by Li Feng
Archer-Lords 109
architectural alignment
Erlitou 二里頭 60
Shang Dynasty 60
Yanshi 偃師 60
armies
composition in Warring States period 199
Han cavalry 271, 273, 275
Han crossbows 271
Han innovations 271
“Red Eyebrows” rebel army 279
soldiers’ composition in Warring States period 198–199
standing army of state of Jin 晉 199
in state of Hann 韓 199
in state of Qi 齊 199
in state of Qin 秦 199
Zhao 趙 cavalry 199–200
see also warfare
assassination attempt on Ying Zheng 嬴政 244
Austronesian people, Taiwan 4
“Authority,” Han Fei 韓非 225
“Axial Age” 209–210, 213
Ba 巴, conquered by Qin 241
Bagley, Robert
late Shang writing 91–92
Selected Reading 89, 111
balance of power, Spring and Autumn period 166
Bamboo Annals 49
Ban Chao 班超 299
Ban Gu 班固, History of the Western Han Dynasty (Hanshu 漢書) 315, 318
Ban Zhao 班昭 317
Bao Si 褒姒 160–161
Baoshan 包山 bamboo strips, state of Chu 楚 193
Being Natural (Ziran 自然), philosophy concept 219
Beixin 北辛 culture in Shandong 27
Beizhou 北趙 village burial-ground 133
Benevolence (Ren 仁), philosophy concept 213, 214, 215, 218, 222–223, 227
Bielenstein, Hans
Han officials’ salary 286
Selected Reading 282, 302
Bin 豳 as home to Zhou people 113
Bingong xu 公盨 50
bipolar paradigm, Neolithic cultures 17
birds, mid Western Zhou bronzes 126, 127
Blakeley, Barry B., social transformation in Spring and Autumn period 172
Boas, Franz, “Cultural Particularism” 20
Bohai Bay 165
bone factory, Anyang 75–78
Book of Changes (Yijing 易經) 157, 158, 211, 221, 312
Book of Documents (Shangshu 尚書) 49, 157, 158–159, 211, 312
destroyed by First Emperor of Qin 311
Shang–Zhou transition 143
Book of the Lord of Shang 236
Book of Poetry (Shijing 詩經) 49, 157, 159–160, 211, 312
destroyed by First Emperor of Qin 311
Han Empire versions 312
King Wen 文 117
Shang–Zhou transition 143
“The Birth of People” 144
Xianyun 玁狁 warfare with Western Zhou 160
Book of Rites 311
border control, Han Empire 300
Bronze Age
bronze cultures contact with Shang culture 86
centers in Erligang 二里崗 period 64–65
culture of Lower Ordos 89
first culture in China 46, 53
bronze casting sites
Anyang 75
Miaopu 苗圃 73
bronze culture
incision 203–204
inlaying gold and silver 204
lost-wax technology 203
mid Western Zhou 126–127
piece-mold technology 203
preservation of Zhou realm 202–203
real world images 204
bronze inscriptions
“appointment inscriptions” 149–150
Duke of Zhou’s conquest of Yan 奄 and Bogu 薄古 123
early Duke of Qin 229
Heaven’s Mandate to Qin 234–235
King Cheng’s 成 military campaigns in east 120, 121
King Kang’s 康 northern Zhou conquests 135
King Zhao 昭, expansion in Shandong peninsula 136–137
legal statutes 176
Shang 8, 92
Shang military campaigns in Shandong region 120
Western Zhou 8, 92, 140, 144
founding of regional states 129
legal matters 175
lineages 142
literacy 156–157
warfare 197
Yan 燕 state granted by Zhou king 133
Zhou 周
contact with Huai 淮 River region 138
inspection of regional states 132
land disputes 154
land grants of king 154
regional rulers’ visits 134
royal cities 123
bronze technology
Erligang period 61
late Shang Dynasty 77–78
bronze vessels
dating of 78, 79
Erlitou 46–47, 61
Li gui 利簋 120
Shang Dynasty 47
Shang Dynasty wine vessels 124–125
Western Zhou wine vessels 124–125, 126
Zhengshou 鄭州 59
Zhou elite tombs 152–153
bronzes
Anyang period styles 77–78, 124
Dayangzhou 大洋洲 discovery 86
lineage sacrifice 146
mid Western Zhou
birds 126, 127
burial bronzes 126–127
geometric patterns 127
Zhou period regional and metropolitan 134
Zhou and Shang styles compared 124–125, 126
Buddha 209
Buddhism, Chinese civilization 5
Buku 不窋 113
bureaucracy
Han Empire 265, 283–285, 287
territorial state management technique 195
Zhou Dynasty 112
bureaucratization
mid Western Zhou government 147–152
Warring States period 197
burial bronzes, mid Western Zhou 126–127
burial remains
Jin 晉 rulers 133
Sanxingdui 三星堆 87–88
Sidun 寺墩 in Jiangsu 34
Taosi 陶寺 32
tomb of Lady Hao 好 76–77
Yuanjunmiao 元君廟 28–29
see also tombs
burial sites, Han Empire 318–322
Cai Yong 蔡邕 313
“Canon of Law,” Li Kui 李悝 192, 193
“Canonical Laws” (Jingfa 經法) 306
Cao Cen 曹參, Huang-Lao follower 306
cavalry
Han army 271, 273, 275
Zhao 199–200
Censor-in-Chief, Han Empire 284
Central Asia
contacts with 5, 136, 279
Han Empire 299
states visited by Zhang Qian 張騫 271
Central Plain, cultural development 18–20
centralization in Han Empire 260
Cernuschi Museum, Paris 78
Chancellor, Han Empire 284
Chang Chun-shu 299
Selected Reading 303
Chang, K. C. 65, 89
“Chinese Interaction Sphere” theory 18
Selected Reading 40, 111
Shang royal government 106
Shang royal lineage 105–106
state formation 42
Chang’an 長安
Han imperial capital 260
Nine Temples 277
Changcheng 長城 (“Long Wall”) of Qi 185
Changping 長平, Battle of 194, 199
charcoal samples
Cishan 磁山 site, Hebei 23
early Neolithic rice 24
Peiligang 裴李崗 site, Henan 23
Chavannes, Édouard, book on Dunhuang strips 7–8
Chen Ping 陳平, Huang-Lao follower 306
Chen Sheng 陳勝 258
Chen 陳, state of 164
Chen Xingcan 陳星燦 65
Selected Reading 40
Chengzhou 成周, Zhou administrative center 123–124, 163
Chief Commander (Lingyin 令尹), state of Chu 195
chiefdoms 21, 30
>
comparison with states 37–40
emergence of states 41, 53
Longshan 龍山 society 37–40
China
history of Sima Qian 司馬遷 315–317
topography 1–2
unification of 244–245
“Chinese League” formed by Qi 163
Cho-yun Hsu
promotion of lower society members 172
Selected Reading 139, 161, 182
Chu 楚, state of 165, 172
archaeological discoveries 221–222
Chief Commander office (Lingyin) 195
conquest by Qin 241, 245
counties 168
Fangcheng 方城 (“Square Wall”) 185
legal procedures 193
legal statutes 176
military disaster of 311 BC 189–190
population registration 193
royal army 199
Ch’u, T’ung-tsu, Selected Reading 302
circulating succession 105
Cishan 磁山 site, charcoal samples 23
Cishan–Peiligang 磁山-裴李崗 culture 22, 23–24
data difficulties 25–27
rice 24
civil and military service, Han Empire 288
civil offices, Warring States period 195–196
civil strife, Spring and Autumn period 171–172
clans and clan names 140–141
Classic of Way and Virtue 217, 222–223, 305, 306
Clerical Script 249
climate in early times
North China 3, 22
South China 3–4
Commandant, state of Qin 195
Commander-in-chief, Han Empire 276, 277
commanderies
Han Empire 285
Qin Empire 246
Commandery Protector, Warring States period 195
commoners on Han social scale 292
“complex society” archaeology concept 21–22
concepts in philosophy see philosophy concepts
“Confucian Classics” 157, 312
Confucianism 311
criticized by Mozi 墨子 226–227
Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 309–310
Guodian 郭店 texts 222
Han Empire 308–311
Confucius 157, 162
ancestral family 174
Book of Documents 159
Book of Poetry 159
dates of birth and death 207
life and career 210–211
parentage 210–211
as philosopher 212–213
as scholar 211–212
Shi 士 status students 174
in state of Lu 魯 211
“Well Field” system 191
conscription 194–195
copper
deposits south of Yangzi River 63
mining in Tongling 銅嶺 63
cosmology, Shang Dynasty 99
counties
bureaucratic inspections 196
Han Empire 285
history and geopolitical context 168–171
lineage system erosion 173–174
military service 171
move from states’ periphery to interior 173
non-hereditary 171
numbers of in major states 170–171
Qin Empire 246, 250
Qin’s conquered lands 231, 236, 250
role of 168–171
taxation 171
territorial state’s building blocks 187
Xian 縣 derivation and meaning 168
see also “County–Commandery” system
“County–Commandery” system 167–171
administration 167
covenant tablets
Houma 侯馬 174, 177, 178–179
Wenxian 溫縣 177
Craftiness (Qiao 巧), philosophy concept 222–223
Crawford, Gray W., Selected Reading 40
Creel, Herrlee G. 12
Anyang 12
Selected Reading 14, 182
The Birth of China 12
criminal cases, Zhangjiashan 293–294
crossbows 199
Han army 271
currency standardization in Qin Empire 249
Da Qin 大秦 see Roman Empire
Daluo 大駱 230–231
Dan 丹, Prince of Yan 244–245
Daoism
Dao 道 217–219
search for natural order 216–220
three stages of development 216
Dasikong 大司空 village, stratigraphy 78
dating
archaeological method 78–79, 116
bronzes 78, 79
historical method 79–80
Nianzipo 碾子坡 113–115
Daxinzhuang 大辛莊, literary evidence 83
Dayangzhou 大洋洲, bronzes discovery 86
defense system, Han Empire 299–300
deities, Earth, River, and Mountain of Shang Dynasty 100
“Desert North Campaign” 275
Di Cosmo, Nicolas, Selected Reading 282
Di 狄 people 180
prejudice against 181–182
relationship with Zhou regional states 180
Diaotonghuan 吊桶環, domestication of rice 24
dictionary, China’s first 314
digitalization, modern sinology 13
ding 鼎 cauldron 124
Dinggong 丁公 pottery shard, early writing 36–37
diplomacy, Warring States period 189–190
Dirlik, Arif, Selected Reading 14
Disputation (bian 辯), philosophy concept 222–223
divination
materials used 92–93
non-royal 96–98
non-Shang 98–99
process of 93–96
royal 93
Shaanxi region 98
Shang Dynasty 92–99
domestication
of animals 27
of rice 24
Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒
career 309
Confucianism 309–310
empire and emperorship 310–311
“Five Elements” theory 310
historical role 311
human nature 310
instructor for Spring and Autumn Annals 312
philosophy 309–311
written works 309
Dong Zhao 董卓 313
Dong Zuobing 董作賓, grouping of oracle bones/shells 79–80, 96
Donghai 東海 Commandery 287
Dongyi 東夷 see “Eastern Barbarians”
dou 豆 high plate 127
“Doubting Antiquity” movement 10–11
Erlitou culture and Xia Dynasty 52
influence in North America 12–13
Duke Huan 桓 of Zheng 163
Duke Jian 簡 of Qin (414–400 BC) 239
Duke Mu 穆 of Qin (659–621 BC) 234
Duke of Qin (603–577 BC) 234–235
Duke of Shao 召 123
Duke Wen 文 of Jin (576–537 BC) 234
Duke Wu 武 of Zheng 163
Duke Xian 憲 of Qin (715–704 BC) 234
Duke Xian 獻 of Qin (384–362 BC) 234, 235
Duke Xiao 孝 of Qin (361–338 BC) 235–236
Duke of Zhou 121–123
conquest of Yan and Bogu 123
“Five Announcements” 158
Heaven’s Mandate 144
institutions and ritual rules 323
southern states campaigns 138
Dunhuang 敦煌
700 bamboo strips with writing 7–8
medieval manuscripts inventory 7
Duoyou ding 多友鼎, Xianyun threat to Western Zhou 160
Durrant, Stephen, selected reading 324
Early China
dates of 6
floodplains 2
importance of 1, 5–7
integral period in Chinese history 5–6
mining 63–64
paleoclimatology 2–4
philosophy 207–228
s
tudies in North America 12–14
Early China journal 12
early Chinese civilization
Anyang archaeology 9
East Asian indigenous 5
evolution of 6–7
external influences 5
“Eastern Barbarians” 136–137
citizens of Qi 165
Eastern Guo 虢, state of 163
Eastern Han
dates of Empire 6
eunuchs 301–302
mortuary art 321–323
succession 300–301
tombs of nobles 321–322
ecology, development of human society 2
Emaokou 鵝毛口, stone-tool workshop 22
“emperor,” institution of 249–250
Emperor Ai 哀, of Han Dynasty 276
Emperor Cheng 成 of Han Dynasty 255
Emperor Jing 景 of Han Dynasty (156–141 BC) 263–264
Huang-Lao follower 306
Emperor Ming 明 of Han 301
Emperor Ping 平 of Han Dynasty 277
Emperor Shun 順 of Han 301
Emperor Wen 文 of Han Dynasty (180–157 BC) 263
punishment 289
Emperor Wu 武 of Han Dynasty (140–87 BC) 264, 271–276, 288
Confucianism 308–309
statutes and ordinances 289
Emperor Xuan 宣 of Han Dynasty (73–40 BC) 276
Emperor Zhang 章 of Han 301
Emperor Zhao 昭 of Han Dynasty (86–74 BC) 276, 277
“empire”
definition 245–246
definition of Chinese 249–250
development from “territorial state” 185
empire and emperorship, Dong Zhongshu 310–311
Empress Dowager Dou 竇, Huang-Lao follower 306, 308
Empress Lü 呂, Han Dynasty 263
Erligang 二里崗
Bronze Age center 64–65
culture 58, 61
expansion 61–49
influence on Wucheng 吳城 culture 86
political system expansion 61–63
Erlitou 二里頭
archaeology 43
architectural alignment 60
bronze 46–47, 61
culture 42–47
end of 53
Longshan 龍山 culture influences 47–48
luxury items 46–47
organizational power 47
relation with Xia 夏 Dynasty 51–53
site
description 43–46
discovery 43
location 43
as state-level society 47–48, 53
tombs 45–46
transition to Yanshi 偃師/Zhengzhou 鄭州 60–61
Erudite, position of 311, 312
“Erudites of the Five Classics” (Wujing boshi 五經博士) 312
ethnical differences of Rong 戎 181
ethnical relations in Spring and Autumn period 180–181
eunuchs in Eastern Han Empire 301–302
execution as punishment 291
Explaining Characters (Shuowen jiezi 說文解字) 314
“Extending Imperial Favor,” Han Empire 265
fabric, earliest known painting on 320
Falkenhausen, Lothar von, Selected Reading 40, 182, 206
families see “Great Families”
