accuracy of eyewitness identifi cation
Albon, A. J. 142, 146, 147
effect of administrator knowledge
American Psychology–Law Society (AP–
272–4
LS) 260–1, 263, 265, 267,
relationship with confi dence 213–15,
271
234–6
Anderson, M. C. 184–5, 186–7
accuracy of eyewitness testimony
Anti-Terrorism Crime and Security Act
alternative predictor of overall 132
2001 (ATCS) 70
children under cross-examination
anti-terrorism legislation 69–70, 94,
167–9
100
and question type 132, 173
audio-tapes of suspect interviews,
relation to consistency 121–31
research benefi ts of 85
accusations see confessions; denials
audiovisual recording of interrogations
active denials 28–30
10–11, 62, 104, 161
admission/confession rates 18, 72–3
Australian Federal Police (AFP) 98–9
adults under cross-examination 173–4
Australian Security Intelligence
ADVOKATE, Turnbull guidelines 223
Organization (ASIO) 101–4
age
of suspects
Bailey, F. L. 123
accuracy of eyewitness reports 243,
Baldwin, J. 19
244, 247, 250–1
Banks, W. P. 181
and decision to confess 3
baseline data, establishing 322–3
of witnesses
Behrman, B. W. 275
330
Index
Bernstein, D. M. 196, 197
coercive powers order, Australia
Billings, F. J. 190, 191
application by police for 111–12
blind administration of line-ups 209–11,
Chief Examiner’s involvement 112
228, 272–4
examination hearing 112–13
body language, role in evaluating
legal representation 113–16
truthfulness 307, 316, 320–1
history of 109–11
Borsboom, Kees, Schiedam Park murder
Cognitive Interview (CI) 137–8
62–4
and child witnesses 140–2
brain imaging studies, memory
effectiveness of in the fi eld 145
suppression 184–6
empirical evaluation of CI protocols
Bregman, N. J. 277
140
Brewer, N. 124, 131, 207, 216, 217
and intellectually disabled witnesses
Brigham, J. C. 207, 245, 263
144–5
Buckley, J. P. 2
and older witnesses 142–4
Bull, R. 36, 46, 140, 141, 143, 145,
research with crime suspects 149
149, 189, 193
shorter versions of the CI protocol
burden of proof, shifting from
145–8
prosecution to defence 76, 92,
studies using vulnerable people
94
149–55
theoretical principles of 138–40
Caligiuri, H. L. 276
cognitive leakage 315
Cannan, P. 173
cognitive load
Chief Examiner, Major Crime
and lying, Undeutsch hypothesis 316
(Investigative Powers) Act
ways of increasing 36–7, 46–7
109–19
cognitive processing resources, and limit
childhood memories, planting false
to memory recall 138–9
190–6
cognitive theory of memory
child witnesses
experimental work 128–31
and the Cognitive Interview (CI)
limitations 133–4
effectiveness of 140–1
prediction of witness behaviours
misinformation reduced by 141–2
127–8
shorter versions of 146–8
principles of 126–7
use with intellectually disabled
recommendations based on 133
children 145
communication, core principle of CI
cross-examination of 161–2
139–40
and accuracy of responses 167–9
complexity of questions
impact of delay before trial 169–70
problem for child witnesses 164–5
individual differences in
and susceptibility to misinformation in
performance 169
adults 173
potential problems 163–6
confessions
impact on children’s testimony
content of, police knowledge 62–6
166–7
facilitating factors 35–6, 72–5
preparing children for 170–3
made under torture 53–4
civil liberties, control process vs. criminal
methods of extracting 9–10
justice 93–4
in the police station 18
Clark, S. E. 225, 228, 265–6, 277
rates 18, 72
closed questions 81, 128, 129, 132,
suspects’ decision-making process 2–9
173, 174
see also false confessions
Index
331
confi dence of eyewitness judgements,
critical thinking, evaluation of
line-ups 213–16, 235–6
truthfulness 317–18
malleability of 215–16, 235, 271–2
Crombag, H. F. M. 189
consequences, fear of, inhibiting
confession 8–9
Dando, C. 146
consistency and witness credibility
Darling, S. 226, 232–3, 234,
cognitive theory 126–32
274
‘courtroom theory’ 122–6
Davey, S. L. 275–6
contempt provisions, Major Crime
Davies, G. M. 244
(Investigative Powers) Act
deception
(2004) 118
defi nition of 285
context reinstatement, Cognitive
detection of lie signs 31
Interview (CI) principle 139
effect on event recall and duration
contextual factors infl uencing decision to
290–7
confess 6–9
in eyewitness reports 286–8
contradictory statements
judgement of by potential jurors
‘courtroom theory’ of 125–6
288–90
and overall testimonial accuracy
see also lying; truthfulness
129–30, 131–2
decision-making process of suspects,
‘control process’ vs. criminal justice
factors infl uencing 2–9
paradigm 93–5
Deese, J. 188
Corporations Act (2001) 115, 116
Delamothe, K. 142
Costall, A. 189, 192–3
Demarchi, S. 246, 248, 253
counter-terrorist operations 70–1
denials
‘Courtroom Theory’ of memory
handling by police 31–2
122–6
in the police station 18–19
‘crashing memories’ method, false
strategies 17–18, 22–4
memories 189–90
active denials 28–30
credibility of witnesses
passive denials 24–7
basing on individual statements
Depue, B. E. 185–7
133
descriptive strategies, cognitive 246–51
challenged during cross-examination
detention of terrorist suspects 92
162, 165–6, 174
extended period of 76
courtroom arguments and jury
arguments put forward for 77
instructions 122–6
and further research into effects of
see also truthfulness
87
criminal background and factors
and unreliability of confessions 97
infl uencing decision to confess
Devlin Report 222–5, 231
4–5
dissociative amnesia 183
criminal justice paradigm 92
DNA exoneration evidence and
use of torture in interrogation of
mistaken identifi cations 222,
terrorist suspects 95–7
257–8
versus new ‘control process’ paradigm
double-blind administration of line-ups
93–5
209–11, 228, 272–4
Criminal Justice and Public Order Act
Douglass, A. B. 210–11
(1994) 73
DRM method, false memories 188
Criteria Based Content Analysis (CBCA)
duration of events, recall estimation
31, 306
293, 295–6
332
Index
Dysart, J. 260, 267, 268, 269,
North America 257–79
278
procedures in the UK 221–37
Dyzenhaus, D. 105
eyewitness testimony 121–2
consistency and accuracy
early arrests of terrorist suspects,
alternative predictor of accuracy
impact on interview process
132
79–80
cognitive explanation 126–8
Ekman, P. 308, 311–12, 315
conundrum 131–2
elderly witnesses, success of CI with
experimental testing 128–31
143–4, 148
legal explanation 122–6
emotional leakage, evaluating
under cross-examination
truthfulness 315
adults 173–4
erroneous eyewitness identifi cations see
children 161–73
mistaken identifi cations
see also Cognitive Interview (CI)
ethnic origin and decision to confess 3
evidence
facial expressions of emotion 315
absence of in public safety cases 80
false confessions 30
confrontation of suspect with 44–5
made under torture 53–5
information-gathering questions for
and miscarriages of justice 37
verifying 40–3
and persuasive interview tactics 20–1
insuffi cient to secure conviction 9,
interviewer’s attitudes/behaviours
10
37–8
quality/strength, and decision to
Putten murder case 61–2
confess 6, 74
Sneek balcony murder 47–60
strategic use of evidence (SUE)
and ‘police knowledge’ 62–6
technique 37, 47
and psychological characteristics 55–6
suspect’s perception of and decision
and the Reid technique 10
to confess 36
and situational characteristics 56–7
suspect’s possible explanations for
false feedback method 196, 197
incriminating 39–40
false memories
examination hearings, Australia 112–13
methods used to examine 187–8
and abrogation of privilege against
‘crashing memory’ effect 189–90
self-incrimination 117–18
DRM method 188
contempt charge, conditions of 118
misinformation effect 189
privacy of 118–19
parental misinformation 190–6
right to legal representation 113–14
research challenges 196–7
role of legal practitioner 114–16
Farrington, D. P. 20–1
witness appearance 116–17
fi llers/foils in line-ups
experience and detection of lies 311
number of in the UK 229
experimental dissociations, consistency
selection of in the UK 227–8
and accuracy 129
strategies for selecting, US 262–5
external pressure to confess 35, 36,
Finger, K. 191, 246, 252
74
Fisher, R. P. 36, 129–30, 132, 138,
eye gaze, and truthfulness or lying 311,
140, 149
312
Foster, S. 192–3
eyewitness identifi cation tests
Fraser-Thill, D. 210
infl uence of police–witness interactions Freud, S. 183
205–18
Freyd, J. J. 188
Index
333
Gabbert, F. 208
confi dence and accuracy link
gangland wars, Victoria, Australia 110–11
213–15
Garry, M. 184–5, 195
double-blind administration
Gelles, M. G. 97
209–11
George, R. 145, 245–6
effect of providing description to
gestures and lie detection 316
police 207–8
Gleaves, D. H. 188
post-identifi cation infl uences on
Glissan, J. L. 123
other witness judgements
Goldstein, C. J. 21
217
Granhag, P. A. 23, 37, 190, 290,
unbiased line-up instructions
293–4
211–12
Greathouse, S. M. 273
witness expectations of suspect in
Green, C. 184
line-up 208–9
Greenwood, K. M. 146
North America
Guantanamo Bay detainees 106
eyewitness mistakes 257–9
Gudjonsson, G. H. 6, 7, 35, 55
in fi eld studies using other ID
guilt
procedures 274–9
and denial strategies 22–30
research on sources of 278–9
internal pressure and decision to
recommendations for collecting
confess 3–4
eyewitness evidence 260–2
presumption of 30–1
administrator knowledge
and interviewing style 21, 37–8
effects on eyewitness accuracy
272–4
Habib, Mamdouh, Guantanamo Bay
composition of line-ups 262–5
detainee 106
confi dence malleability 271–2
Haneef, Dr. Mohammed, terrorist
double-blind vs. single-blind line-
suspect 99–101
ups 270–1
Hartwig, M. 23, 37
line-up instructions to witnesses
Hayes, B. K. 142, 151
265–7
Hicks, David, Guantanamo Bay detainee
simultaneous vs. sequential
106
line-up presentation 267–
Hodge, D. 191
70
Holliday, R. E. 139, 141–2, 143, 144,
United Kingdom 221–2
146–8
Devlin’s recommendations 222–3
Hope, L. 208
eyewitness confi dence and accuracy
hot spots, evaluating truthfulness 321,
234–6
323
factors affecting
eyewitness ID
Hughes, C. 232, 235–6
226–30
Humphries, J. E. 148
Police and Criminal Evidence Act
Hurren, E. 46
1984 (PACE) code of practice
Husband, T. H. 191
223–5
Hyman, I. E. 188, 191–2
recommendations 236–7
theoretical issues 225–6
identifi cation tests/line-ups
Turnbull guidelines 223
infl uence of police–witness interactions
video identifi cation 230–4
205–6
imagination infl ation effect, false
accurate reporting of witness
memories 195
decision 212–13
Inbau, F. E. 2, 25, 27
334
Index
inconsistent testimony and witness
Kirsch, I. I. 194
credibility 122–6
Klobuchar, A. 276
individual factors infl uencing decision to
Köhnken, G. 140, 150, 151
confess 3–5
Kovera, M. B. 273
information-gathering approach to
Kronkvist, O. 37
interviews 36, 43–4, 45–7,
50–2
Lam, S. 197
innocence
Laney, C. 197
overstated 31
leading questions
presumption of 20
and adult susceptibility 173
and interviewing style 21
used during cross-examination of
intellectually impaired people
children 164
cognitive interview improving witness
leakage (during lying), identifying
recall 55, 144–5
315–17, 320–1
and false confessions 55, 57
legal advice/representation
internal pressure to confess 35, 36
and decision to confess 6–7,
interrogation, defi nition of 96
73
interrogation strategies and techniques
examination hearings, Australia
audiovisual recording of 10–11
113–18
and decision to confess 7–9
failure to provide for terrorist suspects
ethical and legal considerations 9–10
98, 99
Reid technique 7, 10, 23
legislation
and torture 53–4, 94–7
anti-terrorism 69–70, 75–7, 83–4,
interrogation of suspects
94
control paradigm 93–5
detention of suspects without
criminal justice paradigm 92
charge 100–1
interviewer concern and change from
Major Crime (Investigative Powers)
denial to confession 36, 46
Act 109–19
interviewer–interviewee relationship see
resources and limits of law 105–6
rapport-building
lie signs 31
intuition/instincts about lying and
Life Events Inventory (LEI) 195
truthfulness 311
Lindsay, R. C. L. 227–8, 244
investigative interviewing of suspects,
line-ups see identifi cation tests/line-ups
structured model 38–9
Lodhi, Fadeen, terrorist 101–2
advantages of model 46–7
Handbook of Psychology of Investigative Interviewing: Current Developments and Future Directions Page 63
