by Lee Smolin
devices, 5, 52, 64, 87, 89, 91, 131–32
EPR and, 48
of information, 190
instruments, 128, 129, 213
Many Worlds Interpretation and, 149
of momentum, 23
nonlocality and, 42–43
of particles, 48, 128
position and, 23, 61
probabilities and, 34, 35
process of, 88–89, 117
quantum mechanics and, 26, 58–59
quantum states and, 34
quantum theory and, 34
randomness in, 62–63
realism and, 65
reality and, 26
Rule 1 and, 33–34
Rule 2 and, 144
superposition and, 64
measurement problem, 6–7, 52, 62–64, 117
collapse theory and, 131–32, 133, 142, 144–45
pilot wave theory and, 142, 206
quantum states and, 34, 187
wave-function collapse and, 213
wave-particle duality and, 223
Mermin, David, 105
metaphysics, xvi, xxiv–xxv
mimeographs, 135
Minkowski, Hermann, 226
miracles, xiv
mistakes, 279
models, 226
molecules, 3, 5, 6, 73, 246–47
moments, 201–4
momentum, 16, 18, 55
angular, 77, 263n, 297
collisions and, 20
conservation of, 263
definition, 16n, 20, 301
of electrons, 35
energy and, 21, 261, 262, 264, 267, 270
exchange of, 20
measurement of, 23
of particles, 22–23, 262n
position and, 90, 262
special relativity and, 261
symmetry and, 263
time and, 262
uncertainty principle and, 21–22
velocity and, 20–21, 21
wavelength and, xxviii, 22
The Monadology (Leibniz), 241–42
morality, 176–78
motion, 80–81, 111, 141, 244
Moussouris, John, 135n
multiverse, xxv, xxv–xxvi, 178, 179
mysticism, xxiii, xxvi, 115, 118
nads, 242–43, 243, 244, 253–56
naive realism, xxii–xxiii, 218
Nash, John, 113
nature
anti-realism and, xxv
behavior of, xix
as computers, 192
contextuality of, 56
features of, xiv
knowledge of, 271–72
locality and, 45, 46, 57, 220
metaphysics and, xvi
objectivity and, 85
properties of, xx
quantum mechanics and, xx, xxiii, 3, 6
quantum states and, 217
realism and, xxii
relationship with, 92
religion and, xxiv
science and, 85
time and, 265
understanding of, xiii, xviii
nearby, in networks, 240
neighborhoods, 242–43, 243, 244, 246–47
Nelson, Edward, 223
networks, 240
neutrino physics, 136
new evolution law, 141
Newton, Isaac, 16, 67, 80–81
Newtonian mechanics, 16, 111
Newtonian physics, 301
Newton’s laws, 64, 141, 209, 218, 219, 244
Noether, Emmy, 104, 104n, 263, 264
noise, collapse theory and, 133
non-commutativity principle, 17–20
nonlocal entanglement, xxviii, 235
nonlocal interactions, 248, 271
nonlocality, 49, 56
definition of, 301
emergence of, 271
as emergent, 236
measurement and, 42–43
particles and, 211–12
retrocausality, 216
special relativity and, 212
speed of light and, 57
now, concept of, 237
nuclear physics, 4
nuclear war, 178
nucleus, 74, 93
objectivity, 11, 30, 85, 166, 168, 171
objects, 6, 139
observables, 26, 27, 231
observation, 155, 157, 166–67, 188, 193, 231
observer, 193, 238
ontology, 11
operationalism, 92, 100, 187, 197, 301
operationalists, xxii
Oppenheimer, J. Robert, 108, 112
outcomes
of experiments in Many Worlds Interpretation, 150–52
probabilities and, 251
Rule 2 and, 172
Oxford interpretation, of quantum mechanics, 154, 160, 169–70
parallel universes, 145, 148, 247
parity, 136
participation, observation and, 188
particles, 4. See also wave-particle duality; waves
behavior of, 21–22, 211
combining, 32–33
determinism and, 14–15
electrons as, 79–80, 82
entanglement and, 5
Everett and, 148
guidance equation and, 211
information and, 249n
laws of fundamental, 14
light as, 69, 72, 80
many interacting worlds theory, 219–20
measurement of, 48, 128
momentum of, 22–23, 262n
motion of, 111, 141
Newtonian mechanics and, 111
nonlocal influences on, 211–12
nonlocality and, 211–12
photons as, 69
physical systems and, 29
pilot wave theory and, 131, 238
position of, 22–23, 34, 119, 199, 262
probabilities and, 61, 119
superposition of, 4–5
trajectory of, 23
velocity of, 23
wave function and, 99–100, 109, 118–20, 209, 210
waves and, 21–24, 34, 60, 66, 79–80, 81, 83–84, 99–100, 213
past, 200, 203, 204, 254, 261, 266, 301
Pauli, Wolfgang, 89, 93, 112
Pearle, Philip, 130, 141
Penrose, Roger, 122, 133, 134–39, 238n
perception, xx, xxiii, xxvii, 9–10, 84
Peres, Asher, 66
perfection, 243, 244–45
philosophy, 11, 228
photoelectric effect, 72
photons, 40–41
atoms and, 195, 209–10
contrary states of, 45
correlated states and, 146
definition of, 301
electrons and, 69–70
energy and, 69–70, 77–78
entanglement of, 45
locality and, 44–45
as particles, 69
polarization of, 45, 220
special relativity and, 47
spectrograph measurements of, 87
superposition of, 50
as waves, 69
physical collapse models, 130
physical interactions, 246
physical systems, 28–30, 43, 192, 251
physical theories, 229
physics
anti-realism and, xxv
assumptions about locality and, 44–45
departments, quantum foundations and, 184
in early universe, 175–76
goal of, 25
Heisenberg on, 86–87
informat
ion and, 189, 192–93
locality and, 47, 48
Penrose and, 135
philosophy and, 228
reality and, 3
pilot wave theory, 98–101, 100
beyond, 222–24
applications of, 207
atoms and, 122
Bohm and, 109, 110, 116, 118
Bohr and, 102–3
challenges for, 207
collapse theory and, 131
complementarity and, 101
definition of, 301
Einstein and, 101–3, 111
entanglement and, 214
equations of, 206
Everett and, 148
ghost branches of, 207–10
hidden variables in, 238
inconsistency of, 104
lessons from, 206–13
Many Worlds Interpretation and, 208
measurement problem and, 142, 206
particles and, 131, 238
probabilities in, 119
quantum computers and, 174
quantum mechanics and, 101, 121
realism and, 129, 143–44, 206–7
reciprocity and, 209, 223
relativistic field theory and, 213
research aim for, 207
reversibility of, 214
Rule 1 and, 101, 116
Rule 2 and, 101
special relativity and, 212
superposition and, 214
theory of relativity and, 211
universe and, 121
wave function and, 125–26, 210
wave-particle duality and, 142, 208–10, 222
Planck, Max, 18, 22, 71, 71n, 183–84
Planck energy, 301
Planck length, 301
Planck mass, 301
Planck’s constant, 22, 77, 301
planets, 74–75
plasma physics, 108
Podolsky, Boris, 43, 44. See also Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen state
polarization, 40, 40–41, 45, 220
Popper, Karl, 191n
position, 16, 18, 55
definite, 31, 32
of electrons, 100
energy and, 61
indefinite, 31, 32
measurement and, 23, 61
momentum and, 90, 262
of particles, 22–23, 34, 119, 199, 262
probabilities and, 34
uncertainty principle and, 21–22
possibility, actuality and, 177–78, 197–98, 200, 243
precedence, 249–52
preparation, 250
present, 200, 203, 266
pressure, 29
Princeton University, 108, 113
principal principle, 163
principle of precedence, 249–52
principle of relative locality, 278
principle of sufficient reason, 233–35, 268
principles for fundamental physics, 229–37
principle theories, 227
probabilities, 29–30, 117, 145, 247
amplitude and, 138
Bayesian, 160–61, 163, 297
beliefs and, 164
Born’s rule and, 164, 200, 218
Deutsch and, 166–68
distribution function, 119–20
frequency, 161–64, 165–66
histories and, 218–19
laws and, 250
Many Worlds Interpretation and, 160
meaning of, 160–61
measurement and, 34, 35
objectivity and, 166, 168, 171
outcomes and, 251
particles and, 61, 119
in pilot wave theory, 119
position and, 34
principal principle, 163n
propensity, 164
in quantum mechanics, 59, 179–80
quantum states and, 34–35
realism and, 132–33
Rule 2 and, 150
subjective, 162, 163n, 170, 172, 174, 193, 208
wave function and, 124, 128, 151, 165
propensity, 164
proteins, 24
Puali, Wolfgang, 104
Pullin, Jorge, 141
quanta, 301
quantization, 137, 302
quantum Bayesianism, 187, 193, 302
quantum black holes, 189
quantum computers, 48, 159, 174, 185, 188, 248–49
quantum cosmology, 302
quantum epistemologists, xxii
quantum equilibrium, 120–21, 143–44, 211, 212, 302
quantum force, 247
quantum foundations, 13n, 134, 173, 175, 183–86, 275
quantum gravity, xvii, 133, 134, 139, 185, 193, 207, 216, 228, 231, 253, 275
challenges of, 258–59
definition of, 302
loop, 136, 137, 194, 240, 300
nads and, 256
networks and, 240
quantum information theory, 185–86, 188, 248–49
quantum mechanics, xvi
anti-realism and, xxi
argument over, xix
atoms and, 6, 62
basics of, xxviii–xxix
biology and, 3
causal theory of views and, 271
classical mechanics and, 193–95, 196
completion of, 241, 274–75
conceptual problems with, xvii
conventional, 120
definition of, 302
determinism and, 15
Einstein and, 8–9
electrons and, 62
essential principle of, 14
of Everett, 148n
falsification of, 169
gestation period of, 183–84
history of, xvii
incompleteness of, 9, 28, 43, 175, 253
locality and, 45, 46
mathematical structure of, 103
matrix in, 91
measurement and, 26, 58–59
mysteries of, 7, 10–11
nature and, xx, xxiii, 3, 6
origin of, 83
Oxford interpretation of, 154, 160, 169–70
pilot wave theory and, 101, 121
polarization and, 41
predictions from, 61–62
probabilities in, 59, 179–80
properties explained by, 58
puzzles of, 10–11
quantum computer and, 249
quantum physics and, xvi
real ensemble formulation of, 247
realism and, xxi, 11–12, 144
reality and, xxii
rejection of, xxi
restriction and, 45
retrocausality and, 217
spacetime and, 228
spontaneous collapses and, 143
structure of, 104
success of, 26
superposition and, 37, 138–39
time and, 63, 137
universe and, 28, 159n, 231
quantum phenomena, 13n
quantum physics, xvi, xix, 17–20, 57, 185
quantum Poincaré recurrence theorem, 158, 158n
quantum spacetime, 256
quantum states, 30, 302
adding, 32–33
of atoms, 37–38
definition of, 31
frequency and, 60
joint, 32–33, 37–38
Many Worlds Interpretation and, 152
measurement problem and, 34, 187
nature and, 217
as nonlinear, 139
operationalism and, 197
probabilities and, 34–35
superposition and, 32�
��33
time and, 31
universe and, 193, 197, 231
wave function and, 31n, 32
quantum superposition, 6
quantum systems, 37, 137–38, 147, 196
quantum teleportation, 186
quantum theory, xviii, xxi, 12
background structures of, 231
Bohr and, xxii, 7–8, 9
of cosmology, 201
decoherence and, 155
definition of, 302
of Einstein, 8
general relativity and, 136–38
incompleteness of, 274
incorrect, xxvi
measurement and, 34
natural laws and, 92
of Penrose, 134
realism and, 107, 153
restriction and, 46
Rule 1 and, 154
Rule 2 and, 172
structure of, 186
unification of, xxvi
universe and, 27–28
qubit, 187–88
radiation, xvii, 52, 56, 79–80, 93, 125
randomness, 62–63, 155–56, 159, 212, 248
rationality, 234
Raymond, Louis Victor Pierre, 78–79
real ensemble formulation, 247, 249n, 268
real ensemble theory, 249
realism, xix–xx, 26, 180. See also anti-realism; critical realism
abandonment of, 66, 97
atoms and, 75
beliefs and, 205
decoherence and, 157
definition of, 302
Einstein and, 84
failure of, 200
Heisenberg and, 91
light and, 75
many moments and, 204
Many Worlds Interpretation and, 150, 174
measurement and, 65
naive, xxii–xxiii, 197, 218
natural world and, xxii
objectivity and, 30
ontology and, 11
operationalism and, 187
Penrose and, 139
pilot wave theory and, 129, 143–44, 206–7
probabilities and, 132–33
quantum mechanics and, xxi, 11–12, 144
quantum physics and, 57
quantum theory and, 107, 153
relativity and, 237
Rovelli and, 197
Rule 1 and, 145, 149
special relativity and, 215
wave-particle duality and, 89
reality
duality of, 23–24
Einstein on, 3
elements of, 43–44
Everett and, 165
fantasy and, xiii, xix, xxiv, xxv
fundamental, xxii
histories and, 218
knowledge and, 12
measurement and, 26
moments and, 202
nads and, 253–54
objectivity and, 11
old-fashioned notions of, 10
parallel, xviii
physics and, 3
possibility and, 198
quantum mechanics and, xxii
superposition and, 147
reciprocity, 209, 223, 232–33, 235, 247
relational hidden variables, 237–49, 241, 269
