Bowie, David, 310
Church, the Catholic, 17–18, 22
Bracewell, Ronald, 314–315
Chyba, Chris, 200–201, 234
Bradbury, Ray, 41
civilizations, Types I, II, III, 302–303,
Brecht, Bertolt, 17
313
Index
425
Clarke, Arthur C., xxviii, 20, 41, 191,
Crestone, Colorado, 343–344, 384
197, 332, 399, 405–406, 408
“Cretaceous/Tertiary impact event,”
“Clarke’s Third Law,” 332–333, 337,
95n
355
Critique of Pure Reason, 29
climate evolution, 174
crop circles, 362–364
climate modeling, 175
Crowe, Michael, 34
Clinton, William, 64, 237
CSETI, see Center for the Study of
Close Encounters of the Third Kind,
Extraterrestrial Intelligence
380
Cusa, Nicholas of, 15–16, 18
CNN, 289
Cocconi, Guiseppe, 290, 292–293,
Darling, David, 238
302
Darwin, Charles, 35–36, 237, 254
Cold War, 59–60, 62, 370
Darwinian evolution, 107, 136, 270
Collier’s Weekly, 291
data mining, 211
Commoner, Barry, 229
Dawkins, Richard, 352
communication with extraterrestrial
Day the Earth Stood Still, The, 321
intelligence (CETI), 305
Dead Sea, life in, 129
Communism, 227
Deep Space Nine, 29
comparative astrobiology, 276
degrees Kelvin, 46
comparative planetology, 56
Demon Haunted World, The, 380
compassion, 384
Derham, William, 26
complexity theory, 269–274, 280,
Descartes, René, 254
412
deuterium, xxiii
Condon, Edward, 339
Dialogue concerning the two chief
“Condon Report,” 339
World Systems, 16
Consolmagno, Guy, 197
Dick, Steven, xxvii
Construction of the Heavens, The,
dimethylsulfide (DMS), 268–269
30
directed panspermia, 132, 321
contamination, accidental, 258
disbelief, suspending, 365
contingency, role in biological
disclosure, 364–366
evolution, 44
Disclosure: Military and Government
convergent evolution, 44–45, 64
Witnesses Reveal the Greatest
Conversations on the Plurality of
Secrets in Modern History, 421
Worlds, xxx, 21–26, 417
DMS, see dimethylsulfide
Copernican revolution, 8–10, 14,
DNA, 84–85, 100, 104–106, 108,
16–18, 108
118–119, 140, 202, 265, 327
events following, 19–21, 72
double helix, 103
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 9–10, 18, 156,
Drake, Frank, 293–295, 297–298,
237
302–303, 305, 313, 315–316,
Cosmic Connection, The, 227, 230,
401, 406, 421
238
Drake Equation, 295–297, 299–300,
Cosmic Evolution, 69–72, 74–76, 80,
311–312, 392n, 402–403
85–86, 114, 117, 119, 128, 148,
Dylan, Bob, 69, 409
225, 391, 401, 412
Dyson, Freeman, 405
cosmic microwave background, 76
Cosmos television series, 234
Earth, xvii–xxviii, 88–96
Counting Crows, 358
becoming habitable, 131, 176–178
creationism, 144n
biosphere of, 176–177
“intelligent design,” 20n
birth of, 133
426
Index
Earth (continued)
Darwinian, 107, 136
born in steam, 90–92, 167
thermal, 156
a giant heat-engine, 157
“evolutionary divergence,” 131
holding water, 92–93, 168
exobiology, xxxi, 112, 147, 221–236,
inside out, 88–89
233, 236, 419
setting the scene, 94–96
Cosmism, 223–227, 301
size of, 275, 277
detecting and protecting life,
Earth-centered worldview, 9, 14
221–223
Eberhart, Jonathan, 189
Sagan and the little green men,
Edgett, Ken, 187
233–236
Edwards, Tim, 340
Vikings on Mars, 229–233
Edwards Air Force Base, 365
Wolf Traps and setbacks, 227–229
EG&G, 368
“Exobiology: Approaches to Life
ego death, 385
beyond the Earth,” 222
Ehman, Jerry, 307
Exobiology Division (NASA), 223
Einstein, Albert, 69, 238, 305, 312
exoplanets, 205–220
Encyclopedia Galactica, xv
discovery of more, 207–213
energy
on the edge of knowing, 216–219
of accretion, 157
the first hundred, 213–216
geothermal, 123
good news for modern man,
Enlightenment era, 30, 33, 65, 256,
219–220
381
mediocrity of Earth, 205–207
entropy, 269–270
“Explanation for the Absence of
Epicureans, beliefs about other
Extraterrestrials on Earth, An,”
worlds, 29
313
Epicurus, 7
exploration
Epsilon Eridani, 293
interstellar, 219
equilibrium, 277
planetary, biocentric, 248
Erhard, Werner, 377
extraterrestrial (ET) life
ESP, 332
debate over, xxvii–xxviii, 43
EST, 377
resurgence of scientific interest in, xiii
ET, see extraterrestrial life
“Extraterrestrial Highway,” 306
eukaryotes, 119
“extraterrestrial hypothesis” for
Europa, 192–193
UFOs, 355
biosphere of, 200–201
Extraterrestrial Retrieval Team, 367
first close encounters with, 240
extremophiles, 130, 139–140
ocean beneath the surface of, xiii,
59, 111, 187–204
“face,” on Mars, 323, 358–362
possibility of life on, 283
Fermi, Enrico, 311
radiation on, 201
Fermi-Hart paradox, 313
European explorers, 21
Fermi’s paradox, 310–333
European Space Agency, xxi
absence of evidence, 310–311
evidence, philosophizing in the
evidence of absence, 311–313
absence of, 8
the great silence, 321–323
evolution
Hart’s answer, 313–317
arguments for, 36
magical solution, 331–333
chemical, 99, 165
message in a virus, 324–331
climate, 174
where the aliens are, 317–321
convergent, 44–45
51 Pegasi, 208–209
Index
427
First All-Union Conference on
globalization, 397n
Extraterrestrial C
ivilizations and
GNR technologies (genetics,
Interstellar Communication, 301
nanotechnology, and robotics),
First Astrobiology Science Conference,
394–395
237
Golden Fleece awards, 305
First European Workshop on
Goldin, Dan, 64–65, 239–240
Exo/Astrobiology, 239
government conspiracies, belief in, 6,
First International Conference on
337, 343, 365–368, 372
Communication with
Great Sand Dunes National
Extraterrestrial Intelligence, 303
Monument, 231, 344
Fiske, Martie, 241
Greece, ancient
flying saucers, see saucer sightings
beliefs about ET life, 7
Fontenelle, Bernard de Bouvier de,
beliefs about other worlds, 29
xxx, 10n, 21–26, 130n, 206, 226,
Gaia as Earth goddess, 266
417
Green Bank group, 294–295,
“Foo Fighters,” 338
298–301, 403
fractal geometry, 272–273
“greenhouse warming,” 83, 161–163
Future of Earth and Mankind, The,
Greer, Steven M., 365–371, 421
317
Grof, Stanislav, 378
Ground Beneath Her Feet, The, 34,
Gaia Hypothesis, 121n, 128, 144, 265,
135
270, 275, 280, 401, 413, 419
Gulliver instrument, 228
Galactic Life Detection Manual, 218
galaxies, clusters of, 29
habitable zones, 21–26, 163, 294, 420
Galilei, Galileo, 14, 16, 18, 156, 192,
on Earth, 131, 176–178
202, 254, 255n
Haggadah, 71
Galileo, 59, 61, 64, 174, 193,
HAL9000, 317
197–198, 239–241
Halley, Edmund, 30
Gamow, George, 139
Halley’s Comet, 30
Gandhi, Mohandas, 396
Hammerstein, Oscar, 51
Ganymede, 192
Harjo, Joy, 86
Gas Chromatograph Mass
harmonic convergence, 64
Spectrometer (GCMS), 231
Hart, Michael, 313–314, 316
Gas Exchange experiment, 230
Hartl, Herbert, 404
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 291
Hat Creek Observatory, 309
GCMS, see Gas Chromatograph Mass
Haute-Provence Observatory, 208
Spectrometer
Heinlein, Robert, 41, 317
Genesis, Book of, 15, 45, 71
heliocentric worldview, 9, 12
genomes, 329
Herschel, William, 30–31, 254n
geocentric worldview, 9, 14
Hewlett, Bill, 306
geophysiology, 267
Hill, Betty and Barney, 376–377
George III, King, 31
Hindu cosmology, 72n
geothermal energy, 123
Hippocratic oath, 262
giant planets, 213
history of beliefs about ETs, 1–65
Ginsberg, Allen, 335n
the planets at last, 51–65
Giraudoux, Jean, 310
plurality of worlds, 19–33
Gleick, James, 379, 381
spirits from the vasty deep, 3–18,
global cycles, 274–275
416
global self-destruction, 60
a wobbly ladder to the stars, 34–50
428
Index
Hoagland, Richard, 360n
possibility of life on, 283–286
“holotropic breathing,” 378
IR, see infrared radiation
hominization, 127
“Is Bacteriophage fX174 DNA a
“Homo cosmicus,” 224, 411
Message from an Extraterrestrial
Horowitz, Norman, 232, 418
Intelligence?”, 324
Hoyle, Fred, 237
It’s a Wonderful Life, 303n
Huang, Su-Shu, 294
Hubble Space Telescope, 77, 85, 218
Jeans, James, 324n
Huggins, William, 36
Jehovah’s Witnesses, 70
Hugo, Victor, 19
Jesus, planet-hopping, 15–18
human childhood, 115–134
Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL), 58,
coming together, 117–121
192
explosion of life, 124–125
Jong, Erica, 150
extremophiles, 129–131
Joy, Bill, 394, 399
going cellular, 115–117
Jupiter
nervous systems, 125–127
moons of, xviii, 14, 138, 192, 284
panspermia reconsidered, 131–134
see also Europa
photosynthesis, 123–124, 136–137,
Jupiter-class planets, 209
166
“psychozoic age,” 127–129
K/T impact, 95
reason for the wait, 121–123
Kafka, Franz, 389
humans, cultural aspect of, 126
Kant, Immanuel, 27–29, 254, 255n
Hunten, Don, 235–236
nebular hypothesis of, 40
Huygens, xxvi, 61
Kardashev, Nicolai, 302–303
hydrogen sulfide, 276
Kelvin, Lord, 46
hydrogenous exodus, 146
Kepler, 217–218
Kepler, Johannes, 10–13, 20, 249, 254
ICARUS, International Journal of
Kepler’s laws, 12, 208
Solar System Studies, 267, 324,
Kidder, James, 109
329
Klaatu, 321
immortality, 332
Kon-Tiki, 114
the immortals, 389–407
Kubrick, Stanley, 238n
Independence Day (movie), 372
Kuhn, Thomas, 255n
infrared (IR) radiation, 160–161
Kurzweil, Ray, 399
infrared spectrometer, xxi
Kyoto Protocol, 320
Inquisition, 14
“intelligence,” 142–143, 396
Labeled Release experiment, 228, 230,
true, 402
232
“intelligent design” creationism, 20n
ladder of beings, 29
Intelligent Life in the Universe,
ladder to the stars, 34–50
226–227, 420
biological pessimism, 43–45
International Astronomical Union,
chemistry of life, 48–50
305–306
evolution revolution, 35–37
International Journal of Astrobiology
Lowell’s legacy, 39–43
(journal), 239, 404–405
Lowell’s Martians, 37–39
interplanetary war, 368
nothing from which to reason, 34–35
Interrupted Journey, The, 376
panspermia, 45–47, 131
interstellar exploration, 219
Laplace, Pierre-Simon, 32–33
Io, 192, 196
Lederberg, Joshua, 153, 222
Index
429
Leeuwenhoek, Antonie van, 24
living worlds, 266–286
Lennon, John, 85, 408
beyond Earth, 273–275
Les Misérables, 19
complexity of life beyond what we
Lessing, Doris, xxviii, 393
know, 269–273
Levin, Gil, 228, 230
criteria for, 276–278
Lewis, John, 164, 197
Earth as living, 266–269
LGM, see little green men
possibilities on Io, 283–286
“License
to Kill,” 409
possibilities on Venus, 281–283
Lick Observatory, 323
renewed interest in Mars, 278–281
life, 97–114
Lockheed Martin, 368
based on water, 177, 200, 262
Lomax, Alan, 334
as a capability of the universe, 220
Los Alamos National Laboratory,
code for, 103–105, 327
311
creating in a laboratory, 109
Love 22, 10–11
defining, 97–99
Lovelock, James, 266–267, 279
the double helix, 105–107
Lowell, Percival, xxiii, 3, 190, 193,
as a game, 100
229, 291, 406
history of, 121
Lowell Observatory, 37
independent of starlight, 199
Lucky Starr fiction series, 150–152,
inside of planets, 199–200
169
microcosmic gods, 108–113
missing link in the RNA world,
Mack, John, 375–376, 378–379,
113–114
381–382, 386–387, 421
as multicellular, 120–122, 141
Madonna, 237
Occam’s razor, 107–108, 132, 386
Madwoman of Chaillot, The, 310
origins of, 92, 99–100, 126–127
Magellan, 57, 61, 240
as a process of self-organization,
images from, 158, 170, 173, 175
272
Man and Dolphin, 294
as self-perpetuating, 98
Man’s Place in the Universe, 43
workings of, 100–105
Marconi, Guglielmo, 291–292
Life and Death of Planet Earth, The,
Marcy, Geoff, 209–211
215
Margulis, Lynn, 266–267
Life Everywhere: The Maverick
Mariner 2, 55, 152, 154
Science of Astrobiology, 238
Mariner 4, 180, 183, 228–229
Lilly, John, 294–295, 356
Mariner 9, 41, 52–54, 229
lipids, spontaneous formation of, 115
Mars, xvii–xxviii, 53, 158, 167–190
liquid water, 163, 200
atmosphere of, 161
lithosphere, 93n, 127
“canals” on, 37–38, 41, 187–190
little green men (LGM), 233–236,
changing views of, 182–183
330
deserts of, xix
the lives of planets, 150–166
“face” on, 323, 358–362
beginning of the end, 154
landing on, xix
chance factors, 163–165
magnetic patterns on, 182–183
comparative planetology, 156–160
moons of, 12–13
distance from Sun, 160–163
new interpretations, 183–187
Earth’s uniqueness, 166
photographs of, xxi, 181
field of dreams, 154–156
possibility of life on, xviii, xx–xxi,
following the clues, 152–154
xxv–xxvi, xxvii–xxviii, 43, 55,
and Lucky Starr, 150–152
65, 153, 231–232, 278–281, 283
430
Index
Mars (continued)
litter on, 258
possibility of “macrofauna” on, 231
secret alien bases on, 323
possible fossils on, xxix, 178–179,
Lonely Planets Page 62
