by Emil Ludwig
" I read from your face that you are thinking he is not the only sufferer of the kind on this island." Las Cases nods assent, and the Emperor bursts out with a youth's ardour: " There is no warrant for such a comparison ! True, the violence done to us is more refined in its cruelty, but, in compensation, we are more distinguished victims. . . . The world has its eyes fixed on us. We are the martyrs of an immortal cause ! Millions weep for us, the fatherland sighs, the spirit of glory mourns. . . . Adversity, too, has its heroism and its fame. Had I died on the throne, surrounded by all the emblems of power, I should have remained a riddle to many. To-day the wrappings have been stripped from me ; thanks to my misfortunes, every one can judge me in my nakedness."
Subsequently, the Emperor buys the slave, wishing to send him back to his own land and his own folk, but the governor forbids the repatriation : " It is plain to me that General Bonaparte is trying to win the hearts of the coloured population, in the hope of setting up a second negro empire, as in San Domingo."
Tobias, therefore, remains a captive ; a slave in a far country, like the Emperor.
XIII
" I am very old to make a journey of two thousand leagues. Perhaps I should die on the way; but, never mind, I should die nearer you."
Thus writes his mother. The Emperor reads the letter again and again, when it is delivered to him a year after it was
Letizia Implores
penned. The powers forbade the journey : who could tell, the old lady might concoct a plan for his escape ! Letizia had been banished from France when the other members of her family were expelled. For the second time in her life, she is unable to go to her island home : the first time had been long ago when Corsica was in revolt; now, Europe stands in the way. She, therefore, goes to Rome, where the moral power of the pope upholds her; always making fresh attempts to secure her son's removal to a more healthy abiding place. Although the tsar is favourable to such a transfer, Habsburg and England are determined Napoleon shall die; so there is nothing more to be done. Neither mother nor any of the brothers and sisters is allowed to send money to the exile.
When the monarchs assemble in Aix-la-Chapelle for the congress, Letizia writes to the princes : " A mother, more bowed with grief than words can tell, has long been hoping that the meeting of your imperial and royal highnesses would give her back her life. It is impossible that the captivity of Emperor Napoleon should not come up for discussion. Your magnanimity, your power, and your memory of earlier events, will surely incline Your Imperial and Royal Majesties to work for the liberation of a prince for whom you once professed friendship. I pray to God and to you, for you are God's representatives on earth. Interests of State have their limits. Posterity, which confers immortality, admires a generous conqueror."
No answer.
Later the captive learns that his mother has been accused of fostering a conspiracy in Corsica. She is said to have provided money amounting to millions. The pope is ordered to send his secretary of State to see the old lady and to make enquiries. Letizia gives the emissary the following message : " Tell the pope, and may the monarchs mark my words : If I were so fortunate as to possess all these millions they have credited me with, I should certainly not spend them in buying champions
Orbits of the Satellites
for my son's cause. He has enough of them already. I would, rather, equip a fleet capable of rescuing him from the island where he is unjustly detained."
What a feeling of pride and elation fills the son's heart as he reads his mother's words! But he never hears of Letizia's bitter remark to an Austrian noble : " Why is my daughter-in-law amusing herself in Italy instead of joining her husband in St. Helena?"
Round what sun are the other planets turning ? What an anticlimax!
Lucien and Joseph have gone to America, and are later joined by Jerome. They assume exotic titles. The Spanish revolutionaries have offered their ex-king the crown of Mexico. This piece of news excites the prisoner:
" Joseph will refuse. He is too fond of the pleasures of life to bother himself again with the burden of a crown—and yet, it would be a stroke of luck for England that the whole problem of Spanish America should be solved in this way. For if Joseph were to become king of Mexico a breach with France and Spain would be inevitable. For myself, his acquiescence would be weighty with consequences. He loves me and would use his position as a weapon to coerce England into treating me differently. Unfortunately, he is sure to refuse." Thus quickly and hopefully does Napoleon, in the first year of his captivity, toy with every fresh opportunity.
The other brothers and sisters retire into obscurity. Jerome alone lives to be an old man, and, in the days of the third Napoleon, appears once more at court. The Emperor receives few letters from his brothers and sisters. Caroline begs her mother to send some money. Letizia refuses : " All I have belongs to the Emperor, from whom I have received all I possess." To Lucien she writes : " When one is no longer king, one makes oneself a laughing-stock if one tries to live ostentatiously. Rings may adorn the fingers; but, if they fall off, the fingers still
Fate of Old Companions
remain." Hortense and Pauline once more play comedy as they had done at Malmaison.
Other tidings give Napoleon food for thought. Bernadotte becomes king. And Desiree ? At last Napoleon's early love wears a crown; she also lives to see the Second Empire. Countess Walewska, now a widow, marries a French nobleman. He approves the step, passes her situation in review, considers all he has done for her son, and then says complacently: " She is rich, and must have saved." The tactless Gourgaud makes answer: " Your Majesty paid Madame Walewska ten thousand francs a month." The Emperor blushes, and asks with embarrassment : " How do you know that ? "
King Murat and Marshal Ney are both shot after court martial. Their master accepts their fate with soldierly fortitude. His only annoyance is that Murat should have been such a fool as to land in Calabria. He bears his brother-in-law no grudge. Even Marmont, who lives happily under the Bourbons, comes in for no more reproach than : " I am sorry for Marmont; I was really fond of him. He's not a bad fellow. They appealed to him through his feelings. He fancied he was to be saviour of his country, and behaved like a madman. He would have done better to shoot himself. . . . Human nature is weak."
And yet it is precisely Marmont who stifles every movement which might be of advantage to the exile. Murmurings against the Bourbon ruler spread throughout the land. But when, once more, the emigres and the members of the new nobility are placed in great positions, notwithstanding their lack of qualifications for such posts, and a Richelieu is given high office in spite of his long absence from France and his ignorance of French affairs; when Lafayette, the veteran fighter for liberty, becomes leader of the proletariat and makes ready for a new revolution, gathering his forces in the clubs and even in the schools, and preparing among the troops " the men of the coming day," to clear out the Bourbons, who can only maintain
Stirrings of Hope
their position by the aid of foreign armies ; when the radical provinces, eager to flaunt the tricolour cockade, rally in support of Napoleon II.—it is Marmont, Bonaparte's eldest comrade, who crushes the movement, and thereafter becomes minister.
The Emperor composedly reads that Louis XVIII. has dissolved the Chambers because many of the members favour Orleans or Napoleon. Executions for treason are the order of the day. But who is the most trusted associate of the Bourbon ? A little nobody of a Corsican, whom Letizia once upon a time had made her private secretary—a sinecure job created to provide the man with a livelihood. Since all these events take place during the first year, the Emperor is filled with hope, and meditates upon the chances af a fresh revolution.
" What a cruel decree of fate that just at this moment I should be held prisoner! Who is there to set himself at the head of things ? Who will be there to save thousands of the bravest from the scaffold ? " He stays alone in his room until the morrow, when he speaks absently of Elba. Soon stranger ships heave in si
ght, the prisoner counts the shots. What is happening ? The Emperor sends his friends to gather tidings ; they hear nothing ; but hope is strong. " What children we are, to be sure," he exclaims next day. " And I, instead of giving a good example, am no better than the rest of you. Were I in America, I should think of nothing but my garden."
Nevertheless, he would not have gone to America. He owns as much when he says : " If I were in America with Joseph, instead of suffering here, nobody would ever think of me, and my cause would be lost. I may have another fifteen years of life, but I am doomed to die here—unless France should summon me."
These hopes are not unfounded. England considers it wise to increase the garrison from two hundred men to three thousand, in order to keep guard on one individual, although the cost of the troops in St. Helena is £320,000 a year. Still, there are possibilities, for the soldiers are whole-heartedly on his side. On
Plans for a Rescue
one occasion six officers were arrested. They had come from Rio de Janeiro, and had planned to get the Emperor away in a kind of submarine. Again, two captains, travellers to India on a ship which has touched at the island, make him proposals for an escape: Napoleon listens attentively, but decides not to accept. On a third occasion, Montholon breaks in on the Emperor while he is at work with Gourgaud to remind his master that the passport of a certain individual expires in an hour's time and a decision must be made. Montholon writes : "It had been proposed to take the Emperor to America for the sum of one million francs payable on landing. The Emperor's word would suffice. Unfortunately I may not divulge any more of the scheme, lest I expose the originator, for whose loyalty to the Emperor we must be eternally grateful. The Emperor listened to me, and considered all I had to say: he paced to and fro several times in silence, asked Gourgaud and myself for our opinions. He took no part in the discussion. In the end, he said : ' You must decline the offer.'"
There he stands, he has not been captive a year as yet, passably well in health, athirst for action, goaded by the pinpricks of a mighty government and a puny governor. Before him opens out the possibility of escape, escape with the aid of English officers. The fact that risk is attached does not alarm one who is used to bold enterprises. There he is, dictating the story of his youth, when suddenly, at the end of his career, a friend makes proposals that are certainly not cobwebs of the brain. Napoleon is silent, he questions, he is silent again. Then : " You must decline the offer." Why ?
Because France is once more in a state of unrest, and so he decides to stay where he is. He is so sure of a change of feeling among the people that, later, when a ship is sighted and signals to the station, the Emperor says : " Perhaps the vessel brings news of my recall. If the prince regent dies, the young queen will summon me to England. She was always against my being sent to St. Helena." When, on the outbreak of fresh revolts in
Price of Martyrdom
Paris, his companions mention the possibility of France demanding his return, he concedes the point, adding:
" But what can they hope from my return ? That I should again .conduct wars ? I am too old. That I should seek for fresh glories ? I am sated with them. ... It will be much better for my son that I should stay here. If Christ had not died upon the cross, he would not have become the Son of God. My martyrdom will give the crown back to my son, if he lives."
Napoleon's feeling for the dynasty is as deep as ever. His preoccupation with the thought of founding a line overpowers, in his maturer years, his impulse to action, to adventure, and even to win fame.
Though he is inspired with these lofty moods of hope and heroical renunciation, nevertheless despondency overwhelms him at times; then he becomes greatly depressed, and the most trifling upset in the household will seem an intolerable burden. When Bertrand stays away from dinner in a pet, the Emperor is out of sorts for days : " I know that I have fallen from my high estate, but that one of my nearest companions should rub it in is dreadful. ..." He groans. Las Cases offers to intervene. " No, I forbid it. I had to say that much. But now all is forgotten and I shall behave as though I had noticed nothing." If travellers should wish to see him on such days, he refuses, saying: " Tell them, dead men do not receive visitors." Occasionally Napoleon broods alone for the whole evening, sends at last for one of his companions, says a word or two, and dismisses him.
A quarrel arises between Montholon and Gourgaud as to whose room shall be furnished first, the Emperor has to mediate, the countess weeps, the Emperor proposes a game of chess. Dinner. A reading from the Book of Esther. Sometimes these scenes verge on the grotesque : a cow has escaped, the Emperor shows his vexation, Gourgaud sits glum throughout dinner because he is responsible for the cow, and is feeling aggrieved by his master's anger. After dinner, the Emperor speaks of Islam
Hours of Gloom
and his preferences for the Mohammedan faith, then passes to a discussion of the trinity; finally he withdraws, making painful attempts to conceal his angry mood and muttering between his teeth : " Moscow ! Five hundred thousand men ! "
Gourgaud, who has left him overnight in an agreeable state of excitement, finds him next day in a gloomy temper : " What sort of an education will they give my son ? Will they teach him to loathe his father ? Hateful thought! " When Las Cases, who has copied out the chapter on Waterloo, deplores that victory should have been snatched from the Emperor's grasp, Napoleon makes no reply, but says to Las Cases' son, in a voice which seems to come from a great distance : " My lad, go and fetch Iphigenia in Aulis; that will do us good." Or he has Racine's Andromache read to him.
I am come to the place where my son
lies captive: for one moment only,
allow my tears to flow with his!
This is all that is left to me
of Hector and of Troy. Permit me, Lord,
to visit him once on every day. . . .
But the Emperor breaks in on the reading with the cry : " Enough ! Leave me ; I would be alone ! "
XIV
With the growing inactivity and boredom, the moods of this tortured heart become more and more agonising; this many-toned instrument can no longer be controlled; discords arise.
He has been an emperor ! How can he cease to play the part to which the society of a handful of courtiers and the degrading mockery of the enemy constrain him ? In order to protest against the use of the title of general and against the illegality of his captivity, he drives out, at first, in full imperial grandeur, his carriage drawn by six horses, and an equerry in uniforin riding at each door. His companions appear before him in general's
Etiquette and Parody
uniform or in court dress ; no one opens conversation uninvited; when he takes his walks in the garden his suite does not approach till he gives a sign ; visits are announced by an adjutant general, booted, and wearing a sword. When Gourgaud rises as Countess Montholon enters the room, he is reproved for this breach of etiquette.
Meanwhile he makes fun of the whole thing, mockingly calls Gourgaud " my grand master of the horse," or announces at table : " I have been anointed by the pope ; thereby I have become a bishop, and have the power to consecrate you as priests." When he teases his friends about their all being in the
" Dictionary of Weathercocks," whose pages he is at the moment fluttering, Gourgaud ventures to say that the Emperor himself deserves a place in it. " Oh ; and pray why ? "
" Because you first of all recognised the republic, Sire, and yet, later, you wore the crown."
" You are right. Oh, well, the Empire was certainly the best of the republics ! "
At the feast of Epiphany, he has a cake made for the children. Then he crowns little Napoleon Bertrand as king. When he is informed that there has been a complaint from the governor about the expenses of his household, and that, now that the price of meat has risen to forty sous, they must be more moderate in their consumption, he turns the matter off with a laugh, saying: " Parbleu ! You might have answered that it costs us more than a crown."
Never befor
e has so much self-control been forced on him. Impassively he reads Lowe's answer to a statement of grievances from Bertrand, who had said something about " the Emperor." The governor writes that he is not aware of the presence of any emperor on the island.—The prisoner asks Gourgaud to order his horse to be saddled. Gourgaud replies that he has not seen the animal for three days, since the blacksmith insists on being paid three napoleons before he will send it back. The Emperor masters his anger, and says nothing more
Considerateness
at the time; but next day he bursts out at Gourgaud : " Why did you insult me by talking to me about the blacksmith's bill ? " The day before, by a superhuman effort, he had managed to restrain his wrath, but by the torturing thoughts of the intervening hours his pride had been broken. The adjutant's sullen reply had disturbed the Emperor's equanimity quite as much as Austria's desertion had done in earlier years.
A soldier and a southron, he is choked sometimes by the passion for vengeance. On one occasion, when uneatable meat is served at dinner, he contents himself with the remark : "I should trouble little about myself, if I could only feel sure that some day our humiliations would be proclaimed to the world, so that those who are responsible for them would be covered with shame ! "
With a sublimity of spirit which grows in him now, he tries to moderate the natural rebelliousness of his disposition : " I am living here under a weight, so to speak; a weight which compresses the spring, but does not break it. Resignation— that is the dominion of reason, the real triumph of the soul." This masterful man does his utmost to regulate his own conduct in accordance with the foregoing axiom. Subsequently he says : " Misfortune has its good side; it teaches us truths. . . . For the first time, I am able to contemplate history as a philosopher."
For the first time, too, he is able to contemplate the present with a tranquil mind. During the early weeks of his stay on the island, when he was out walking with a pretty young Englishwoman, he conversed with her agreeably about various topics : how the climate was bad for the complexion; Ossian ; the plantations. At this moment some negro slaves carrying heavy boxes crossed the path, and the lady called to them imperiously : " Get out of the way ! "
