by Brian Godawa
[39] J. H. Charlesworth, “Introduction for the General Reader,” in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), xxi. For a closer examination of these non-canonical source text references, see Duane Christensen, (1998), “Lost Books of the Bible,” Bible Review, 14[5]:24-31, October.
[40] There is another extant manuscript, the Book of Jasher, that some claim is the source material quoted in Joshua and 2Samuel. But its authenticity is hotly debated by scholars. For a discussion of the issues, see Ken Johnson, ThD., Ancient Book of Jasher: A New Annotated Edition, (Lexington, KY: BibleFacts Ministry, 2008).
[41] Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch: a Commentary, 83.
[42] George W. E. Nickelsburg, “Son of Man,” ed. David Noel Freedman, The Anchor Yale Bible Dictionary (New York: Doubleday, 1992), 144.
[43] Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, 43.
[44] E. Isaac, “A New Translation and Introduction,” in Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, 0.
[45] Robert Henry Charles, ed., Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. 2 (Bellingham, WA: Logos Bible Software, 2004), 178.
[46] Charles, Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. 2, 178.
[47] Charles, Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. 2, 182–185.
[48] Charles, Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. 2, 182–185.
[49] See Nickelsburg’s description of Second Temple literature’s dependence on 1 Enoch: Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch: a Commentary, 68-80. See the classic article by H.J. Lawlor. “Early Citations from the Book of Enoch.” Journal of Philology 25 (1897): 164-225.
[50] Charles, Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. 2, 182.
[51] I will not address 2 Peter 2:4-11 because it is a virtual paraphrase of Jude that does not provide any new information about 1 Enoch’s influence on the New Testament other than being a second witness of confirmation of that influence.
[52] Charles, Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. 2, 189.
[53] Douglas J. Moo, The NIV Application Commentary: 2 Peter and Jude (Grand Rapids, Mich.: Zondervan Publishing House, 1996), 272-74.
[54] E. Isaac, “A New Translation and Introduction,” in The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1 (New York; London: Yale University Press, 1983), 8.
[55] Richard J. Bauckham, 2 Peter, Jude, vol. 50, Word Biblical Commentary (Dallas: Word, Incorporated, 1998), 4. Also, Walter M. Dunnett, “The Hermeneutics Of Jude And 2 Peter: The Use Of Ancient Jewish Traditions,” JETS 31/3 (September 1988) 289.
[56] Carroll D. Osburn, “7 Enoch 80:2-8 (67:5-7) and Jude 12-13,” The Catholic Biblical Quarterly 47, 1985, 297.
[57] See also, Jubilees 7:39, and the Talmudic Lev. Rab. 29:11.
[58] H. Niehr, “Host of Heaven,” Toorn, K. van der, Bob Becking, and Pieter Willem van der Horst. Dictionary of Deities and Demons in the Bible DDD. 2nd extensively rev. ed. Leiden; Boston; Grand Rapids, Mich.: Brill; Eerdmans, 1999., 428-29; I. Zatelli, “Astrology and the Worship of the Stars in the Bible,” ZAW 103 (1991): 86-99.
[59] Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, 23.
[60] Bauckham, 2 Peter, Jude, 51.
[61] There is one other New Testament passage that links Sodom with the days of Noah: Luke 17:26-34. Here, Jesus is prophesying about his coming in judgment upon Jerusalem and the Temple. He says that his coming will be as “the days or Noah” and “the days of Lot.” But rather than referring to the sin of the angels here, he refers to the deception of normalcy that would blind sinners to coming judgment. People were “eating and drinking and marrying and being given in marriage” as well as “buying and selling, planting and building” until judgment came and “destroyed them all.” The reference then is to the nature of surprise judgment upon clueless sinners, not about the sin of angels and their giant progeny.
[62] See also Sirach 16:7-8; Test. Naph. 3:4-5; 2 En. 34:1.
[63] Robert Henry Charles, “3 Mac 2:5,” Apocrypha of the Old Testament, Volume 1. ed. Bellingham, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 2004, 164.
[64] Charles, Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament, vol. 1, 42.
[65] Τάρτᾰρος, H.G. Liddell, A Lexicon: Abridged from Liddell and Scott’s Greek-English Lexicon (Oak Harbor, WA: Logos Research Systems, Inc., 1996), 793.
[66] See Hesiod, Theogony lines 720-739.
[67] I’ve culled these examples from my own research as well as Douglas Van Dorn, Giants: Sons of the Gods (Kindle Location 4850). Waters of Creation. Kindle Edition.
[68] The Apostle’s Creed is the most universally accepted creed of Christendom. For the full text see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apostles'_Creed.
[69] Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch: a Commentary, 86.
[70] Charlesworth, The Old Testament Pseudepigrapha, vol. 1, 23. Enoch defines this place as Sheol in 103:7.
[71] Nickelsburg, 1 Enoch: a Commentary, 560.
