by Scott Soames
Bever, T. G., 213
Black, Duncan, 179
Boethius, 374
Bohm, David, 247
Bohr, Niels, 242
Bonaventure, 32, 410n24
Boolos, George, 414n14
Born, Max, 242
Boyle, Robert, 60, 69, 89, 398
Brown v. Board of Education, 327
Buchanan, James, 179, 185–187, 398
Buridan, John, 40, 221
Burkert, Walter, 2
Burr, Aaron, 86
Butler, Eamonn, 181
cardinality properties, 104–111
Carnap, Rudolf, 92, 195
Carroll, Sean, 249
categorical imperative, 89–91
causation, 37, 61, 65, 67–69
Chomsky, Noam, 134–136
Christianity, 19, 20–24, 28, 30–34, 38–39, 374
Church, Alonzo, 113, 115, 125, 129–132
Clarke, Samuel, 225–226
cognitive acts, 107, 144–150, 191, 214
completeness, 120–130
computability, 113–114, 129–132
consent (of the governed), 76–79
consequence (logical), 95–96, 100, 114, 116–120, 127–128, 130–131, 342–343, 404, 413n3, 414n3
Cooper, John, 409nn25–28
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 41–43, 46, 69, 221
Copleston, Frederick, 23, 30, 409n7, 409n11
Darwin, Charles, 70–72, 354, 361–362
decidability, 114–124, 127, 129–131
decision theory, 157–187
deferentialism, 311–321, 324–330
definition, 6–7, 10, 68, 95–101, 110, 175, 177, 197, 229, 295
degrees of belief (credences), 158–160, 165–169, 174–178
democracy, 79–80, 184–187, 291, 301–303, 311–312, 321–340
Descartes, René, 44, 49–55, 60, 62, 66, 69, 73, 89, 188–191, 221
Deutsch, David, 249
Dirac, Paul, 242
Downs, Anthony, 179, 184–185
dualism (mind-body), 49, 52–53, 188–191
Dutch Book, 167–168
economics, 73, 87–89, 178–187, 250–302, 329–330
Eddington, Arthur, 239–240
Einstein, Albert, 221–224, 227–242, 418n17
Elbourne, Paul, 143
empiricism, 61, 65–68, 85; logical, 121
Epicurus (Epicureanism), 1, 18
Euclid (Euclidian), 5, 57, 68–69, 225–226
Eudoxus, 5
Everett, Hugh, III, 247–249
Everitt, Francis, 240
fairness, 83, 263–274, 288, 354, 356–357, 362–364, 368–369, 419n17
Feynman, Richard, 240–241
Fichte, Johann Gottlieb, 289–290
Freud, Sigmund, 354
Friedland, Claire, 183
Fodor, Jerry, 213–218
forms, 7–15, 21, 23–29, 33–35, 38, 408n20, 408n21
Frank, Robert, 356
Frege, Gottlob, 92–104, 110–112, 113–120, 139–141, 144, 413n3, 413n6, 415n6
functionalism (mental), 201–203, 207–211
Galilei, Galileo, 44–49, 55, 62, 69, 73, 221, 240–241, 411n5, 411n6, 411n7
Garrett, M. F., 213
Gaus, Gerald, 250–251, 277–288
geometry, 5–8, 42–43, 50, 57–60, 72, 100, 229–235, 239
God, 10, 14–15, 21, 24, 29–38, 43, 50–51, 53–54, 62–65, 374, 408n23, 409n7, 409n10
Gödel, Kurt, 113–115, 119–130, 414n3, 415n7
Gomez-Torrente, Mario, 107, 414n14
government failure, 181–187
gravity, 43–44, 54–56, 65, 72, 239–241
Grice, Paul, 155
guises (ways of cognizing), 146–150, 214–215
Hamburger, Philip, 332–337, 339
happiness, 15–18, 20, 373–385, 387–388
Hart, H.L.A., 303–310, 322, 326, 330
Havelock, Eric, 2, 8, 407n7, 408n17
Hayek, Friedrich, 250–262, 273–276, 288, 419n14
Heath, Thomas, 5–6
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, x, 289–293, 298–299
Heim, Irene, 143
Heisenberg, Werner, 242
Heraclitus, 3, 408n17
Hippocrates, 5
Hobbes, Thomas (Hobbesian), 73–75, 262, 310
Homer, 2–3, 15, 73
Hume, David, 61, 66–72, 80–91, 103, 222–223, 321, 340, 341, 351, 362, 368, 390–395
Husserl, Edmund, 92
Hutcheson, Francis, 86–89, 351
identities, theoretical, 193–201, 202–208
incompleteness (linguistic), 150–155, 313–317
Incompleteness Theorems (Gödel): First Theorem, 120–125; Second Theorem, 128–129
Inquisition, 411n7
Iredell, James, 336
Johnson-Laird, Philip, 213, 217
justice, 83–85, 250–302, 391, 420n34, 422n17
Kagan, Elena, 421n17
Kant, Immanuel, x, 40, 65, 68–70, 89–91, 222, 264, 289–290, 341–342, 350
Kaplan, David, 150
Kepler, Johannes, 42–46, 49, 55, 62, 69, 221
Klement, Kevin, 414n11
Kołakowski, Leszek, 299–302
Kolmogorov, A. N., 161–162
Kratzer, Angelika, 143
Kretzmann, Norman, 26
Kripke, Saul, 195–201, 203–208
Landini, Gregory, 414n11
Langford, C. H., 195
law (positive): constitutional, 155, 305, 312, 321–340, 402, 421n25; interpretation of, 152–155, 311–340; nature of, 303–310; obedience to, 74–80, 303–310, 386–388
laws of nature, 1, 56, 70, 75, 83
Lawson, Gary, 331–332, 334–337
legal positivism, 307–310
Leibniz, G. W., 62–65, 69, 89, 198, 225, 412n24
Leninism, 280, 299–302
Lewis, C. I., 195
Lewis, David, 193
liberty, 75–80, 85–86, 88, 90, 251–252, 255–256, 260–263, 269–270, 273, 275, 278, 288, 329–330, 367
linguistics, 96, 112, 133–150
Locke, John, 60–61, 65–66, 70, 75–80, 85, 88, 262, 321, 336, 340
logic, 1, 10–11, 15, 21, 30, 40, 55, 62–63, 92–112, 113–132, 133, 136–137, 141–143, 161–162, 164–165, 212, 244, 343; higher-order, 120, 125–128
logical positivism, 222–223, 351
Mach, Ernst, 222–223, 417n2 (chapter 10)
Magna Carta, 332–334
Magnus, Albertus, 22–23, 32
Manichaeism, 21
Marcus, Ruth Barcan, 195
market failure, 181–182
Marx, Karl, 250–251, 280, 289–302
mathematics, 1, 3–8, 10, 15, 30–31, 40–41, 43, 45, 48–50, 54–55, 62, 69–72, 88–89, 92–112, 113–117, 126–127, 129–130, 132, 155–156, 161, 169, 231, 234, 242–243, 246, 249
matter, 1, 3, 12–13, 15, 23–29, 33, 46, 48, 54, 60, 63, 65, 70–71, 220, 225, 239–240, 409n11; prime matter, 12–13, 33, 408n22
Maudlin, Tim, 228, 234–237, 418n16, 418n19
Maxwell, James Clerk, 232–233
McGinnis, John, 329–330, 421n21
meaning (linguistic), 6, 34–37, 96, 100–101, 104–106, 134–156, 191–193, 313–317, 414n11; and understanding, 147–148
meaning of life, 15, 18, 22, 30, 39, 373–387, 423n4 (chapter 14)
measured v. unmeasured particles, 243–248
Mill, John Stuart, 413n17
modal logic, 141–144
model, 95–96, 118–119, 126, 130, 141, 142–143, 158, 277–286, 415n3; truth in a, 118–119, 141, 413n3
Montesquieu, 85
morality, 75–76, 81–91, 250–302, 304–310, 341–372, 376–382, 388–391; “moral constitution,” 287; moral knowledge, 288, 342, 349, 351, 353–354, 372; moral merit, 257–258, 264, 270–271; moral motivation, 345, 352, 353–354; moral objectivity, 349–371, 422n25; moral reasons, 307, 344–354, 376; moral responsibility, 9, 15, 257; moral sense, 81, 83–85, 86,
352–371; moral worth/dignity, 256, 258, 271, 369–370
Morrison, James, 407n6
motion, 1, 3, 8, 15, 40–42, 45–48, 54–65, 72, 220, 223–227, 231–233, 238, 241
Muggeridge, Malcolm, 374–375
Natelson, Robert, 336
necessity/possibility, 12, 23, 35–38, 53, 62–63, 67–68, 116, 141–144, 195–208, 343; conceptual, 90, 195–201, 342, 351, 354, 411n13
Newton, Isaac, 54–69, 83, 88–89, 220–221, 225–227, 232, 239–241, 411n21
Nietzsche, Friedrich, x
Niskanen, William, 179
Nozick, Robert, 260–262, 276–277, 381–382
Ockham, William of, 34–38, 40, 221, 410n28
Olson, Mancur, 179
ontological argument, 53–54, 62
Oresme, Nicholas, 40, 221
original position, 264–273, 278
Otis, James, 333
ought from is, 342–355
Parmenides, 3–4
Partee, Barbara, 143
Peano arithmetic, 100, 110–111, 128–129, 413n7
physics, 11, 15, 40–41, 44–51, 54–55, 60, 62, 73, 88–89, 193, 200, 218, 220–249; micro, 242–249
Pierce, Charles Sanders, 413n1
Place, U. T., 193
Plato, 1–12, 15–19, 20–21, 33, 146, 372–374, 386–387, 407n5, 410n24
predicate calculus, 93, 113, 116–128
pre-Socratic, 3–4
probability: conditional/unconditional, 162–166; laws of (Kolmogorov’s), 161–166; objective, 243–247; subjective, 16, 157–187
proof, 93–94, 114, 116–120, 123–125, 129–132, 211–212
properties, 62–63, 103–111, 138, 144–146, 148, 192–193, 198, 243–244; accidental, 12–13, 196–197; essential, 12–13, 23–24, 62, 196–198, 206, 408n22, 412n24; primary v. secondary, 48, 61, 65
propositional calculus, 116
propositions, 8, 62–63, 138–155, 189–193, 416; attitudes to, 139, 143, 213–218, 416n6; as cognitive act types, 144–155, 416n12; cognitively distinct, representationally identical, 146–149; Frege-Russellian, 139–140, 144; as meanings, 146–155, 191
public choice theory, 180–187
Pullum, Geoffrey, 143
Pythagoras, 4–5
quantification, 120, 142–143, 151–152, 414n11, 415n8
quantum mechanics, 242–249
Ramsey, F. P., 157, 166–181, 413n11, 417n17
Rappaport, Michael, 329–330, 421n21
Rawls, John, 250–251, 262–278, 286, 288, 403, 419n17
relativity: general, 239–241; special, 227–238, 418n16, 418n17
representation, mental, 61, 65–66, 139–149, 188–193, 209–218, 416n12
rights, 74–90, 307, 330–334, 336–337, 340
Roberts, Craige, 143
Robb, Kevin, 407n5
Ross, Jake, 419n11, 420n30, 420n42
Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 85
Russell, Bertrand, 92, 100–104, 111–112, 139–141, 144, 403, 413n11, 416n6
Scalia, Antonin, 314–316
Scheiner, Christoph, 46
Schlick, Moritz, 222–223, 351–352, 417n2
Schrödinger, Erwin, 242
Scotus, John Duns, 33
self-interest, 83–85, 87, 180, 263–267, 272, 278, 348, 353–356, 367, 376, 378, 422n17
semantics, study of, 137–155
separation of powers, 80, 300, 310–311, 328–340
simultaneity, 222, 223, 226–231, 418n16
Smart, J.J.C., 193
Smith, Adam, 86–89, 181–182, 351, 362, 368, 391
Smith v. United States, 314–317
Socrates, 1–19, 20, 23, 25, 27–29, 33, 120, 372–374, 386–390
soul, 9, 13, 15, 19, 21, 24–30, 33–34, 38, 50, 387, 408n16, 408n17, 408n20, 408n22, 408n23, 409n11
space (absolute v. relative), 57–60, 64–65, 225–241
state of nature, 74–81, 262–263
Stevin, Simon, 46
Stigler, George, 179, 183–184, 403
Stoics (Stoicism), 1, 18–21, 93, 116, 374
Supreme Court (of the United States), 152–153, 311–337
syntax, study of, 134–136, 415n1
Tarski, Alfred, 113, 119, 121–123, 141, 413n3, 415n7
Thales, 3–4
truth, 15, 95–97, 114, 116–119, 141–146, 404, 413–416, in a model, 118–119, 141, 413n3; at a world-state, 416n12
Tullock, Gordon, 179, 183
Turing, Alan, 113, 115, 129–132, 210
Turing machine, 130–132
U.S. Constitution, 152, 154, 305, 312, 321–340, 421n25
utility: agent-relative, 168–178; expected, 168–172, 176, 186
virtue(s), 17–18, 356–359, 373–385, 387–388
voting, 184–185
Wallace, David, 249
Watson, P. C., 213
wave function, 243–245, 419n25
welfare, 179–180, 251, 269–272, 274, 344–349, 368, 377–380
Whitehead, Alfred North, 101
Wicksell, Knut, 187, 417
Williams, Porter, 419n25, 419n26
Wilson, James Q, 352–371, 422n25
Witherspoon, John, 86, 340
Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 92, 104–106, 140–141
Wolfe, Tom, 375
world-states, 142–144, 198–200, 416n12
Zeno, 18, 25
Zermelo-Fraenkel set theory, 102
