Industrial Revolution in the 18th Century, 258.
11. Samuel Smiles, Lives of The Engineers , in History Today , April, 1956, 263.
12. Ibid ., 263, 265.
13. The Age of Voltaire , 517.
14. Mantoux, 326.
15. Usher, Introd. to Industrial History , 326.
16. Boswell, Life of Johnson , 598.
17. Lipson, E., Growth of English Society , 190.
18. Mantoux, 385; George, London Life , 206-7.
19. Smith, Adam, Wealth of Nations , I, 73.
20. Mantoux, 439; Smith, 60.
21. Ashton, 203.
22. Mantoux, 70.
23. Arthur Young in Turberville, Johnson’s England , I, 218.
24. Müller-Lyer, F., History of Social Development , 221.
25. Mantoux, 420.
26. Ibid ., 421.
27. Barnes, H. E., Economic History of the Western World , 313.
28. Webb, Sidney and Beatrice, History of Trade Unionism , 51.
29. Ashton, 235.
30. Traill, H. D., Social England , V, 336.
31. Mantoux, 411.
32. Ibid ., 413.
33. 413.
34. Lecky, History of England , III, 135-36.
35. Smith, Wealth of Nations , I, 59.
36. Rogers, J. E. T., Six Centuries of Work and Wages , 89.
CHAPTER XXVIII
1. George, M. D., England in Transition , 218 f.
2. Ibid ., 219.
3. 218.
4. Namier, Structure of Politics at the Accession of George III , 80.
5. New CMH , VII, 245.
6. Lecky, History of England , III, 172.
7. Wilson, P. W., William Pitt the Younger , 6.
