3. Deleuze, Lectures on Spinoza at Vincennes, January 24, 1978; Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, trans. Samuel Shirley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992), bk. 3, def. 3.
4. Immanuel Kant, Critique of Pure Reason, trans. by J.M.D. Meiklejohn (Amherst: Prometheus Books, 1990), 106.
5. Ibid., 108.
6. Martin Heidegger, Kant and the Problems of Metaphysics, trans. Richard Taft, (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1990), §34, “Time as Pure Self-Affection and the Temporal Character of the Self,” p. 132.
7. René Descartes, The Passions of the Soul, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothof, and Dugald Murdoch, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), §27, pp. 338–339.
8. Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotions, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), xvi.
9. Ibid.
10. Wonder is also a state in which one wants to learn more about something (curiosity), the desire to know that motivates investigation and study.
11. Descartes, Passions of the Soul, §53, p. 350.
12. Spinoza, Ethics, bk. 3, prop. 52, proof, p. 134.
13. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W. D. Ross, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), 1.2.982b10.
14. Descartes, Passions of the Soul, §25, p. 337.
15. Spinoza, Ethics, bk. 3, prop. 53, p. 135.
16. Ibid.
1. WHAT DOES “OF” MEAN IN DESCARTES’S EXPRESSION, “THE PASSIONS OF THE SOUL”?
1. René Descartes, The Passions of the Soul, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothof, and Dugald Murdoch, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), part 2, “The Number and Order of the Passions,” §§51–148.
2. Ibid., §§53, 70–78, 150.
3. Ibid., §2, p. 328.
4. Ibid., §7, p. 330.
5. Ibid., §10, pp. 331–332.
6. Ibid., §12.
7. We also find an explanation of muscular movements in §11, “How the Movements of the Muscles Take Place,” and §13, “[The] Action of External Objects May Direct the Spirits Into the muscles in Various Different Ways.”
8. Ibid., 342–343.
9. Ibid., 335.
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., §19, p. 335.
12. Ibid., §25, pp. 337–338.
13. Ibid., §27, p. 339.
14. Ibid., §28.
15. Luce Irigaray finds a connection between Descartes’s account of the passions and psychoanalysis: “Situating the passions at the junction of the physical and the psychological, he [Descartes] constructs a theory of the ego’s affects which is close to Freud’s theory of the drives” Irigaray, The Ethics of Sexual Difference (Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1993), 80.
16. Descartes, Passions Of The Soul, §40.
17. Ibid., §§31–32, p. 340.
18. Cf. ibid., §75.
19. Ibid.
20. Ibid., 103, 121–122.
21. Ibid., 105.
22. Ibid., 103.
23. Ibid., 104.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., 105.
26. Ibid., 109.
27. Ibid., 105.
2. A “SELF-TOUCHING YOU”: DERRIDA AND DESCARTES
1. Jacques Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, trans. Christine Irizarry (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005), 180.
2. Jacques Derrida, “To Speculate—on ‘Freud,’” in The Postcard: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond, trans. Alan Bass (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1987), 359.
3. Jacques Derrida, Of Grammatology, trans. Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976), 165.
4. Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, 34.
5. Ibid., 35.
6. Ibid., 273.
7. Ibid.
8. René Descartes, The Passions of the Soul, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothof, and Dugald Murdoch, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), §30.
9. Ibid.
10. Ibid., §31, p. 340.
11. Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, 155.
12. Ibid.
13. Jean-Luc Nancy, Corpus, trans. Richard Rand (New York: Fordham University Press, 2008).
14. Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, 156.
15. Nancy, Corpus, 2–121 (“Corpus”), 161–170 (“The Intruder”).
16. Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, 34.
17. See ibid., 273, 282.
18. Ibid., 21. In Experience of Freedom, Nancy declares: “The generosity of being offers nothing other than existence, and the offering, as such, is kept in freedom. All this means: a space is offered whose spacing, each time, only takes place by the way of a decision. But there is not ‘the’ decision. There is, each time, my own, yours, his or hers, ours. And this is the generosity of being.” Jean-Luc Nancy, Experience of Freedom, trans. Bridget McDonald (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1993), 146–147.
19. Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, 282.
3. THE NEURAL SELF: DEMASIO MEETS DESCARTES
1. Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotions, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 236.
2. Oliver Sacks, foreword to The Brain and The Inner World: An Introduction to the Neuroscience of Subjective Experience, by Mark Solms and Oliver Turnbull (New York: Other Press, 2002), viii.
3. Cf. Alexander Luria, Higher Cortical Functions in Man, trans. Basil Haigh (New York: Basic Books, 1982).
4. V. S. Ramachandran and Sandra Blakeslee, Phantoms in the Brain: Probing the Mysteries of the Human Mind (New York: Quills Edition, 1999), 56.
5. Solms and Turnbull, The Brain and the Inner World, 4.
6. International Neuropsychoanalysis Society’s website, www.neuropsa.org.uk. Let’s recall that Mark Solms is a neurologist and a psychoanalyst at the same time. His two main books are Neuropsychology of Dreams and Clinical Studies in Neuropsychology. Damasio is also a member of The International Neuropsychoanalysis Society.
7. Solms and Turnbull, The Brain and the Inner World, 307.
8. Damasio, Descartes’ Error, 251.
9. Ibid.
10. Antonio Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (London: Heinemann, 1999), 174–175.
11. Damasio, Descartes’ Error, 243.
12. Ibid., 238.
13. For a view of this chain (primary emotions, social emotions, feelings), see Antonio Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain (New York: Harcourt, 2003), 45–46.
14. Damasio, Descartes’ Error, 237.
4. AFFECTS ARE ALWAYS AFFECTS OF ESSENCE: BOOK 3 OF SPINOZA’S ETHICS
1. Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, trans. Samuel Shirley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992), bk. 3, preface, p. 102.
2. Ibid.
3. Ibid., 102–103.
4. See ibid., bk. 1, prop. 14: “There can be, or be conceived, no other substance but God.” On Necessity, see ibid., bk. 1, prop. 17: “God acts solely from the laws of his own nature, constrained by none.” On attributes and modes, see ibid., bk. 1, defs. 4 and 5, p. 31.
5. Deleuze, Lectures on Spinoza at Vincennes, BDSweb: University Courses, March 24, 1981.
6. Spinoza, Ethics, bk. 3, props. 1–59. The fifty-nine propositions can be divided into four parts: (a) 1–5; (b) 6–10; (c) 11–51; and (d) 52–59.
7. Ibid., 103.
8. Ibid., bk. 2, props. 6–7, p. 108.
9. Ibid., prop. 11, p. 110.
10. “When this conatus is related to the mind alone,” Spinoza says, “it is called Will [voluntas]; when it is related to mind and body together, it is called Appetite [appetites],” which is also “desire [cupiditas]” when it is conscious. Ibid., prop. 9, scholium, p. 109.
11. The translation says “Pleasure and Pain.” Following Deleuze’s translations, we use “Joy” and “Sorrow.”
1
2. Gilles Deleuze, Expressionism in Philosophy: Spinoza, trans. Martin Joughin (New York: Zone Books, 1992), 222.
13. Spinoza, Ethics, bk. 3, p. 141.
14. Deleuze, Lectures on Spinoza at Vincennes, January 24, 1978.
15. See the discussion of the central role played by imagination in Spinoza, Ethics, bk. 3, prop. 40.
16. Ibid., bk. 3, prop. 9, scholium.
17. Ibid., prop. 52, p. 134.
18. Ibid.
19. Deleuze, Expressionism in Philosophy, 222–223.
5. THE FACE AND THE CLOSE-UP: DELEUZE’S SPINOZIST APPROACH TO DESCARTES
1. Gilles Deleuze, Cinema 1: The Movement-Image, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Barbara Habberjam (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1986). Deleuze’s reading of Descartes was first presented at Vincennes in a series of lectures given in February of 1982. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, What Is Philosophy?, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Grahman Burchell (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 24–32.
2. Deleuze, Lectures on Spinoza at Vincennes, BDSweb: University Courses, January 24, 1978.
3. Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, trans. Samuel Shirley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992), bk. 2, props. 40–45.
4. Ibid., bk. 2, prop. 40, scholium 2, p. 90.
5. Ibid.
6. Ibid.
7. Deleuze, Lectures on Spinoza at Vincennes, January 24, 1978.
8. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia 2, trans. Brian Massumi (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987), 13.
9. René Descartes, The Passions of the Soul, in The Philosophical Writings of Descartes, trans. John Cottingham, Robert Stoothof, and Dugald Murdoch, vol. 1 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985), §122.
10. See Deleuze, Cinema 1, chap. 6, “Affection-Image: The Face and the Close-Up.”
11. Deleuze, Lectures on Spinoza at Vincennes, February 2, 1982.
12. Deleuze, Cinema 1, 87–88.
13. Deleuze, Lectures on Spinoza at Vincennes, February 2, 1982. See Deleuze, Cinema 1, 88.
14. Deleuze, Cinema 1, 88.
15. Ibid., 99.
16. Ibid.
17. Deleuze, What Is Philosophy?, 36.
18. Ibid., 64.
6. DAMASIO AS A READER OF SPINOZA
1. Antonio Damasio, Looking for Spinoza: Joy, Sorrow, and the Feeling Brain (New York: Harcourt, 2003).
2. Antonio Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (London: Heinemann, 1999), 284.
3. Damasio, Looking for Spinoza, 8.
4. Ibid., 12.
5. See ibid., 156.
6. Ibid., 13.
7. Ibid., 15.
8. Ibid., 36.
9. Damasio, Looking For Spinoza, 13.
10. Ibid., 217.
11. The quotations are from Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, trans. Samuel Shirley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992), bk. 2, props. 13, 19, 23, 15.
12. Damasio, Looking For Spinoza, 212–213.
13. Ibid., 213.
14. Ibid., 137–138.
7. ON NEURAL PLASTICITY, TRAUMA, AND THE LOSS OF AFFECTS
1. Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotions, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 112–113.
2. Joseph LeDoux, Synaptic Self: How Our Brain Becomes Who We Are (New York: Penguin, 2002), 377–378.
3. Mark Solms and Oliver Turnbull, The Brain and The Inner World: An Introduction to the Neuroscience of Subjective Experience (New York: Other Press, 2002), 2–3.
4. Ibid., 4.
5. Antonio Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (London: Heinemann, 1999), 53.
6. Ibid., 41.
7. Damasio, Descartes’Error, 16.
8. Ibid., 36.
9. Ibid., 45.
10. Ibid., 38.
11. Damasio, Feeling of What Happens, 102–103.
12. Damasio, Descartes’ Error, 64.
13. Sigmund Freud, Civilization and Its Discontents, in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–1974), 21:70.
14. Sigmund Freud, “Thoughts for the Times on War and Death,” in The Standard Edition, 24:285–286.
15. Solms and Turnbull, The Brain And The Inner World, 208.
16. Ibid., 210.
CONCLUSION
1. Baruch Spinoza, Ethics, trans. Samuel Shirley (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992), bk. 3, p. 135.
2. Jacques Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, trans. Christine Irizarry (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2005), 112–113.
3. Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, What Is Philosophy?, trans. Hugh Tomlinson and Grahman Burchell (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994), 173.
4. Antonio Damasio, The Feeling of What Happens: Body and Emotion in the Making of Consciousness (London: Heinemann, 1999), 74–75.
5. Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Phenomenology of Perception, trans. Colin Smith (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1962), 92.
6. Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, 156.
7. Deleuze and Guattari, What is Philosophy?, 178–179.
8. Antonio Damasio, Descartes’ Error: Emotions, Reason, and the Human Brain (New York: HarperCollins, 1995), 16.
9. Jacques Derrida, “Maddening the Subjectile,” trans. Mary Ann Caws, in Yale French Studies 84, Boundaries: Writing & Drawing (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1994), 122.
10. Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, 156.
11. Sigmund Freud, note left on August 22, 1938, in Schriften aus dem Nachlass, in Gesammelte Werke, ed. E. Bibring, W. Hoffer, E. Kris, and O. Isakower, vol. 17 (Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 1952). The English translation is found in The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson, vol. 24 (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–1974).
12. See Sigmund Freud, Beyond the Pleasure Principle, trans. James Strachey (New York: W. W. Norton, 1961).
13. Sigmund Freud, The Ego And The Id (London: Hogarth Press, 1949), 72.
14. Derrida, On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, 16.
15. Jacques Lacan, Le Séminaire de Jacques Lacan, book 19, trans. Cormac Gallagher from unedited French typescripts, 114–126.
16. Oliver Sacks, The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat, and Other Clinical Tales (London: Picador, 1985), 36.
17. Thomas Metzinger, Being No One: The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2003), 1.
8. GUILT AND THE FEEL OF FEELING: TOWARD A NEW CONCEPTION OF AFFECTS
All citations of works by Sigmund Freud are references to his Gesammelte Werke (German) or Standard Edition (English). These are abbreviated as GW or SE, followed by the volume number and the page number (GW/SE #:#). See Sigmund Freud, Gesammelte Werke, ed. E. Bibring, W. Hoffer, E. Kris, and O. Isakower (Frankfurt: S. Fischer, 1952); and Sigmund Freud, The Standard Edition of the Complete Psychological Works of Sigmund Freud, ed. and trans. James Strachey, in collaboration with Anna Freud, assisted by Alix Strachey and Alan Tyson, 24 vols. (London: Hogarth Press and the Institute of Psycho-Analysis, 1953–1974).
1. Aristotle, Metaphysics, trans. W. D. Ross, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), 1.2.982b12–22.
2. SE 14:95.
3. SE 22:69–70.
4. SE 19:52.
5. SE 14:332–333.
6. SE 9:123.
7. SE 14:178.
8. GW 10:277; SE 14:178.
9. GW 10:276; SE 14:177.
10. Adrian Johnston, “Repeating Engels: Renewing the Cause of the Materialist Wager for the Twenty-First Century,” Theory @ Buffalo 15 (2011): 141–182; Adrian Johnston, A Weak Nature Alone: Prolegomena to Any Future Materialism, vol. 2 (unpubli
shed manuscript).
11. Adrian Johnston, Žižek’s Ontology: A Transcendental Materialist Theory of Subjectivity (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2008), 270–272; Adrian Johnston, “What Matter(s) in Ontology: Alain Badiou, the Hebb-Event, and Materialism Split from Within,” Angelaki: Journal of the Theoretical Humanities 13, no. 3 (April 2008): 27–49; Adrian Johnston, “The Weakness of Nature: Hegel, Freud, Lacan, and Negativity Materialized,” in Hegel and the Infinite: Into the Twenty-First Century, ed. Clayton Crockett, Creston Davis, and Slavoj Žižek (New York: Columbia University Press, 2011), 159–179; Adrian Johnston, “Second Natures in Dappled Worlds: John McDowell, Nancy Cartwright, and Hegelian-Lacanian Materialism,” Umbr(a): A Journal of the Unconscious—The Worst, ed. Matthew Rigilano and Kyle Fetter (Buffalo: Center for the Study of Psychoanalysis and Culture, State University of New York at Buffalo, 2011), 71–91; Adrian Johnston, “Turning the Sciences Inside Out: Revisiting Lacan’s ‘Science and Truth,’” in Concept and Form: The Cahiers pour l’Analyse and Contemporary French Thought, ed. Peter Hallward, Knox Peden, and Christian Kerslake (London: Verso, 2012); Adrian Johnston, “On Deep History and Lacan,” in “Lacan and Philosophy: The New Generation,” ed. Lorenzo Chiesa, special issue, Journal of European Psychoanalysis (2012); Adrian Johnston, “‘Naturalism or anti-naturalism? No, thanks—both are worse!’: Science, Materialism, and Slavoj Žižek,” in “On Slavoj Žižek,” special issue, La Revue Internationale de Philosophie (2012); Adrian Johnston, Alain Badiou and the Outcome of Contemporary French Philosophy: Prolegomena to Any Future Materialism, vol. 1 (Evanston: Northwestern University Press, 2013).
12. André Green, Le discours vivant: La conception psychanalytique de l’affect (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1973), 6, 237.
13. Colette Soler, Les affects lacaniens (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 2011), viii, x, 3–5, 11.
14. Adrian Johnston, “Sigmund Freud,” in The History of Continental Philosophy, vol. 3, The New Century, ed. Keith Ansell Pearson (Chesham: Acumen Press, 2010), 322–324, 328–330.
15. SE 16:284–285.
16. Jacques Lacan, “The Subversion of the Subject and the Dialectic of Desire in the Freudian Unconscious,” in Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English, trans. Bruce Fink (New York: W. W. Norton, 2006), 674.
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