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6. Adapted from “Gold fun facts,” American Museum of Natural History. Available from: http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/gold/eureka/gold-fun-facts (accessed August 18, 2017).
7. Adapted from R. O’Connell et al., GFMS Gold Survey 2016 (New York: Thomson Reuters, 2016).
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9. J. O. Nriagu, “Saturnine gout among Roman aristocrats—did lead poisoning contribute to the fall of the empire?,” New England Journal of Medicine, no. 308 (1983), pp. 660–3.
10. H. Needleman, “Low level lead exposure: History and discovery,” Annals of Epidemiology, vol. 19, no. 4 (2009), pp. 235–8; H. Delile et al., “Lead in ancient Rome’s city waters,” PNAS, vol. 11, no. 18 (2014), pp. 6594–9.
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Index
3M
ability
absolute zero
acids
actinium
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
age-related diseases
air
al-Sufi, Abd al-Rahman
alchemy
alkahest
allotropes
alloys
alpha particles
alpha decay
aluminum
aluminum oxide
Amagat, Émile
American Chemical Society
americum
ammonia
amperes
amygdalin
ancient Egypt
ancient Greece
Andromeda constellation
anti-bacterials
anti-neutrinos
antimony
argon
argyria
Aristotle
arsenic
astatine
astrochemistry
atomic bonds
Atomic Energy Authority
atomic hypothesis
atomic sponge
atoms
electrical
and elemental differences
instability
interior
large
non-metals
nucleus
orbital arrangement
origins
and proton numbers
and the Schrödinger wave equation
splitting
and star formation
of unstable substances
uranium
ATP see adenosine triphosphate
azidoazide azide
Babbage’s difference engine
Banana Equivalent Dose (BED)
barium
Becquerel, Henri
bell metal
berkelium
beryllium
beta radiation
beta decay
big bang
biology
bismuth
black holes, super-massive
bohrium
bone
Boomerang Nebula
borax crystals
boron
bosons
bottom-up approaches
botulinum toxin
Boyle, Robert
brain
Brandt, Hennig
bridges
bromine
bronze
Bronze Age
Brownian motion
Bunsen, Robert
cadmium
cesium
caffeine
calcium
californium
calxes
cancer
carbon
conductivity
and diamonds
as fuel
and graphite
of human DNA
and making elements
and nitroglycerine
and sugar
carbon charcoal
carbon dioxide (CO2)
carbon monoxide
catfish
causation
Cavendish, Henry
Celsius scale
centigrade
cerium
Chadwick, James
chalk
charcoal
charge
Charles’s law
chemical bonds
chemical reactions
chemicals
classification
see also specific chemicals
chemotherapy
child mortality figures
China
chloride
chlorination
chlorine
chlorine gas
chlorine trifluoride (CIF3)
cholera
Chow Tai Fook Enterprises
chromic acid
chromium
climate change, human-made
Clostridium botulinum
coal
cobalt
Cold Atom Laboratory
Cold War
compounds
conductors
copernicium
copper
corrosive resistance
corundum
cosmic rays
crematoria
critical mass
crust
crystals
see also specific crystals
Curie, Marie and Pierre
curium
current
cyanide
cytochr
ome c oxidase
Dalton, John
darmstadtium
Davy, Humphry
de Haan, John
Democritus
density
deoxy ribonucleic acid (DNA)
“dephlogisticated air”
diamond
dimethyl cadmium
diphosphane (P2H4)
Döbereiner, Johann
Donkin, Bryan
dubnium
dynamite
dysprosium
E = mc2
Earth
earths
Edison, Thomas
Einstein, Albert
einsteinium
electric chair
electric current
electric shocks
electrical atoms
electrical conductivity
electrical fields
electrical resistance
electricity
electron orbitals (electron clouds)
and chemical reactions
effect of increasing numbers of protons on
and electricity
large
and mercury
and metals
predicting the position of
electron sea
electrons
and acids
and carbon
charge
and chemical reactions
and electricity
and fluorine
and molecular orbitals
movement
and new element formation
of non-metals
and the periodic table
predicting the position of
and the Schrödinger wave equation
and static electricity
substructure
and turning neutrons into protons
and W- bosons
wavy movement
elements
abundant
and atoms
changing one into another
classification
construction of artificial new
cyclical pattern
discovery
Empedocles on
formation in stars
hidden
most crucial to human development
most expensive
naming
poisonous
and the Schrödinger wave equation
and the shape of the periodic table
see also specific elements
elixir of life
Empedocles
energy
erbium
essences
ether
europium
execution
explosives
Fahrenheit scale
fat, body
fermium
Feshbach resonance
fire
fireworks
fission
“flammable air”
flammable substances
Flamsteed, John
flavor
flerovium
fluidity
fluoride
fluorine
fluoroantimonic acid
food
force fields
fossil fuels
francium
Fraunhofer, Joseph von
fructose
fundamental particles
fusion
gadolinium
galaxies
galinstan
gallium
gamma rays
gases
compression
inert
noble
Geiger, Hans
Geiger counter
Geim, Andre
germanium
glass
global warming
glucose
glucuronic acid
gluons
God
gods
Godzilla
gold
gold-foil experiments
graphene
graphite
gravity
Gray, Stephen
Group 17/Group 18
gunmetal
gunpowder
Gutenberg, Johannes
H (Hamiltonian)
Haber, Fritz
hafnium
Haigh, John George
hardness
hassium
hat industry
heart
heat
see also fire
heat sensors
helium
and lasers
liquid
non-reactivity
and the periodic table
helium hydride
Heraclitus
Hertz, Heinrich
Higgs bosons
holmium
Hubble telescope
human body
chemical formula
electrical conductivity
Hurricane, Omar
hydrochloric acid
hydrogen
and acid
of human DNA
and nitroglycerine
and the periodic table
and plastic
and sugar
and water
hydrogen bomb
hydrogen chloride (HCl)
hyperdiamond
hypochlorous acid (HOCL)
i numbers
IBM
indium
infectious diseases
insulators
International Space Station (ISS)
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC)
iodine
ions
iridium
Irifune, Tetsuo
iron
Iron Age
Ka
ket vector (|>)
Klapötke, Thomas
Krebs, Hans
krypton
lanthanum
lattices
Lavoisier, Antoine
lawrencium
lead
Lecoq, Paul-Émile
lethal dose (LD50)
life expectancy
LifeGem
light
blue
and electrons
infrared
red
splitting
lightbulbs
lightning
liquids
lithium
Litvinenko, Alexander
livermorium
living things
logarithms, laws of
lugduname
lutetium
McMillan, Edwin
magic acid
“magic numbers”
magnesium
magnetic fields
magnetism
malleability
mammograms
manganese
Manhattan Project
mantle
Marsden, Ernest
medicine
Meitner, Lise
meitnerium
Mendeleev, Dmitri
mendelevium
Menghini, Vincenzo
mercury
metal chemistry
metal oxides
metallurgy
metals
and calxes
conductivity
definition
heavy
Lavoisier on
opacity
reactivity
meteorites
methane (CH4)
microwaves
Milky Way
Mohs value
molecular orbitals
molecules
molybdenum
money
mortality rates
moscovium
musical theory, Western
National Helium Reserve
National Ignition Facility
Nazis
neodymium
neon
neptunium
neutrinos
neutrons
and forging new elements
and nuclear decay
and nuclea
r stability
and quarks
substructure
turning into protons
uranium
Newlands, John
Newton, Sir Isaac
nickel
Niépce, Joseph “Nicéphore”
nihonium
niobium
nitrogen
nitroglycerine
Nobel, Alfred
Nobel Prizes
nobelium
non-metals
non-reactivity
Novoselov, Kostya
nuclear explosions, of stars
nuclear reactors
nuclear weapons
nuclear-plants, fusion-based
nucleus (atomic)
and chemical reactions
decay
and electricity
and electron orbitals
and forging new elements
fusing
and the Schrödinger wave equation
stability
substructure
unstable nature
uranium
octaves
oganesson
ohms
Oppenheimer, Robert
osmium
oxalic acid
oxides
oxygen
and carbon
and crystals
discovery
and element generation
and fluorine
of human DNA
and metals
and nitroglycerine
and respiration
and sugar
and water
ozone
palladium
panacea
Paracelcus principle
partial differential (∂)
particle theory
particles, speed
pathogens
Pauling, Linus
Payne-Gaposchkin, Cecilia
perchloric acid
periodic table
architectural simplicity
and carbon
completion
and Empedocles
groups
and Lavoisier
and Mendeleev
and Newlands
and quantum mechanics
and Risenfeld
and Seaborg
shape
and silicon
and White
periods
perpetual motion machines
pH scale
philosopher’s stone
phlogiston
phosphane (PH3)
phosphorus
photography
photons
pitch (asphalt)
pKalow scale
Planck’s constant (ħ)
planetary formation
plant life
plastic
platinum
Plum-Pudding Hypothesis, The
plumbing
plutonium
poison
polonium
polymer chemistry
potassium
potassium uranyl sulfate
potassium-40
potenz
power stations
praseodynium
Priestly, John
printing press
prisms
promethium
protactinium
protons
and acids
charge
and making new elements
and nuclear decay
and nuclear stability
and quarks
