19 M. S. Vorontsov’s Family Archive, Orders of H. E. Prince GAPT regarding Foundation of Tavrichesky Region p 313 no 159, 3 December 1784.
20 ZOOID 15 (1889): 678–80. E. A. Zagorovsky, Potemkin’s Economic Policy in New Russia (reprinted in KNDKO vol 2, 1926) p 6. Shterich and mining engineer Gayskop were ordered to seek bituminous cola in 1790 around Lugansk and North Donetz. A nobleman named Falkenberger was employed by Tauris Region for his specialist knowledge on mining. RGADA 16.689.1.50. See also RGADA 11.869.134, A. A. Viazemsky to GAP on mining prospects in Crimea and Caucasus 12 September 1783.
21 RGADA 16.799.1.35, GAP to CII.
22 AAE 10: 206, Observations sur l’état actuel de la Crimée, Ségur to Vergennes, unpublished.
23 Guthrie letter LXI p 195. In another example of his sponsoring new industries, GAP aided and established a Greek artisan named Pavel Aslan in Taganrog in 1780 because he knew the secret of making a special form of brocade. SIRIO 27: 257–8. Druzhinina, Severnoye prichernomorye p 84. Bruess, pp 130–1.
24 RGADA 16.799.1.35, L 210, GAP to CII. RGADA 5.85.1.498, L 203, GAP to CII ud.
25 RGADA 11.946.201, Joseph Banq to GAP 14 October 1781, Astrakhan. RGADA 11.946.207, Banq to GAP 16 April 1782, Astrakhan. RGADA 11.946.208, Banq to GAP 10 May 1783, Kherson. RGADA 11.946.203, Banq to GAP 31 October 1783, Soudak. RGADA 11.946.204, Banq to GAP 14 January 1784. RGADA 11.946.220, Banq to GAP, Karasubazaar 26 April 1785. RGADA 11.946.226, Banq to GAP 15 January 1787, Soudak. All unpublished.
26 ZOOID 9 (1875): p 254.
27 RGVIA 271.1.33.1, Banq to GAP 25 September 1783, Soudak, unpublished.
28 Tavricheskiy Gubernskiye Vedomosti 5. GAOO 150.1.23.10, GAP to Kahovsky re Banq. RGADA 11.946.226, Banq to GAP 15 January 1787, Soudak. Banq’s replacement was the Frenchman Jacob Fabre. unpublished.
29 AAE 10: 206, Observations sur l’état actuel de la Crimée, Ségur to Vergennes. Guthrie letter XL p 130.
30 ZOOID 4: 369, GAP to Faleev 13 October 1789, Akkerman (Belgrade-on-Dniester).
31 PSZ 20: 520–1, 24 April 1777.
32 PSZ 21: 784, 22 December 1782.
33 Bartlett p 120. RGADA 11.869.73, 5 August 1786 Viazemsky offers GAP 30,307 settlers (male and female) for Caucasus (or possibly Ekaterinoslav). P. S. Potemkin governed the region from 1 July 1783. Russkiy Biographicheskiy Slovar vol 14 (1904).
34 On Chechen religion: author’s visit to Grozny, Chechnya 1994. Marie Bennigsen Broxup (ed) The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance towards the Moslem World: see ‘Circassian Resistance to Russia’ by Paul B. Henze p 75. Baddeley pp 40–50. Russkiy Biographicheskiy Slovar vol 14 on Count P. S. Potemkin. When GAP ordered Colonel Pieri to use the Astrakhan Regiment to eliminate Mansour, Pieri and 600 of his men were ambushed and slaughtered. See also Ségur on the Chechens and the Caucasian war in his Mémoires (1826) vol 2.
35 Anspach, Journey p 155, 9 March 1786, Kherson. Miranda p 247, 27 January 1787.
36 Author’s visits to Crimea, St Petersburg and Dniepropetrovsk 1998. J. C. Loudon (ed), Encyclopaedia of Gardening p 52. RGADA 11.950.5.234, William Gould to GAP, unpublished. Dornberg p 69.
37 Author’s visit to Karasubazaar/Alupka in Crimea 1998. Anna Abramova Galichenka, Alupka Museum. Miranda p 234, 9 January 1787.
38 Kruchkov p 164. Author’s visit to Nikolaev 1998. RGVIA 52.2.2.22–33, GAP to Starov 26 May 1790.
39 PRO FO Secretary of State: State Papers, Foreign, cyphers SP106/67, Fawkener to Grenville 18 June 1791, St Petersburg, unpublished.
40 The first population figures are from Kabuzan p 164. The second are from Druzhinina, pp 150–5, 160–5, and 200. Druzhinina is the most authoritative historian of Potemkin’s southern settlements. The quotation is from McNeill p 200. McNeill also quotes Kabuzan’s statistics.
41 Ségur, Memoirs 1859 vol 2 p 43.
42 McNeill p 202.
43 ITUAK (1919) no 56 pp 127–30. G. Vernadsky, Prince G. A. Potemkin’s poetry dedicated to the foundations of Ekaterinoslav.
CHAPTER 20: ANGLOMANIA: THE BENTHAMS IN RUSSIA AND THE EMPEROR OF GARDENS
1 Jeremy Bentham, Collected Works ed Sir J. Bowring vol 10 p 171, George Wilson to JB 26 February 1787.
2 I. R. Christie, The Benthams in Russia pp 1–10.
3 BM 33558 f3, SB to? 1 August 1780. M. S. Bentham pp 67–8. Some of these documents from the Bentham archive in the British Museum are fully or partly unpublished, though others or sections of them appear in one or more of the Collected Works of Jeremy Bentham, Sir Samuel Bentham’s biography (by his widow), and the outstanding articles and books by I. R. Christie, such as his work The Benthams in Russia. Therefore, though this author has returned to the original papers in the BM, only the Bentham documents found in the Russian archives, RGADA or RGVIA, are labelled unpublished. This account owes much to I. R. Christie.
4 BM 33555 f65, SB to JB 7 January 1783.
5 BM 33539 f60, S. Pleshichev to JB 21 June 1780.
6 BM 33539 ff289–94, SB to JB 16 June 1782, Irkutsk.
7 BM 33539 f39, SB to JB? 8 April 1780.
8 BM 33564 f31, SB’s diary 1783–4.
9 BM 33558 f100, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 1 June 1783; f77, SB to JB ud; ff 102–4, SB to Field-Marshal Prince A. M. Golitsyn 23 March 1783; ff 108–9, SB to Countess Sophia Matushkina and, f 114, she to him 2/13 May 1783. BM 33540 f7, SB to JB? 20 January 1784.
10 BM 33540 f6, SB to JB 20 January 1784; ff 17–18, SB to JB 22 January OS 1784. BM 33540 f 7–12, SB to JB 20/31 January–2 February 1784 and 6/17–9/20 March 1784.
11 BM 33564 f30, SB’s undated diary, March 1784.
12 Jeremy Bentham, Correspondence p 279, SB to JB 10/21 June–20 June/1 July 1784.
13 BM 33540 f88, SB to? 18 July 1784. M. S. Bentham pp 74–7, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 18 July 1784.
14 Christie, Benthams in Russia pp 122–6. Druzhinina, Severnoye prichernomorye p 148.
15 BM 33540 ff 87–9, SB to Jeremiah Bentham? 18 July 1784, Krichev.
16 CO/R/3/93 Cornwall Archives, Antony, Reginald Pole Carew 4/15 June 1781. CO/R/3/10.1, Pole Carew’s plans for GAP’s estates on the Dnieper, including the island of Chartyz, where he wanted to build some sort of town or settlement, are in GAP’s archives: RGADA 11.900.3/4/5, Pole Carew to GAP 30 March 1782 and 13/24 August 1781. All of these, in Russia and Cornwall, are unpublished. Pole Carew’s experiences in Russia are fascinating and ought to be published.
17 BM 33540 ff87–9, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 18 July 1784, Krichev.
18 M. S. Bentham p 77, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 18 July 1784.
19 Christie, Benthams in Russia pp 127–8. BM 33540 f216, SB to JB.
20 BM 33558 f383, A. Beaty to Thomas Watton. 18 February/1 March 1786.
21 BM 33540 f99, SB to JB 26 August–6 September 1784.
22 BM 33540 f108, GAP to SB 17 August 1784, Tsarskoe Selo.
23 BM 33540 f108, GAP to SB 10 September 1784, St Petersburg.
24 RGADA 11.946.183, SB to GAP 3 March 1786.
25 BM 33540 f237, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 6 January 1786.
26 BM 33540 ff 380–2, JB to Jeremiah Bentham 2/14 June 1787.
27 BM 33540 ff87–9, SB to Jeremiah Bentham? 18 July 1784, Krichev.
28 BM 33540, GAP to SB 10 September 1785, St Petersburg.
29 M. S. Bentham p 79.
30 Christie, Benthams in Russia p 132.
31 RGADA 11.946.132–4, SB to GAP 18 July 1784, Krichev, unpublished.
32 Ségur, Memoirs 1960 p 71.
33 BM 33540 f70–78, SB to JB 10/12 June–20/1 July 1784.
34 BM 33540 f147, 30 March/10 April 1785.
35 BM 33540, SB to JB June 1784.
36 BM 33540 f68, SB to JB 19 June 1784, Kremenchuk.
37 BM 33540 f94, SB to JB 18 July 1784.
38 BM 33540 f235, Jeremiah Bentham 2 November 1784.
39 BM 33540 f306, Marquess of Lansdowne to Jeremiah Bentham 1 September 1788.
40 RGADA 11.946.141–2, JB to GAP 27 August 1785. RGADA 11.946.186–210. JB to GAP February 1785. These are partly unpublished.
41 BM 33540 ff151–2, SB to JB 27 March 1785.
42 BM 33540 f160, Robert Hynam to JB 10 May 1785.
43 BM 33540 f258, JB to? 9 May/28 April 1786.
44 SIRIO 23: 157.
45 Dimsdale p 51, 7 September NS 1781.
46 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva, pp 267–70, 274–6, 284. This account of GAP’s gardeners owes much to Anthony Cross, By the Banks of the Neva. The delightful story of the roast beef is from Coxe’s Travels (5th edn), quoted by Cross at p 410 n 163.
47 RGIA 1146.1.33, unpublished. See note 49.
48 Anna Abramova Galichenka, Alupka Museum. Author’s visit to Crimea 1998.
49 RGIA 1146.1.33, unpublished. On Gould’s movements and projects in Astrakhan, Ukraine, Nikolaev and Crimea, see Cross, By the Banks of the Neva p 275. Call must have been Martin Miller Call, one of the three gardeners recruited by CtG from the Duke of Northumberland. Call only left for Russia in 1792 and worked in the Taurida Garden. Cross, By the Banks of the Neva p 285. Elisabeth Vigée Lebrun was one of the many who likened Potemkin’s ‘magnificence’ to the Arabian Nights and acclaimed ‘the power and grandeur of his imagination’. Vigée Lebrun pp 23–4.
50 RGADA 11.891.1, Prince Belozelsky to GAP 9/20 July 1780, unpublished.
51 RGADA 11.923.8, H to GAP 15 June 1784, London, unpublished.
52 RGADA 11.923.5, H to GAP 4 June 1784, unpublished. RGVIA 52.2.89.91, Lord Carysfort to GAP 12 July 1789, London. unpublished. Sir Joshua Reynolds to GAP 4 August 1789, quoted in ‘Sir Joshua and the Empress Catherine’ by Frederick W. Hilles pp 270–3 in Eighteenth Century Studies in Honor of Donald F. Hyde. Cross, By the Banks of the Neva pp 321–3.
53 Author’s visit to Hermitage Museum, W. Europe Dept, Maria P. Garnova, 1998.
54 B&F vol 1 p 115, Count Cobenzl to JII 4 February 1781; p 265, Cobenzl to JII 4 December 1781; p 278, JII to Cobenzl 27 December 1781. Brompton’s most famous painting is his dreamy portrayal of the two young Grand Dukes, Alexander and Constantine – it was, as Anthony Cross writes in his By the Banks of the Neva p 310, ‘the realisation of her “Greek Project” with her little grandsons in the starring roles of a future Alexander the Great and a Constantine the Great’. (The Bromptons named one of their children Alexander Constantine.) One of his paintings of the Empress must have been sent to Vienna, but its destiny is unknown.
55 RGADA 11.946.119–23, Richard Brompton to GAP 21 June 1782, Tsarskoe Selo, unpublished.
56 Cross, By the Banks of the Neva pp 309–10. Bentham quoted in Cross p 310.
57 Ségur, Mémoires (1826) vol 2 p 341. Also Lincolnshire Archives Office, Lincoln, Yarborough Collection, Worsley MS no 24 f205 quoted in Cross, By the Banks of the Neva pp 357–8. Worsley was one of the English gentlemen who now included Petersburg in their Grand Tours. He met Lady Craven, Prince Pavel Dashkov and the Benthams. In Ségur’s story, Potemkin and Catherine were closeted for one hour, but Worsley says two.
58 BM 33540 f168, Landsdowne to JB ud.
59 BM 33540 ff196, 199, 201, 219, 226, 232, 240, 256, JB’s trip to Krichev September 1785–January 1786.
60 BM 33540 f163, 18/29 June 1785.
61 Miranda pp 234–5, 9 January 1787. Druzhinina, Severnoye prichernomorye p 136n. Christie, Benthams in Russia p 148.
62 BM 33540 f163, SB to JB 10 June 1785.
63 BM 33540 ff318–21, JB to Christian Trompovsky 18/29 December 1786.
64 BM 33540 f339, JB to SB February 1787.
65 BM 33540 f432, JB to Charles Whitworth ud.
66 BM 33540 f31, 19/30 December 1786.
67 BM 33540 f151, JB to Jeremiah Bentham 27 March 1785.
68 BM 33540 f64, SB to Reginald Pole Carew 18 June 1784, Kremenchuk.
69 Christie, Benthams in Russia pp 166.
70 E. P. Zakalinskaya, Votchinye khozyaystva Mogilevskoy gubernii vo vtoroy polovinye XVIII veka pp 37, 41–3. See I. R. Christie, ‘Samuel Bentham and the Western Colony at Krichev’ p 140–50.
71 BM 33558 ff422–3, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 14/25 February 1788, Elisabethgrad.
72 Jeremy Bentham, Correspondence vol 3 p 443, JB to Jeremiah Bentham 28 April/9 May 1785.
73 BM 33540 f296, JB to Prince Dashkov 19 July 1786.
74 Soloveytchik, Potemkin.
75 Jeremy Bentham, Correspondence vol 3 pp 599–611, Diary of JB’s Departure.
76 Zakalinskaya pp 37, 41–3. Christie, Benthams in Russia p 206. Christie, ‘Samuel Bentham at Krichev’ p 197.
77 Lincolnshire Archives Office, Lincoln, Yarborough Collection, Worsley MS 24 pp 182–4. Sir Richard Worsley also met Lady Craven and was, like Samuel Bentham, friends with Prince Pavel Dashkov. Cross, By the Banks of the Neva pp 357–8.
78 BM 33540 f88, SB to JB 18 July 1784.
CHAPTER 21: THE WHITE NEGRO
1 SIRIO 23 (1878): 319, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 14 September 1784. Masson p 107. Alexander, CtG pp 216–19, and Madariaga, Russia pp 354–6.
2 Parkinson pp 45–9. Dashkova pp 215, 229–30. RA (1886) no 3 pp 244–5, Iz zapisok doctora Veikarta. Masson p 107.
3 SIRIO 26: 280–1, A. A. Bezborodko to GAP 29 June 1784.
4 SIRIO 23 (1878): 244, CII to Grimm 29 June 1782, and SIRIO 23: 316–17, 7/18 June 1784.
5 SIRIO 23: 316–17, CII to Grimm 25 June 1784.
6 SIRIO 23: 344.
7 AKV 21: letter 6 p 464, E. Poliasky to Simon Vorontsov 18 August 1784. SIRIO 23: 317–18, CII to Grimm 9/18 September 1784. AKV 31, Alexander Vorontsov to Simon Vorontsov 21 July 1784, Riga.
8 B&F vol 1 p 17, Count Cobenzl to JII 5 May NS 1780.
9 Harris p 366, H to Viscount Stormont 14/25 May 1781.
10 Harris, H to Stormont 21 July/1 August 1780.
11 RGADA 1.1/1.54.45, L 203, CII to GAP. RGADA 5.85.1.498, L 204, GAP to CII.
12 RGADA 1.1/1.43.63, L 204.
13 Engelhardt 1868 p 49.
14 Saint-Jean ch 6 pp 40–8.
15 SIRIO 23: CII to Grimm 31 August 1781. It was at this time that Catherine is said to have had the short affair with Semyon Fyodorovich Uvarov, the Guards officer who entertained GAP by playing his bandore and dancing the prisiadka. However, if true, this short interlude led to nothing and Uvarov returned to his respectable career in the Guards. For an example of this story, see Vitale p 143.
16 Dashkova vol 1 p 218.
17 Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 89–90.
18 Dashkova vol 1 pp 341–2.
19 Author’s visit to Anichkov Palace 1998, guided by Ina Lokotnikova. Engelhardt 1997 pp 39–40.
20 Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 89–90. Engelhardt 1868 pp 50–1.
21 B&F vol 2 p 37, Cobenzl to JII 14 May 1785. V. I. Levashov’s friendly letters to GAP, dating from 1774, are in RGADA 2.1.946.2–3 and RGVIA 52.2.59.6.
22 B&F vol 2 p 37, Cobenzl to JII 14 May 1785.
23 Damas p 97.
24 SIRIO 42: 123, CII November 1790.
25 Dimsdale 27 September OS 1781. Anspach, Journey p 134, 18 February 1786.
26 Golovina p 6.
27 Masson p 93. Dimsdale p 51, 27 August 1781. This description of Tsarskoe Selo draws on Shvidkovsky pp 41–106.
28 SIRIO 23: 89, CII to Grimm 16 May 1778.
29 Shvidkovsky p 191.
30 Dimsdale p 72, 25 September OS 1781; p 62, 27 August 1781.
31 Damas p 95.
32 BM 33539 f39, SB 8 April 1780, St Petersburg.
33 Dimsdale, p 51, 27 August 1781.
34 SIRIO 23. 438, CII to Grimm 22 February 1788.
35 Damas p 97.
36 Harris p 304, H to Stormont 13/24 December 1780.
37 M. Garnovsky, Zapiski: RS (1876) 15, 16, 17; see 15 p 699, January 1788. Mikhail Garnovsky sent these reports to V. S. Popov, who digested the news and passed it on to GAP.
38 RGADA 5.85.2.88, L 274, CII to GAP 8 March 1788.
39 Pushkin, Polnoye Sobranige Sochineniya vol 11 p 16.
40 Engelhardt 1868 p 29. Anonymous, c 1787, General Observations Regarding the Present State of the Russian Empire p 29. Harris p 413, H to Stormont 16/27 November 1781.
41 SIRIO 23 (1878), CII to Grimm 30 June 1785, Peterhof.
42 Garnovsky, RS (1876) 15 p 226, 3 February 1789.
43 Garnovsky, RS (1876) 16 p 9.
44 Dashkova vol 1 pp 291–5.
45 Ségur, Mémoires 1827 vol 3 p 46, CII on the ‘eye of the master’. Masson p 79.
46 Ségur, Memoirs 1827 vol 2 p 359.
47 SIRIO 23 (1878): p 353, CII to Grimm June 1785. SIRIO 23: 353, CII to Grimm 1 June 1785.
48 Ségur, Memoirs 1827 vol 2 pp 393, 419.
49 B&F vol 2 p 75, Cobenzl to JII 1 November 1786.
50 Ségur, Memoirs 1827 p 418.
51 Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 98–103.
52 Khrapovitsky 30 May 1786.
53 Ségur, Memoirs 1827 vol 2 pp 418–19.
54 GARF 728.1.416.54, L 206, CII to GAP (after 28 June 1786?). KFZ 17–28 June 1786.
55 B&F vol 2 p 75, Cobenzl to JII 1 November 1786.
56 Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 103–4.
57 Khrapovitsky p 13.
58 RGADA 1.1/1.43.1–16, L 206, GAP to CII (July 1786?).
59 Khrapovitsky p 13.
60 B&F vol 2 p 75, Cobenzl to JII 1 November 1786.
61 RGADA 11.902, Count A. D. Mamonov to GAP ud.
62 Ségur, Memoirs 1827 vol 2 p 420.
63 Garnovsky, RS (1876) 15 pp 15–16, December 1786; p 474, October 1787. Damas p 109.
64 Davis p 148.
65 Corberon vol 2 p 365, 19 September 1780.
Catherine the Great & Potemkin Page 85
