by Bill Gates
for manufacturing, 106, 107
reduction/elimination of, 186, 204, 206, 209, 216, 223
for transportation, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 242n
Green Revolution, 114, 122, 166
grid-scale electricity storage, 92
growing plants and animals, zero-carbon goal for, 112
deforestation and trees and, 113, 126, 172
emissions to be reduced in, 55, 112, 117, 121, 124, 126, 162
with fertilizer, 115, 121
with food need increase, 113, 122, 23, 129, 165
Green Premiums for, 119, 120, 125
innovations for, 118, 125, 127, 165
solutions available for, 118, 165
H
heating and cooling, zero-carbon goal for, 148
with A/C units, 148 and n, 150, 152, 154, 244n
emissions to be reduced in, 55, 151, 152, 153, 157
with furnaces and water heaters, 60, 153, 56, 186, 221, 244n
government policies needed for, 151, 155, 172, 186
Green Premiums for, 151, 153, 154, 156, 157, 244n
innovations and, 152, 155, 56, 157
solutions available for, 151, 153, 54, 155, 156, 221, 244n
heat pumps, 60, 153, 154, 156, 221, 244n
home emissions, reducing, 187, 221
see also heating and cooling
hydrogen, 88, 93, 105, 139
hydropower, 7n, 58, 69 and n, 70, 85
I
India, 68, 73, 103, 114, 150, 167
Indonesia, 127, 150
infrastructure, building of, 170, 189, 204, 209, 210
innovations needed, technological
for adaptation to warmer climates, 174, 176
carbon capture as, 63, 94, 107, 108, 109, 111, 207
for cooling and heating, 152, 155, 56, 157
as economic opportunity, 35, 61, 185, 216
for electricity production, 84, 90, 96, 190 (see also electrification; electrofuels)
government policy and markets for, 108, 181, 189, 198, 202, 223
for growing food and forests, 118, 125, 127, 165
for manufacturing, 102, 108, 111
priorities for, 61, 189, 199, 200
for transportation, 137, 40, 141, 44, 146
see also R&D funding for innovations
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 7, 24, 28, 29
intermittency of renewable energy, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93
international cooperation, 152, 201, 214, 227
see also Paris Agreement
ITER nuclear fusion facility, 89
J
Japan, 78 and n, 86, 103, 150, 192, 216
jet fuel, 144, 143
jobs, transition to new, 187, 229
K
Kenya, 163, 161
kilowatts, 56, 57, 73
L
life cycle of products, 69n, 137, 154, 208
lightbulbs, replacing, 221
liquid metals for batteries, 92
lithium-ion batteries, 92
local government, role of, 183, 188, 203, 209, 213, 219
Low Carbon Fuel Standard, 207
low-income countries
climate disasters in, 29, 163
energy use and emissions in, 4, 6, 162, 165, 170, 215, 237n
farming in, 35, 118, 121, 23, 161, 163, 165
fighting both poverty and climate change in, 4, 6, 7, 9, 67, 68, 133, 160, 169, 175
forests in, 126, 127, 172
health in, 4, 62, 148, 164
M
maize, drought-tolerant, 166
mangrove trees, 173
manufacturing
cars, 135n, 145
with concrete and cement, 98, 100, 104, 107, 108, 109, 187
emissions to be reduced in, 54, 55 and n, 102, 103, 106, 7, 109
Green Premiums for, 106, 107
innovations for, 102, 108, 111
outsourcing of, 41
with plastics, 100, 104, 107, 110
product standards for, 208
recycling and reusing in, 110
with steel, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109
zero-carbon goal for, 98
meat and alternatives, 112, 115, 16, 117, 126, 129, 222, 241n
methane
short-term impact of, 21, 35, 176
sources of, 19, 21, 69, 113, 117, 118, 121
Mexico, 115, 116, 150, 166, 172
Miami, FL
middle-income countries, 35, 64, 65, 133, 169, 199, 209, 216
Mission Innovation, 11, 12
N
natural defenses, preservation and restoration of, 73
natural fertilizer, 123
natural gas
for cooling and heating, 149n, 154, 155, 156, 244n
global electricity from, 71, 70
history of use and cost of, 44
and job replacements, 188
and methane, 19, 21
net-negative emissions, 19, 110
net-zero emissions goal
see also zero, getting to
Nigeria, 4, 5, 127
nitrogen, 123, 125
nitrous oxide, 21, 113, 117, 124
nuclear energy
advanced reactors, 8, 86, 89, 190
advantages of, 57, 84, 85, 86, 190
global electricity from, 84, 70
government policies on, 190
innovations in, 8, 86, 93, 190
for manufacturing, 107
power density of, 58
risks and safety of, 47, 86, 87, 190
for ships, 147
nuclear fission, 84
nuclear fusion, 87
O
offshore wind energy, 89, 194
oil, 39, 43, 44, 70, 71, 87, 156, 191, 192
onshore wind energy, 194, 205
outsourcing of manufacturing, 41
oxygen, 30, 103, 104, 105, 110
P
palm oil and deforestation, 127
pandemic, impact of, see COVID-19, impact of
Paris Agreement, 10, 11, 12, 50, 212, 213, 215, 237n
permafrost, melting of, 35
plant-based burgers, 119, 222
plastics, 100, 104, 107, 110
policies, see government policies
power grids, decarbonized, 80, 82n, 97, 111, 151, 156
power lines, 81, 83
power plants, 57, 66, 67, 73, 80, 85, 87, 95, 190, 197, 208
private-public partnerships, 174, 184, 193, 194, 202, 211, 223
Puerto Rico, 27
pumped hydro and alternatives, 92
R
R&D funding for innovations
with industry partnerships, 174, 184, 193, 194, 202, 211, 222
with long-term commitment, 11, 48, 174, 184, 201, 204, 212
need for steep increases in, 189, 200, 212
priorities for, 61, 189, 199, 200
with risk tolerance, 11, 47, 175, 184, 201, 204, 212, 222
in U.S., 200, 210, 216
radioactive fuel and waste, 87, 88
reducing and reusing as lifestyle, 95, 110, 121, 145
refrigerants, 152
renewable energy
batteries for, 75, 79 and n, 91, 93
government policies for, 90, 192, 207
intermittent generation of, 8, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 93
location and transmission with, 74 and n, 77, 80, 94
potential and limitations with, intro.1 and n, 8, 70, 74, 81, 224, 239n
timing of transition to, 44, 45, 83, 238n
in U.S., 7n, 73, 77n, 84, 89, 192, 193, 207
see also specific renewable sources
Renewable Fuel Standard, 191, 207
renewable portfolio standards, 207
research and development, see innovations needed; R&D funding for innovations
rice, new types of, 167, 168
Russia, 190
S
sea level rise, 28, 160, 171
Seattle, WA, 26, 77, 157, 58
S
hanghai, growth of, 101, 102
Shenzhen, China, 140, 41
ships and fuel alternatives, 132, 134, 143, 44, 147, 243n
smallholder farms, 161, 163, 166
soil, nitrogen and carbon in, 124, 125
solar energy
costs of, 81, 192
initiatives with, 174, 192, 202
intermittent generation of, 57, 75, 81, 86, 93
material use in panels for, 85, 240n
power density of, 58, 86, 96
scaling of, 205
solar panels, 46, 80, 85, 157, 192, 240n
state government, role of, 183, 203, 209, 212
steel, 100, 102, 107, 108, 109
storage of electricity, 91
see also batteries
storms, 26, 27
sub-Saharan Africa, 4, 6, 29, 67, 68, 121, 163, 166
synthetic fertilizer, 115, 121
T
temperature, see global temperature increase
TerraPower nuclear reactor, 8, 86, 93, 190
thermal storage, 93
“This Is Water” speech (Wallace), 37, 38 and n
transmission of electricity, regional, 74 and n, 80
transportation, zero-carbon goal for, 130
with electric alternatives (see electric vehicles)
emissions to be reduced in, 54, 55, 131, 132, 33, 134, 135 and n
with fuel alternatives, 137, 40, 142, 143, 44, 147, 191, 207
with fuel efficiency, 46, 48, 145
future demand for, 132, 33
Green Premiums for, 136, 137, 139, 140, 142, 143, 144, 146, 242n
innovations for, 137, 40, 141, 44, 146
solutions available for, 135, 140, 41, 145, 205, 207
TransWest Express, 82
trees for carbon capture, 127
trucks and fuel alternatives, 134, 140, 141, 42, 146, 147
2050, getting to zero by, 35, 80, 137, 196, 209, 213, 230
U
underground power lines, 83
United Kingdom, 90, 91, 179
United States
electricity in, 69, 72, 80, 90, 182, 207
emissions in, 41, 132, 152, 163
energy policies in, 48, 179, 191, 207
government role in energy innovation, 210
R&D funding in, 200, 210, 216
renewables in, 7n, 73, 77n, 84, 89, 192, 193, 207
U.S. Congress, role of, 191, 210
U.S. Department of Energy, 182, 201, 202, 211
utility companies, 96, 207, 208, 213, 221
V
vaccinations, 62, 164, 229
veganism, 118
vehicles, see transportation
W
Wallace, David Foster, 37
warming, global, see adaptation to warmer climates; global temperature increase
waste, reducing, 95, 110, 121, 145
water heaters, 153, 155, 56
weather patterns, effects on, 24
wildfires, 28, 181n
wind energy
intermittent generation of, 57, 75, 77n, 81, 86
materials used for, 85
offshore (ocean), 89
power density of, 58, 86, 96
scaling of, 193, 194, 205
transmission needs for, 82
Y
Yara fertilizer distribution center, 121, 22
Z
zero, getting to
broad approach to, 7, 10, 17, 198, 227
as economic opportunity, 35, 61, 185, 216
measuring cost of, 58
measuring progress of, 62, 197
necessity of, 3, 6, 13, 18, 226
vs. net-zero emissions, 18
optimism for, 4, 16, 226, 227, 230
timeframe for, 35, 196, 209, 212, 213
see also climate disaster, avoiding
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
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