27Michael C. Dawson and Megan Ming Francis, “Black Politics and the Neoliberal Racial Order,” Public Culture 28(1), 2016, 34–36, 38.
28Donna R. Gabaccia, “Nations of Immigrants: Do Words Matter?,” The Pluralist 5(3), 2010, 13.
29Rana, Two Faces of American Freedom, 189.
30Theodore Roosevelt, “National Life and Character,” Sewanee Review 2(3), 1894, 366.
31Beth Lew-Williams, The Chinese Must Go: Violence, Exclusion, and the Making of the Alien in America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018, 32.
32Matthew Frye Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues: The United States Encounters Foreign Peoples at Home and Abroad, 1876–1917, New York: Hill and Wang, 2001, 231–4.
33Paul A. Kramer, introduction to The Blood of Government: Race, Empire, the United States, and the Philippines, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2006.
34Jacobson, Barbarian Virtues, 4–5, 97.
35Kramer, “Empire and Exclusion: Ending the Philippine Invasion of the United States,” chap. 6 in The Blood of Government.
36Ibid.
37Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 127, 145.
38Mae M. Ngai, Impossible Subjects: Illegal Aliens and the Making of Modern America, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2014, 39–40.
39Rana, Two Faces of American Freedom, 188.
40W.E.B. Du Bois, Darkwater: Voices from within the Veil, Mineola, NY: Dover Thrift Editions, 1999, 123.
41Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 115.
42Ibid., 70–75.
43Hirota, Expelling the Poor, 5–10.
44Lee, “The Chinese Exclusion Example,” 37, 47–48.
45Hirota, Expelling the Poor, 5.
46Ibid., 180–4, 191.
47Ibid., 201–4.
48Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 138; Jack Citrin et al., “The ‘Official English’ Movement and the Symbolic Politics of Language in the United States,” Western Political Quarterly 43(3), 1990, 536–7.
49Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 142.
50Katherine Benton-Cohen, Invention the Immigration Problem: The Dillingham Commission and Its Legacy, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018, 2–7.
51Ibid., 15.
52Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory’s Image Archive on the American Eugenics Movement, “Fitter Family Contests,” eugenicsarchive.org.
53Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 116–17.
54Ibid., 76–77.
55Lee, “The Chinese Exclusion Example,” 49.
56Gray Brechin, “Conserving the Race: Natural Aristocracies, Eugenics, and the U.S. Conservation Movement,” Antipode 28(3), 1996, 233.
57Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 143.
58Brechin, “Conserving the Race,” 236–7.
59Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 118–9.
60Ibid., 71.
61Joshua Rothman, “When Bigotry Paraded through the Streets,” The Atlantic, December 4, 2016.
62Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 119–120; Benton-Cohen, Inventing the Immigration Problem: The Dillingham Commission and Its Legacy, 203–5.
63Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 142.
64Ibid., 145.
65Lee, “The Chinese Exclusion Example,” 51.
66Ibid., 145; Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 25–37.
67Philip Eric Wolgin, “Beyond National Origins: The Development of Modern Immigration Policymaking, 1948–1968,” PhD diss., University of California, Berkeley, 2011.
68Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 164.
69David Scott FitzGerald and David Cook-Martin, Culling the Masses: The Democratic Origins of Racist Immigration Policy in the Americas, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2014, 7.
70Brechin, “Conserving the Race,” 231.
71Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 191.
72Ibid., 188–196.
73Leti Volpp, “Obnoxious to Their Very Nature: Asian Americans and Constitutional Citizenship,” Citizenship Studies 5(1), 2001, 74
74Kelli Y. Nakamura, “Alien Enemies Act of 1798,” Densho Encyclopedia, encyclopedia.densho.org; Kelly Lytle Hernández, Migra!: A History of the U.S. Border Patrol, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, 103.
75Kramer, “Empire and Exclusion,” chap. 6 in The Blood of Government.
76“President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York,” October 3, 1965, lbilibrary.org.
77FitzGerald and Cook-Martin, Culling the Masses, 118–20; Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 243–5.
78Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 263.
79“President Lyndon B. Johnson’s Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill.”
80Bill Ong Hing, Defining America through Immigration Policy, Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2004, 95.
81Muzaffar Chishti et al., “Fifty Years On, the 1965 Immigration and Nationality Act Continues to Reshape the United States,” migration-policy.org, October 15, 2015.
82Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 258–64.
83Matthew Frye Jacobson, Roots Too: White Ethnic Revival in Post–Civil Rights America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 7–13, 41.
84Ibid., 21.
85Ibid., 350; Ngai, Impossible Subjects, 246, 263; Jacobson, Roots Too, 201–2, 390.
86Leo Chavez, The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2013, 30–32.
87Evan Maxwell, “Immigrant Tide Brings Public Health Concern,” Los Angeles Times, July 23, 1979.
88Kathleen Belew, Bring the War Home: The White Power Movement and Paramilitary America, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2018,159.
89Associated Press, “Klan Border Watch to Continue,” Prescott Courier, October 26, 1977.
90Belew, Bring the War Home, 41–50.
91Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 248.
92Tribune Wire Services, “Carter Won’t Bargain over Cuban Refugees,” Chicago Tribune, May 9, 1980.
93Carl Lindskoog, “How the Haitian Refugee Crisis Led to the Indefinite Detention of Immigrants,” Washington Post, April 9, 2018.
94Tichenor, Dividing Lines, 247.
95Joanne Omang, “Contra Aid Rejected by Two Panels,” Washington Post, March 6, 1986.
96Belew, Bring the War Home, 97.
97Susan Gzesh, “Central Americans and Asylum Policy in the Reagan Era,” migrationpolicy.org, April 1, 2006.
98Belew, Bring the War Home, 85.
99Ibid., 350, 97–9.
100Ibid., 350, 193–4.
101George H. W. Bush, “Address before a Joint Session of the Congress on the State of the Union,” January 29, 1991, presidency.ucsb.edu.
102Maureen Dowd, “War Introduces a Tougher Bush to Nation,” New York Times, March 2, 1991.
103Ira. R. Allen, “Hayakawa Proposes English as Official Language,” UPI, April 27, 1981.
104“About Language Minority Voting Rights,” justice.gov, March 27, 2019.
105Sandra Stencel, “The New Immigration,” CQ Researcher, December 13, 1974.
106Sara Terry, “America’s Welcome: Wearing Thin?,” Christian Science Monitor, June 25, 1981.
107Sarah Henry, “Fighting Words: California’s Official-Language Law Promises to Preserve and Protect English,” Los Angeles Times, June 10, 1990; Richard L. Berke, “Buchanan Co-leader Quits under Fire,” New York Times, February 16, 1996; Belew, Bring the War Home, 201.
108Geoffrey K. Pullum, “Here Come the Linguistic Fascists,” Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 5, 1987, 603; “English-Only Plea Called,” Houston Chronicle, December 3, 1986.
109HoSang, Racial Propositions: Ballot Initiatives and the Making of Postwar California, Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010, 146, 157.
110Henry, “Fighting Words.”
111HoSang, Racial Propositions, 131–40.
112Carly Goodman, email to author, August 8, 2019.
113“English Spoken Here, but Unofficially,” New York Times, October 29, 1988; HoSang, Racial Propositions, 158; “‘Witan MEMO’ III,” Intelligence Report, splcenter.or
g; Associated Press, “Cronkite Quits English-Only Campaign Body,” Los Angeles Times, October 14, 1988.
114Jason DeParle, “The Anti-Immigration Crusader,” New York Times, April 17, 2011; Carly Goodman, “John Tanton Has Died,” Washington Post, July 18, 2019; Southern Poverty Law Center, “Federation for American Immigration Reform,” available at splcenter.org.
115John Fairhall, “Buchanan Courts Voters Who Feel Jilted by Bush,” Baltimore Sun, January 20, 1992; Patrick J. Buchanan, “What Will America Be in 2050?,” Los Angeles Times, October 24, 1994; David M. Kennedy, “Can We Still Afford to Be a Nation of Immigrants?,” The Atlantic, November 1996.
116“In Buchanan’s Words,” Washington Post, February 29, 1992.
117Patrick J. Buchanan, “Who Voted for Clinton’s Revolution?,” buchanan.org, July 1, 1997.
118Elaine Woo, “Barbara Coe Dies at 79,” Los Angeles Times, September 4, 2013.
119Ben Ehrenreich, “Eyes Wide Shut,” LA Weekly, September 1, 2005; Mike Davis, City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles, London: Verso, 2018, 167.
120David M. Reimers, Unwelcome Strangers: American Identity and the Turn against Immigration, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, 113; “American Border Patrol/American Patrol,” splcenter.org.
121Chavez, The Latino Threat, ix–x.
122Robert Pear, “Citizenship Proposal Faces Obstacle in the Constitution,” New York Times, August 7, 1996.
123John Tierney, “A San Francisco Talk Show Takes Right-Wing Radio to a New Dimension,” New York Times, February 14, 1995.
124David Gilson, “Michael Savage’s Long, Strange Trip,” salon.com, March 6, 2003.
125Associated Press, “Multicultural History Standards Rejected by Senate in 99–1 Vote,” Los Angeles Times, January 19, 1995.
126Roy Beck, “The Ordeal of Immigration in Wausau,” The Atlantic, April 1994.
127Osita Nwanevu, “How National Review Helped Build the Alt-Right,” slate.com, March 23, 2017.
128Ernest Van Den Haag, “More Immigration?,” National Review, September 21, 1965, 821–2; “Camp of the Saints,” National Review, September 30, 1977, 1096–7; Daniel Pipes, “The Muslims Are Coming! The Muslims Are Coming!,” National Review, November 19, 1990, 28–31.
129Peter Brimelow, “Time to Rethink Immigration?,” National Review 44(12), June 22, 1992.
130Peter Brimelow, Alien Nation: Common Sense about America’s Immigration Disaster, New York: Random House, 1995.
131Heidi Beirich, “Courting Conservatives,” Intelligence Report, splcenter. org, November 30, 2008.
132Jack Miles, “The Coming Immigration Debate,” The Atlantic, April 1995.
133Richard Bernstein, “The Immigration Wave: A Plea to Hold It Back,” New York Times, April 19, 1995.
134Richard Bernstein, “The Rising Hegemony of the Politically Correct,” October 28, 1990; Moira Weigel, “Political Correctness: How the Right Invented a Phantom Enemy,” The Guardian, November 30, 2016.
135Beirich, “Courting Conservatives.”
136“The Nativists Are Restless,” New York Times, January 31, 2009.
137Jean Raspail, “Full Text of ‘Camp of the Saints by Jean Raspail,’” archive.org.
138William F. Buckley Jr., “No Irish Need Apply,” National Review, July 23, 2004.
139“The Social Contract Press,” splcenter.org.
140Sarah Jones, “The Notorious Book That Ties the Right to the Far Right,” New Republic, February 2, 2018; Paul Blumenthal and JM Rieger, “This Stunningly Racist French Novel Is How Steve Bannon Explains the World,” huffpost.com, March 6, 2017; Chris Massie, “Steve King: Blacks and Hispanics ‘Will Be Fighting Each Other’ before Overtaking Whites in Population,” cnn.com, March 14, 2017.
141Allan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind, New York: Simon and Schuster, 1987, 29, 31, 38.
142Dinesh D’Souza, “Illiberal Education,” The Atlantic 267(3), March 1991, 51–79; Illiberal Education: The Politics of Race and Sex on Campus,” New York: Free Press, 1991.
143Weigel, “Political Correctness: How the Right Invented a Phantom Enemy.”
144Quinn Slobodian, “Anti-’68ers and the Racist-Libertarian Alliance: How a Schism among Austrian School Neoliberals Helped Spawn the Alt Right,” forthcoming in Cultural Politics, academia.edu.
145Ibid., 339.
146Patrick J. McDonnell, “Brash Evangelist,” Los Angeles Times, July 15, 2001.
147Alicia A. Caldwell et al., “With Eight Mexican Deaths, El Paso Shooting Prompts New Cross-Border Anxiety,” Wall Street Journal, August 6, 2019.
148Tim Arango et al., “Minutes before El Paso Killing, Hate-Filled Manifesto Appears Online,” New York Times, August 3, 2019; Vincent Schilling, “U.S. Cities El Paso, Dayton and Gilroy Racked by Three Deadly Mass Shootings in One Week,” Indian Country Today, August 4, 2019.
149Tendayi Achiume, “Migration as Decolonization,” Stanford Law Review 71, 2019, 1509.
150CBS/Associated Press, “Donald Trump Doubles Down on Mexican Immigrant Remarks,” cbsnews.com, July 6, 2015.
151NBC News, “Here’s the Full Text of Donald Trump’s Speech in Poland,” nbcnews.com, July 6, 2017.
152K. Larry Storrs, “CRS Report for Congress: Mexico-United States Dialogue on Migration and Border Issues, 2001–2005,” Congressional Research Service, fas.org, June 2, 2005; “Bush Calls for Changes on Illegal Workers,” cnn.com, January 8, 2004.
153“Bush Calls for Changes on Illegal Workers.”
154John M. Broder, “Immigration, from a Simmer to a Scream,” New York Times, May 21, 2006.
155Ralph Blumenthal, “Citing Violence, 2 Border States Declare a Crisis,” New York Times, August 17, 2005.
156Raymond Hernandez, “The Evolution of Hillary Clinton,” New York Times, July 13, 2005.
157“Hillary Goes Conservative on Immigration,” Washington Times, December 13, 2004.
158Commission on Presidential Debates, “October 13, 2004 Debate Transcript,” debates.org.
159Elisabeth Bumiller, “Bush Would Give Illegal Workers Broad New Rights,” New York Times, January 7, 2004.
160Katharine Q. Seelye, “Moral Values Cited as a Defining Issue of the Election,” New York Times, November 4, 2004.
161David Paul Kuhn and David Hancock, “Buchanan Reluctantly Backs Bush,” cbsnews.com, October 18, 2004.
162Jeffrey S. Passel, “Size and Characteristics of the Unauthorized Migrant Population in the U.S.,” pewhispanic.org, March 7, 2006.
163Connie Bruck, “Supermoderate!,” New Yorker, June 28, 2004.
164Peter Nicholas and Robert Salladay, “Gov. Praises ‘Minuteman’ Campaign,” Los Angeles Times, April 29, 2005.
165Paul A. Gigot, “Mainstream Left Is Silent about Nativist Right,” Wall Street Journal, March 31, 2000.
166Lawrence Downes, “The Terrible, Horrible, Urgent National Disaster That Immigration Isn’t,” New York Times, June 20, 2006.
167David Leonhardt, “Truth, Fiction and Lou Dobbs,” New York Times, May 30, 2007.
168Lou Dobbs Tonight, transcripts.cnn.com, May 22, 2007.
169Leonhardt, “Truth, Fiction and Lou Dobbs.”
170Ken Auletta, “Mad as Hell,” New Yorker, December 4, 2006.
171Beau Hodai, “Selling the Anti-immigration Story,” fair.org, June 1, 2011; Lou Dobbs Tonight, transcripts.cnn.com, December 9, 2005.
172Mark Engler and Paul Engler, “Op-Ed: The Massive Immigrant-Rights Protests of 2006 Are Still Changing Politics,” Los Angeles Times, March 4, 2016.
173“The 287(g) Program: Ensuring the Integrity of America’s Border Security System through Federal State Partnerships, Hearing before the Subcommittee on Management, Integration, and Oversight of the Committee on Homeland Security, House of Representatives,” govinfo.gov, July 27, 2005.
174Aarti Shahani and Judith Greene, “Local Democracy on ICE: Why State and Local Government Have No Business in Federal Immigration Law Enforcement,” Justice Strategies, justicestrategies.org
, February 2009.
175Adam Liptak, “Justices Block Law Requiring Voters to Prove Citizenship,” New York Times, June 17, 2003.
176Hiroshi Motomura, Immigration outside the Law, New York: Oxford University Press, 2014, 73–75
177Muzaffar Chishti and Claire Bergeron, “Hazleton Immigration Ordinance That Began with a Bang Goes Out with a Whimper,” migrationpolicy.org, March 28, 2014.
178Associated Press, “Philly Officials Warn Eatery for English-Only Sign,” nbcnews.com, June 12, 2006; James Coomarasamy, “Mind Your Language at Geno’s,” news.bbc.co.uk, June 30, 2007.
179News Report, “Mass. Governor, ICE Sign Immigration Enforcement Pact,” govtech.com, December 13, 2006.
180Alexander Mooney, “Romney, McCain Ad Wars Continue in New Hampshire,” politicalticker.blogs.cnn.com, December 29, 2007.
181Joseph Berger, “Danbury Mayor Cuts the Noise on Immigration,” New York Times, June 9, 2006.
182David Kelly, “Illegal Immigration Fears Have Spread,” Los Angeles Times, April 25, 2005.
183Douglas Massey et al., Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration, New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2003, 126–8.
184Office of the Press Secretary, “‘Islam Is Peace,’ Says President,” georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov, September 17, 2001.
185“Bush on State of War,” Washington Post, October 11, 2001.
186Nikhil Pal Singh, Race and America’s Long War, Oakland: University of California Press, 2017, 13.
187Pew Research Center, “Post September 11 Attitudes,” people-press. org, December 6, 2001.
188Pew Research Center, “7. How the U.S. General Public Views Muslims and Islam,” in “U.S. Muslims Concerned about Their Place in Society, but Continue to Believe in the American Dream,” pewforum.org, July 26, 2017.
189Pew Research Center, “Growing Number of Americans Say Obama Is a Muslim,” pewforum.org, August 18, 2010.
190Andrea Elliott, “White House Quietly Courts Muslims in U.S.,” New York Times, April 18, 2010; Andrea Elliott, “Muslim Voters Detect a Snub from Obama,” New York Times, June 24, 2008.
191Associated Press, “Muslim Demands Apology from Obama over Seat Snub,” Boston Globe, June 19, 2008.
192Elliott, “Muslim Voters Detect a Snub from Obama.”
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