“I dropp’d my pen, and listen’d to the wind, That sang of trees uptorn and vessels tost — A midnight harmony, and wholly lost To the general sense of men, by chains confined Of business, care, or pleasure, or resign’d To timely sleep. Thought I, the impassion’d strain, Which without aid of numbers I sustain, Like acceptation from the world will find. Yet some with apprehensive ear shall drink A dirge devoutly breath’d o’er sorrows past; And to the attendant promise will give heed — The prophecy — like that of this wild blast, Which, while it makes the heart with, sadness shrink, Tells also of bright calms that shall succeed.”
It is true that some few readers it had on its first appearance; and it is recorded by an ear-witness that Canning said of this pamphlet that he considered it the most eloquent production since the days of Burke; but, by some untoward delays in printing, it was not published till the interest in the question under discussion had almost subsided. Certain it is, that an edition, consisting only of five hundred copies, was not sold off; that many copies were disposed of by the publishers as waste paper, and went to the trunkmakers; and now there is scarcely any volume published in this country which is so difficult to be met with as the tract on the Convention of Cintra; and if it were now reprinted, it would come before the public with almost the unimpaired freshness of a new work.’ In agreement with the closing statement, at the sale of the library of Sir James Macintosh a copy fetched (it has been reported) ten guineas. Curiously enough not a single copy was preserved by the Author himself. The companion sonnet to the above, ‘composed while the author was engaged in writing a tract occasioned by the Convention of Cintra, 1808,’ must also find a place here:
‘Not ‘mid the world’s vain objects that enslave The free-born soul — that world whose vaunted skill In selfish interest perverts the will, Whose factions lead astray the wise and brave — Not there; but in dark wood and rocky cave, And hollow vale which foaming torrents fill With omnipresent murmur as they rave Down their steep beds, that never shall be still, Here, mighty Nature, in this school sublime I weigh the hopes and fears of suffering Spain; For her consult the auguries of time, And through the human heart explore my way, And look and listen — gathering where I may Triumph, and thoughts no bondage can restrain.’
(c) Letter to Major-General Sir Charles W. Pasley, K.C.B., on his ‘Military Policy and Institutions of the British Empire,’ with another — now first printed — transmitting it.
The former is derived from the ‘Memoirs’ (vol. i. pp. 405-20). In forwarding it to the (now) Bishop of Lincoln, Sir CHARLES thus wrote of it: ‘The letter on my “Military Policy” is particularly interesting.... Though WORDSWORTH agreed that we ought to step forward with all our military force as principals in the war, he objected to any increase of our own power and resources by continental conquest, in which I now think he was quite right. I am not, however, by any means shaken in the opinion then advanced, that peace with Napoleon would lead to the loss of our naval superiority and of our national independence, ... and I fully believe that the Duke of Wellington’s campaigns in the Spanish Peninsula saved the nation, though no less credit is due to the Ministry of that day for not despairing of eventual success, but supporting him under all difficulties in spite of temporary reverses, and in opposition to a powerful party and to influential writers.’ The letter transmitting the other has only recently been discovered on a reëxamination of the Wordsworth MSS. Both letters have a Shakespearian-patriotic ring concerning ‘This England.’ It is inspiring to read in retrospect of the facts such high-couraged writing as in these letters.
(d) Two Addresses to the Freeholders of Westmoreland, 1818.
The ‘Mr. BROUGHAM’ of these ‘Two Addresses’ was, as all the world knows, the (afterwards) renowned and many-gifted HENRY, Lord BROUGHAM and VAUX. In his Autobiography he refers very good-humouredly to his three defeats in contesting the representation of Westmoreland; but there is no allusion whatever to WORDSWORTH. With reference to his final effort he thus informs us: ‘Parliament was dissolved in 1826, when for the third time I stood for Westmoreland; and, after a hard-fought contest, was again defeated. I have no wish to enter into the local politics of that county, but I cannot resist quoting an extract from a letter of my esteemed friend Bishop BATHURST to Mr. HOWARD of Corby, by whose kindness I am enabled to give it: “Mr. BROUGHAM has struggled nobly for civil and religious liberty; and is fully entitled to the celebrated eulogy bestowed by Lucan upon Cato —
‘Victrix causa Diis placuit, sed victa Catoni.’
How others may feel I know not, but for my own part I would much rather be in his situation than in that of the two victorious opponents; notwithstanding the cold discouraging maxim of Epictetus, which is calculated to check every virtuous effort — ’
[=You may be invincible if you never go down into the arena when you are not secure of victory: Enchiridion, cxxv.]. He will not, I hope, suffer from his exertions, extraordinary in every way. I respect exceedingly his fine abilities, and the purpose to which he applies them” (Norwich, July 10, 1826). As Cato owed Lucan’s panegyric to the firmness he had shown in adhering to the losing cause, and to his steadfastness to the principles he had adopted, so I considered the Bishop’s application of the lines to me as highly complimentary’ (‘Life and Times,’ vol. ii. pp. 437-8). It seemed only due to the subject of WORDSWORTH’S invective and opposition to give his view of the struggle and another’s worthy of all respect. Unless the writer has been misinformed, WORDSWORTH and BROUGHAM came to know and worthily estimate each other when the exacerbations and clamours of provincial politics had long passed away, and when, except the ‘old gray head’ of WELLINGTON, none received more reverence from the nation than that of HENRY BROUGHAM. In the just-issued ‘Memoirs of the Reigns of George IV. and William IV.’ by GREVILLE, BROUGHAM and WORDSWORTH are brought together very pleasingly. (See these works, vol. iii. p. 504.)
The Author’s personal relations to the Lowthers semi-unconsciously coloured his opinions, and intensified his partisanship and glorified the commonplace. But with all abatements these ‘Two Addresses’ supply much material for a right and high estimate of WORDSWORTH as man and thinker. As invariably, he descends to the roots of things, and almost ennobles even his prejudices and alarms and ultra-caution. There is the same terse, compacted, pungent style in these ‘Two Addresses’ with his general prose. Bibliographically the ‘Two Addresses’ are even rarer and higher-priced than the ‘Convention of Cintra.’
(e) Of the Catholic Relief Bill, 1829.
To the great names of EDMUND SPENSER and Sir JOHN DAVIES, as Englishmen who dealt with the problem of the government of Ireland, and found it, as more recent statesmen have done, to be in infinite ways ‘England’s difficulty,’ has now to be added one not less great — WILLIAM WORDSWORTH. If at this later day — for even 1829 seems remote now — much of the present letter to the Bishop of London (BLOMFIELD) is mainly of historical noticeableness, as revealing how ‘Catholic Emancipation’ looked to one of the foremost minds of his age, there are, nevertheless, expressions of personal opinion — e.g. against the Athanasian Creed in its ‘cursing’ clauses, and expositions of the Papacy regarded politically and ecclesiastically in its domination of Ireland, that have a message for to-day strangely congruous with that of the magnificent philippic ‘Of the Vatican Decrees,’ which is thundering across Europe as these words are written. As a piece of vigorous, masculine, and o’times eloquent English, this letter may take its place — not an inch lower — beside a ‘View of the State of Ireland,’ and the ‘Discoverie of the True Cavses why Ireland was never entirely subdued, nor brought under obedience of the Crowne of England, untill the beginning of his Maiestie’s happie raigne;’ while the conflict with Ultramontanism in Germany and elsewhere and Mr. Gladstone’s tractate give new significance to its forecastings and portents.
The manuscript, unlike most of his, is largely in WORDSWORTH’S own handwriting — the earlier portion in (it is believed) partly Miss WORDSWORTH’S
and partly Mrs. WORDSWORTH’S. In the ‘Memoirs’ this letter is quoted largely (vol. ii. pp. 136-140). It is now given completely from the manuscript itself, not without significant advantage. It does not appear whether this letter were actually sent to the Bishop of London. There is no mention of it in Bishop Blomfield’s ‘Life;’ and hence probably it never was sent to him. In his letters there are many references to the present topics (cf. vol. iii. pp. 258-9, 263-4, &c.).
II. ETHICAL.
I. Of Legislation for the Poor, the Working Classes, and the Clergy:
Appendix to Poems, 1835.
This formed one of WORDSWORTH’S most deliberate and powerful Appendices to his Poems (1835), and has ever since been regarded as of enduring worth. It has all the Author’s characteristics of deep thinking, imaginative illustration, intense conviction and realness. Again, accept or dissent, this State Paper (so to say) is specially Wordsworthian.
It seems only due to WORDSWORTH to bear in recollection that, herein and elsewhere, he led the way in indicating CO-OPERATION as the remedy for the defects and conflicts in the relations between our capitalists and their operatives, or capital and labour (see the second section of the Postscript, and remember its date — 1835).
II. ADVICE TO THE YOUNG.
(a) Letter to the Editor of ‘The Friend,’ signed Mathetes.
(b) Answer to the Letter of Mathetes, 1809.
‘Mathetes’ proved to be Professor JOHN WILSON, ‘eminent in the various departments of poetry, philosophy, and criticism’ (‘Memoirs,’ i. 423), and here probably was the commencement of the long friendship between him and WORDSWORTH. As a student of WILSON’S, the Editor remembers vividly how the ‘old man eloquent’ used to kindle into enthusiasm the entire class as he worked into his extraordinary lectures quotations from the ‘Excursion’ and ‘Sonnets’ and ‘Poems of the Imagination.’ Among the letters (vol. iii. p. 263) is an interesting one refering to ‘Advice to the Young;’ and another to Professor WILSON ( vol. ii. pp. 208-14).
III. OF EDUCATION.
(a) On the Education of the Young: Letter to a Friend, 1806.
(b) Of the People, their Ways and Needs: Letter to Archdeacon
Wrangham, 1808.
(c) Education: Two Letters to the Rev. H.J. Rose, 1828.
(d) Education of Duty: Letter to Rev. Dr. Wordsworth, 1830.
(e) Speech on laying the Foundation-stone of the New School in the Village of Bowness, Windermere, 1836.
In these Letters and the Speech are contained WORDSWORTH’S earliest and latest and most ultimate opinions and sentiments on education. Agree or differ, the student of WORDSWORTH has in these discussions — for in part they have the elaborateness and thoroughness of such — what were of the substance of his beliefs. Their biographic importance — intellectually and spiritually — can scarcely be exaggerated, (a), (b), (c), (d) are from the ‘Memoirs;’ (e) is from the local newspaper (Kendal), being for the first time fully reprinted.
VOLUME II: AESTHETICAL AND LITERARY.
I. Of Literary Biography and Monuments.
(a) A Letter to a Friend of Robert Burns, 1816.
(b) Letter to a Friend on Monuments to Literary Men, 1819.
(c) Letter to John Peace, Esq., of Bristol, 1844.
These naturally group themselves together. Of the first (a), perhaps it is hardly worth while, and perhaps it is worth while, recalling that WILLIAM HAZLITT, in his Lectures upon the English Poets, attacked WORDSWORTH on this Letter with characteristic insolence and uncritical shallowness and haste. Under date Feb. 24th, 1818, Mr. H. CRABB ROBINSON thus refers to the thing: ‘Heard part of a lecture by HAZLITT at the Surrey Institution. He was so contemptuous towards WORDSWORTH, speaking of his Letter about Burns, that I lost my temper. He imputed to WORDSWORTH the desire of representing himself as a superior man’ (vol. i. p. 311, 3d ed.). The lecture is included in HAZLITT’S published Lectures in all its ignorance and wrong-headedness; but it were a pity to lose one’s temper over such trash. His eyes were spectacles, not ‘seeing eyes,’ and jaundice-yellow, (b) and (c) are sequels to (a), and as such accompany it.
II. UPON EPITAPHS.
(a) From ‘The Friend.’ (b and c) From the Author’s MSS., for the first time.
Of (a) CHARLES LAMB wrote: ‘Your Essay on Epitaphs is the only sensible thing which has been written on that subject, and it goes to the bottom’ (Talfourd’s ‘Final Memorials,’ vol. i. p. 180). The two additional Papers — only briefly quoted from in the ‘Memoirs’ (c. xxx. vol. i.) — were also intended for ‘The Friend,’ had COLERIDGE succeeded in his announced arrangement of principles. These additional papers are in every respect equal to the first, with Wordsworthian touches and turns in his cunningest faculty. They are faithfully given from the MSS.
III. ESSAYS, LETTERS, AND NOTES ELUCIDATORY AND CONFIRMATORY OF THE POEMS, 1798-1835.
(a) Of the Principles of Poetry and the ‘Lyrical Ballads’ (1798-1802.)
(b) Of Poetic Diction.
(c) Poetry as a Study (1815).
(d) Of Poetry as Observation and Description, and Dedication of 1815.
(e) Of ‘The Excursion:’ Preface.
(f) Letters to Sir George and Lady Beaumont and others on the Poems and related Subjects.
(g) Letter to Charles Fox with the ‘Lyrical Ballads,’ and his Answer, &c.
(h) Letter on the Principles of Poetry and his own Poems to (afterwards) Professor John Wilson.
(a) to (e) form appendices to the early and later editions of the Poems, and created an epoch in literary criticism. COLERIDGE put forth his utmost strength on a critical examination of them, oblivious that he had himself impelled, not to say compelled, his friend to write these Prefaces, as WORDSWORTH signifies. It is not meant by this that COLERIDGE was thereby shut out from criticising the definitions and statements to which he objected.
IV. DESCRIPTIVE.
(a) A Guide through the District of the Lakes, 1835.
(b) Kendal and Windermere Railway: two Letters, &c.
These very much explain themselves; but of the former it may be of bibliographical interest to state that it formed originally the letterpress and Introduction to ‘Select Views in Cumberland, Westmoreland, and Lancashire,’ by the Rev. JOSEPH WILKINSON, Rector of East Wrotham, Norfolk, 1810 (folio). It was reprinted in the volume of Sonnets on the River Duddon. The fifth edition (1835) has been selected as the Author’s own final text. In Notes and Illustrations in the place, a strangely overlooked early account of the Lake District is pointed out and quoted from. The ‘Two Letters’ need no vindication at this late day. Ruskin is reiterating their arguments and sentiment eloquently as these pages pass through the press. Apart from deeper reasons, let the fault-finder realise to himself the differentia of general approval of railways, and a railway forced through the ‘old churchyard’ that holds his mother’s grave or the garden of his young prime. It was a merely sordid matter on the part of the promoters. Their professions of care for the poor and interest in the humbler classes getting to the Lakes had a Judas element in them, nothing higher or purer.
VOL. III.
CRITICAL AND ETHICAL.
I. Notes and Illustrations of the Poems, incorporating:
(a) The Notes originally added to the first and successive editions.
(b) The whole of the I.F. MSS.
This division of the Prose has cost the Editor more labour and thought than any other, from the scattered and hitherto unclassified semi-publication of these Notes. Those called ‘original’ are from the first and successive editions of the Poems, being found in some and absent in other collections. An endeavour has been made to include everything, even the briefest; for judging by himself, the Editor believes that to the reverent and thoughtful student of WORDSWORTH the slightest thing is of interest; e.g. one turns to the most commonplace book of topography or contemporary verse in any way noticed by him, just because it is WORDSWORTH who has noticed it, while an old ballad, a legend, a bit of rural usage, takes a light of glor
y from the page in which it is found. Hence as so much diamond-dust or filings of gold the published Notes are here brought together. Added, and far exceeding in quantity and quality alike, it is the privilege of the Editor to print completely and in integrity the I.F. MSS., as written down to the dictation of WORDSWORTH by Miss FENWICK. These have been hitherto given with tantalising and almost provoking fragmentariness in the ‘Memoirs’ and in the centenary edition of the Poems — again withdrawn in the recent Rossetti edition. In these Notes — many of which in both senses are elaborate and full — are some of the deepest and daintiest-worded things from WORDSWORTH. The I.F. MSS. are delightfully chatty and informal, and ages hence will be treasured and studied in relation to the Poems by the (then) myriad millions of the English-speaking races.
Miss FENWICK, to whom the world is indebted for these MSS., is immortalised in two Sonnets by WORDSWORTH, which surely long ere this ought to have been included in the Poetical Works; and they may fitly reappear here (from the ‘Memoirs’):
‘On a Portrait of I.F., painted by Margaret Gillies.
We gaze — nor grieve to think that we must die, But that the precious love this friend hath sown Within our hearts, the love whose flower hath blown Bright as if heaven were ever in its eye, Will pass so soon from human memory; And not by strangers to our blood alone, But by our best descendants be unknown, Unthought of — this may surely claim a sigh. Yet, blessed Art, we yield not to dejection; Thou against Time so feelingly dost strive: Where’er, preserved in this most true reflection, An image of her soul is kept alive, Some lingering fragrance of the pure affection, Whose flower with us will vanish, must survive.
Delphi Complete Works of William Wordsworth Page 306
