15 King Edward only gave forty marks to the messenger who brought the news from Knaresborough, about one-third of what he gifted to the messenger who had delivered the news of the successful birth of little Jan III of Brabant, and only one-quarter of the gift he gave on learning of the birth of Gilbert de Clare: Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1301–7, p. 176; Green, Lives of the Princesses, iii, p. 42.
Much confusion has surrounded the birth dates of Elizabeth’s children. Strong evidence for Humphrey’s birth and death can be found in the surviving accounts of Elizabeth’s household from November 1303 to November 1304, which detail the September loan of the Girdle of the Virgin at Knaresborough and her October purification, as well as the funeral proceedings for baby Humphrey in October and November of that year: Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, ed. Ward, pp. 68–9.
For the date of Humphrey’s death, see the Bohun manuscript genealogy, which gives 10 September 1304: Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, vi, p. 135.
16 A manuscript genealogy associated with Llanthony Priory recounts the pedigree of the Bohun family (founders of the priory); of Margaret, it records only that she ‘died young’: Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, vi, p. 135. For the effects of Katherine’s death on her parents, see Chronica Majora, v, pp. 632, 643.
17 Edward’s role in caring for his grandchildren in Bar is made clear in a letter of October 1302, in which he wrote to the nobles of Bar to ratify the list of guardians by whose hands the county would be governed until his grandson and namesake, Count Edward, reached his majority: Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1301–7, p. 66.
18 The monument is described in The History and Antiquities of the Abbey Church of St Peter: Westminster, ed. W.E. Brayley (London, 1818–23), ii, pp. 182–3.
XV. OPULENCE
1 For Edward’s requirement that Mary remain in England, see Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1301–7, p. 327.
2 For the king’s allowances made to Mary, see ibid, pp. 262, 269, 280.
3 For enhancements to Mary’s income and provision for her chamber, see ibid, pp. 52, 325, 342; Calendar of Close Rolls, 1302–7, pp. 416–7.
4 Mary’s furnishings, jewels, and foods are mentioned in Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, pp. 422, 424, 429.
5 For Mary’s appointment to visit the other English houses within the order of Fontevrault, see ibid, p. 424.
6 Green details Mary’s expenditure while on pilgrimage or travelling to court in ibid, pp. 423, 427.
7 For Prince Edward’s gambling, see Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, p. 86. For Mary’s gambling loss of borrowed money, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 434.
8 For Eleanor’s furnishings and foods, see Cockerill, Eleanor of Castile, pp. 230–3; Parsons, Eleanor of Castile, pp. 51–4. Matthew Paris’s criticism of the queen’s chambers appears in his Chronica Majora, v, pp. 513–4. See also Paul Binski, The Painted Chamber at Westminster (London, 1986).
9 See surviving copies of the work: BL Arundel MS 56; Trivet, Annales sex regum.
10 For a description of Clare Castle, see David Hatton, Clare, Suffolk, an account of historical features of the town, its Priory and its Parish Church (Clare, 1994), i, pp. 28–9.
11 For Margaret’s role in building the castle, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, pp. 389–90.
12 Prince Edward’s letters to his sister are preserved in Letters of Edward Prince of Wales, ed. Johnstone, pp. 116, 133. For the prince’s love of music, see Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, pp. 64–5. For the king’s livery worn by Elizabeth’s household, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, iii, p. 48.
13 For the marriage between John de Warenne and Joanna of Bar, see Calendar of Close Rolls, 1302–7, p. 321.
14 On chansons des nonnes, and for the quotation, see Lisa Colton, ‘The Articulation of Virginity in the Medieval “Chanson de nonne”’, Journal of the Royal Musical Association, 133, no. 2 (2008), pp. 159–88 (184). On the theme of nuns breaking their vows of chastity or even becoming apostate, see Power, Medieval English Nunneries, Chapter 11, and for the scandal at Amesbury, p. 445; for Bale’s comment on the nuns of St Radegund’s, see The Biographical Dictionary; Or, Complete Historic Library: Containing the Lives of the Most Celebrated Personages of Great Britain and Ireland, Whether Admirals, Generals, Poets, Statesmen, Philosophers, Or Divines (London, 1780), p. 31.
15 For the date of John de Bohun’s birth, see Calendar of Close Rolls, 1327–30, p. 26. Cf. G.E.C. Cokayne, The Complete Peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, Great Britain and the United Kindom (London, 1887–9), vi, p. 470, which gives his birth date in 1306. For the ongoing efforts at claiming Elizabeth’s dower during this period, see Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1301–7, pp. 13, 63, 102, 111, 130, 215, 330.
16 For Edward’s forgiving of Joanna’s debts, see Altshul, A Baronial Family, pp. 158–9; Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1301–7, p. 308.
XVI. THE STORM APPROACHES
1 For Higden’s description of Prince Edward, see Polychronicon Ranulphi Higden, monachi Cestrensis, ed. J.R. Lumby, 9 vols, (Kraus reprint, Wiesbaden, 1964), viii, p. 298.
2 For the prince’s letters on this occasion, see Letters of Edward Prince of Wales, ed. Johnstone, pp. 60–1, p. 74.
3 For correspondence related to his sisters’ efforts to support Prince Edward in his argument with their father, see ibid, pp. 70, 73 (the Gilbert de Clare mentioned in this letter was a cousin of Joanna’s first husband and should not be confused with her son of the same name); Green, Lives of the Princesses, iii, p. 46 and appendix III. Queen Marguerite’s intercession is recorded in Calendar of Close Rolls, 1302–7, p. 342.
4 For Joanna’s new year’s gift from her father, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 354.
5 For the Earl of Atholl’s execution, see Prestwich, Edward I, p. 508.
6 For the weavers’ revolt, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 397.
7 For the capture and subsequent treatment of the Scottish ladies, see Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, pp. 114–5; Prestwich, Edward I, pp. 508–9.
8 For the women’s period of residency at Winchester, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, iii, p. 48. For Joanna of Bar’s travel to England to marry and the king’s efforts to secure her brother’s future, see Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1301–7, p. 386; Calendar of Close Rolls, 1302–7, pp. 321, 436–7, 443–4.
9 For the king’s grants and gifts to Eleanor de Clare, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 353 n6; Calendar of Close Rolls, 1302–7, p. 443.
10 For Marguerite’s delivery date, and her presence at the Feast of the Swans three weeks later, see John Carmi Parsons, ‘Margaret [Margaret of France]’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. For the attendance of Joanna’s children at the Feast, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 353 n6. On the 1306 tax raised, see Prestwich, Edward I, pp. 529–30. For contemporary descriptions of the ceremony and its preparations, see Paris, Flores Historiarum, iii, pp. 131–2; see also the Annales Londonienses in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ed. William Stubbs, (Kraus reprint, Nendeln, 1965), i, p. 146; Chronicle of Langtoft, pp. 368–9; Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, pp. 367–8. See also Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, p. 108.
11 For a description of a knighting ceremony and its rituals, see Maurice Keen, Chivalry (New Haven, 1984), pp. 64–5.
12 For a list of some of the minstrels present, including Poveret, who sang at Joanna’s first wedding sixteen years earlier, see Chambers, The Mediaeval Stage, Appendix D.
13 For Edward’s grants to his children by Margaret, see Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1302–7, p. 460.
14 For Mary’s pilgrimage, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, pp. 426–7. For the capture of Lochmaben, see Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, p. 112.
XVII. DEATH RETURNS
1 For Edward’s final illness, see Prestwich, Edward I, p. 556. On the desertion of men including Humphrey de Bohun, see Calendar of Fine Rolls, 1272–1307, pp. 543–4; Johnstone, Edward of Carnarvon, pp. 115–6. For Marguerite’s intercession on the desert
ers’ behalf, see Calendar of Close Rolls, 1302–7, pp. 481–2. The king’s frustration at the slow pace of progress is recorded, ibid, p. 524.
2 Guisborough’s account of the king’s anger at his son can be found in Chronicle of Walter of Guisborough, pp. 382–3. Gaveston’s payoff is recorded in Foedera, i, p. 1010.
3 For notice of Joanna’s death, see Paris, Flores Historiarum, iii, p. 329. For the date, see the calendar of the Alphonso Psalter, BL MS Add 24686, f. 6v. The minstrel she sent to Cumbria is noted in the account of the king’s Treasurer for 1306–7, preserved as British Library Additional MS 22923, f. 14v. Joanna and Ralph’s search for additional funds can be seen in Calendar of Close Rolls, 1302–7, pp. 495–6.
4 The king’s orders on behalf of Joanna’s soul are recorded in Foedera, i, pp. 1013, 1016. See also Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 355.
5 For Joanna’s burial at Stoke Clare, see Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, vi, pp. 1599–1600.
6 For Edward’s order to send men from Glamorgan to fight in Scotland, see Calendar of Patent Rolls, 1301–7, p. 526.
7 For Edward’s grant of manors from the Clare estate to Mary, see ibid, p. 530. See for the grant to Ralph, ibid, p. 534.
8 For an account of Mary and Marguerite’s journey, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 430.
XVIII. ANOTHER CORONATION
1 For the installation of Gaveston as Regent see Foedera, conventiones, literæ, et cujuscunque generis acta publica, 3rd edn (London, 1744) i, pt 4, p. 106.
2 For Edward’s efforts to help secure Elizabeth’s dower, and the reconfirmation of both her and Mary’s lands, see ibid, pp. 95, 97, 99. For the tournament at Wallingford, see Vita Edwardi Secundi: The Life of Edward the Second, ed. Wendy R. Childs (Oxford, 2005), pp. 6–7.
3 For Margaret and Edward’s renewed relationship, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 395.
4 For the list of those women summoned to welcome Isabella at Dover, see Foedera, 3rd edn, i, pt 4, p. 110.
5 A contemporary account of nobles’ reaction to Piers’ investment as Regent can be found in Vita Edwardi Secundi, ed. Childs, pp. 8–9.
6 For a contemporary account of the coronation, see Annales Paulini in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, i, ed. Stubbs, i,pp. 258–62; see also Foedera, i pt 2, 3rd edn, p. 92.
7 The quotation can be found in Paris, Flores Historiarum, iii, p. 229. On the centrality of clothing to medieval ritual performance, see Gilchrist, Medieval Life, Chapter 3.
8 For Gaveston’s nicknaming of Gilbert de Clare, see Chronicles of the Mayor and Sheriffs of London, A.D. 1188 to A.D. 1274, ed. Henry Thomas Riley (London 1863), p. 250 and nl. Some of the other insulting nicknames bestowed on noblemen by Piers Gaveston are recorded in Historia Anglicana, ed. Henry Thomas Riley, 2 vols, (Kraus reprint, Wiesbaden, 1965), i, 115. For the increasing resistance to Piers, see Gesta Edwardi de Carnarvan auctore canonico Bridlingtoniensi in Chronicles of the Reigns of Edward I and Edward II, ii, ed. William Stubbs (Kraus reprint, Wiesbaden, 1965), p. 33.
9 The songs are preserved in Cambridge University Library MS Gg.1.1 f. 489; and in a miscellany of secular and religious lyrics (the ‘Harley Lyrics’) preserved in British Library Harley MS 2253, f. 73. For the cleric’s view, see ed. F.C. Hingeston-Randolph, The Register of Walter de Stapledon, Bishop of Exeter 1307–1326 (London, 1892), pp. 11–2.
EPILOGUE
1 For Mary’s time at Swainston, see Green, Lives of the Princesses, ii, p. 433.
2 For the ongoing relationship between Elizabeth and Marguerite, see the terms agreeing the wedding of Margaret de Bohun and Hugh de Courtenay, heir to the Earl of Devon, in which the dowager queen was named first among the party: Women of the English Nobility and Gentry, ed. Ward, pp. 29–30. The reuse of names – as in Elizabeth’s second Humphrey and second Margaret – after the infant deaths of children was a common practice in medieval England. The births of her sons and some of her daughters are recorded in manuscripts associated with Walden Abbey, transcribed in Dugdale, Monasticon Anglicanum, iv, 139–40.
Select Bibliography
MANUSCRIPT AND ARCHIVAL SOURCES
British Library:
Additional MS 7965
Additional MS 7966
Additional MS 22923
Additional MS 24686
Additional MS 35291
Additional MS 36762
Arundel MS 56
Cotton Nero C. v.
Cotton Vespasian B XI
Harley MS 2253
Cambridge Fitzwilliam Museum MS McClean 123
Cambridge University Library:
Ee.3.59
Gg.1.1
National Archives:
Special Collections 1/30/3
Special Collections 6/1247/25
E 101/350/18
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