31 Ligne, Letters (Staël) p 74, Ligne to JII December 1787. Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 41, Ligne to JII 2 March 1788; p 57, Ligne to JII 6 April 1788; vol 21 pp 180–1, ‘Mémoire sur les Juifs’. D. Z. Feldman, Svetleyshiy Knyaz GA Potemkin i Rossiyskiye Evrei, p 186–192. N. A. Engelhardt, Ekaterinskiy kolloss. IV (1908) April p 55–57. Dudakov, S. Y., Istoriya odnogo mipha: Ocherki russkoy literatury XIX–XX, Moscow 1993 p 29–31. Both cited by Feldman. For Napoleon’s Jewish cavalry officer: Berek Joselewicz, see Cecil Roth and Geoffrey Wigoder, New Standard Jewish Encyclopedia, London 1975.
32 BM 33540 f408, N. S. Mordvinov 21 September 1787; f442, SB to William Pitt.
33 BM 33540 f453, SB to Pleshichev 7 January 1788, Kherson.
34 Mordvinov to GAP 31 August 1787, quoted in I. R. Christie, ‘Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla’ p 176. BM 33540 f487, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 12/27 October 1787; ff365–6, SB to JB 16 May 1787, Kremenchuk; f391, SB to JB ud, 1787; f397, SB to JB 2/13 September 1787, Kherson.
35 MIRF 15: 99, 104, 123, quoted in I. R. Christie, ‘Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla’ pp 175–8 and Christie, Benthams in Russia, pp 218–221.
36 Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 pp 20–1.
37 Blanning, JII p 176. Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 pp 44–6, February 1788, Elisabethgrad. AVPRI 5.585.160, GAP to CII 3 January 1788, Elisabethgrad. RGADA 5.85.2.81–4, L 260, CII to GAP 11 January 1788.
38 AVPRI 5.585.175, L 262, GAP to CII 15 January 1788, Elisabethgrad.
39 Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 pp 44–6, Ligne to JII February 1788, Elisabethgrad.
40 RGVIA 52.11.69, Count Joseph de Witte to GAP 13 May 1788, Podolsky-Kamenets. RGADA 11.921.1 and 11.921.9, Witte to GAP 6–8 October 1787, unpublished.
41 RGVIA 52.2.52.5, GAP to Ligne 3 April 1788; and RGVIA 52.2.52.6, 2/13 May 1788, unpublished.
42 Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 49, Ligne to JII February 1788, Elisabethgrad.
43 AVPRI 5.585.168–73, L 265, GAP to CII; and RGADA 5.85.2.88, L 274, CII to GAP 8 March 1788.
44 RGADA 5.85.2.97, L 284, CII to GAP 7 May 1788, Tsarskoe Selo.
45 AVPRI 5.585.160, GAP to CII 3 January 1788, Elisabethgrad.
46 AVPRI 5.585.168–73, L 265, GAP to CII.
47 Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 148. Ligne, Letters (Staël) pp 78–9, May 1788.
48 BM 33540 f395, SB to JB 30 August–2 September 1787.
49 BM 33558 f424, SB to Henry Fanshawe 2/13 September 1787, Kremenchuk.
50 BM 33540 f487, SB to JB 12/23 October 1788.
51 MIRF 15: 86, quoted in I. R. Christie, ‘Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla’, pp 175–8, and Christie, Benthams in Russia, pp 218–21.
52 AVPRI 2.2/8a.21.94, L 248, GAP to CII 1 November 1787.
53 BM 33540 f487, SB to Jeremiah Bentham.
54 MIRF 15: 60–90, quoted in I. R. Christie, ‘Samuel Bentham and the Russian Dnieper Flotilla’, pp 175–8, and Christie, Benthams in Russia, pp 218–21.
55 Ligne, Mélanges vol 7 p 158, Ligne to Ségur 8 May 1787.
56 AAE 20: 71, Langeron, ‘Résumé des campagnes’.
57 Damas p 32.
58 RGVIA 52.2.82.1, GAP to N-S 26 March 1788, Elisabethgrad, unpublished.
59 Damas pp 32–3.
60 Aragon p 203, N-S to wife 18 March 1788.
61 SIRIO 23 (1878): 446, CII to Grimm 25 April 1788. The general sources for John Paul Jones, apart from Russian archives and the unpublished correspondence with GAP, are three biographies: John Paul Jones: A Sailor’s Biography by Samuel Eliot Morison; The Life of Rear-Admiral John Paul Jones by George R. Preedy; and The Life of John Paul Jones by James Otis.
62 RGVIA 52.2.56.1, GAP to Baron Simolin 5/16 March 1788, unpublished.
63 RGVIA 52.2.82.1, GAP to N-S 26 March 1788, Elisabethgrad, unpublished.
64 MIRF 15: 98, 188, GAP to Mordvinov 29 February 1788 quoted in Christie, Benthams in Russia pp 218–21.
65 BM 33540 f488, SB to JB 12/23 October 1788.
66 RGVIA 52.2.64.8, Ségur to GAP 2/13 May 1788, unpublished.
67 Aragon p 223, N-S to wife 4 June 1788.
68 Damas pp 31–2.
69 Aragon p 225, N-S to wife.
70 Tott vol 3 p 24. Damas pp 44–5. Ligne, Letters (Staël) p 88, Ligne to JII August 1788.
71 Tott vol 3 p 24. Anspach, Journey p 191, Lady Craven to Anspach 25 April 1786, Constantinople.
72 SIRIO 27: 480, CII to GAP 27 May 1788.
73 BM 33540 f488, SB to JB 12/23 October 1788.
74 Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 20.
75 RGVIA 52.2.82.1 GAP to N-S 2 April 1788 ud. RGVIA 52.2.82.4, GAP to N-S ud. Both unpublished.
76 J. P. Jones to José de Ribas 11/22 June 1788, quoted in Morison pp 374–8.
77 RGVIA 52.2.82.13, GAP to N-S, unpublished.
78 RGVIA 52.2.82.12, GAP to N-S 10 June 1788, unpublished.
79 Colonel Henry Fanshawe quoted in Christie, ‘SB and the Flotilla’ p 191.
80 Morison pp 379–81.
81 BM 33540 f489, SB to Jeremiah Bentham 12/23 October 1788.
82 BM 33554 ff90–1, Fanshawe 18 June 1788.
83 Damas p 45.
84 Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 21.
85 Aragon p 238, N-S to wife 28 and 29 June 1788. RS (1875) June p 160, GAP to Suvorov.
86 Aragon p 236, N-S to wife 25 June 1788.
87 RGVIA fVUA 2388.13, L 296, GAP to CII June 1788.
88 M. S. Bentham p 89, quoted in Christie ‘SB and the Flotilla’. BM 33540 f490, GAP to SB.
89 Aragon p 250, N-S to wife.
90 SIRIO 23 (1878): 446, CII to Grimm 31 May 1787.
91 RGADA 5.85.2.124, L 305, CII to GAP 19 July 1788, St Petersburg. It is said that Tatiana Engelhardt’s husband Mikhail Potemkin, who was in St Petersburg as General-Kreigskommissar or inspector-general of the army from 1783, and Mamonov joined forces in 1788 to counter the arguments of A. R. Vorontsov, Zavadovsky and Orlov-Chesmensky about GAP’s conduct of the war. See ‘M. S. Potemkin’ in Russkiy Biographicheskiy Slovar vol 14 (1904).
92 RGADA 5.85.2.121, L 302, CII to GAP 17 July 1788.
93 AVPRI 5.585.260, L 304, GAP to CII 18 July 1788, Ochakov.
94 RGADA 5.85.2.115, L 299, CII to GAP 3 July 1788.
95 BM 33554 d92–3 June 1788.
96 RS (1889) no 9 p 510, Prince Y. V. Dolgoruky. Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 95, Ligne to JII 12 July 1788. RGADA 5.85.2.119, L 301, CII to GAP 13 July 1788, St Petersburg.
CHAPTER 27: CRY HAVOC: THE STORMING OF OCHAKOV
1 For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see Chapter 26, note I. BM 33554 ff93–4, Henry Fanshawe July 1788, unpublished.
2 B&F vol 2 p 170, JII to Count Cobenzl 16 June 1787, Kherson.
3 Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 pp 21–3, 2 July 1788, Ochakov.
4 Aragon p 255, N-S to wife.
5 RS (1895) 9 p 175. Ligne, Mélanges vol 7 p 194, Prince de Ligne to Comte de Ségur 1 October 1788, Ochakov.
6 BM 33540 f489, SB to JB ud.
7 Petrushevsky vol 1 p 327.
8 Damas pp 58–9. Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 123, Ligne to JII 11 August 1788.
9 RS (1895) September pp 175–6, Roman Maximovich Tsebrikov, Vokrug ochakova 1788 god (dnevnikochevidtsa). RS (1875) May p 38, GAP to A. V. Suvorov 27 July 1788.
10 Damas pp 56–9. Aragon pp 256–8, N-S to wife. Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 129, Ligne to JII 20 August 1788; p 176, Ligne to Cobenzl. An unpublished letter from GAP to Nassau-Siegen dated from July/August 1788 was recently placed on the market by Maggs Brothers of London in their Catalogue 1275 of Autograph Letters and Historical Documents, lot 149. The undated letter, handwritten by GAP in French, recounts that Admiral Mark Voinovich is covering the Capitan-P
asha’s approach from the Black Sea so that Nassau-Siegen can water his men in Kinburn during the day and ‘at night return to the current position’. It is typical of GAP’s sympathetic attitude to his men that he specifies that they should be allowed time on land. Its price was £1,200.
11 Damas pp 56–7. Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 129, Ligne to JII 20 August 1788, Ochakov.
12 RGADA 5.85.2.136–7, L 311, CII to GAP 31 August 1788.
13 Samoilov col 1260.
14 RS (1875) May pp 21–33, GAP to Suvorov April 1788.
15 Ligne, Letters (Staël) p 87, Ligne to JII August 1788.
16 RGVIA 52.7.1.13, GAP to Count Rzewowski, 7 November 1788, Quartier-Genéral Ochakov, unpublished. AVPRI 5.585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788. ZOOID 4: 363, GAP to M. L. Faleev 14 August 1788, Ochakov. ZOOID 2: 667, 668, GAP to Faleev.
17 Lettres de Catherine II au prince de Ligne p 81, JII to Ligne 18 June 1788.
18 CII – Ligne pp 96–7, Cobenzl to Ligne. Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 157, Ligne to JII; p 75. RGVIA f VUA.2388.7, L 291, GAP to CII 8 June 1788, Camp on the Bug. AVPRI 5.585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788.
19 Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 p 176.
20 AAE 20: 74, Langeron, ‘Résumé des campagnes’.
21 Aragon pp 268–70, N-S.
22 RGADA 11.864.2.91, Praskovia Potemkina to GAP (unsigned but probably Praskovia Potemkina), unpublished.
23 RP 2.1 p 36, Countess Ekaterina Sergeevna Samoilova.
24 Damas pp 66–9.
25 Damas pp 63–4.
26 Ligne, Mélanges vol 7 pp 198–201, Ligne to Ségur I December 1788. Ligne, Letters (Staël) vol 2 p 16, Ligne to Ségur I October 1788.
27 BM 33540 f489 and 33558 f443 and f445, SB to JB. BM 33558 f442, William Newton to J. T. Abbot 10 September 1789. Christie, Benthams in Russia p 241.
28 RGVIA 52.2.89.64–5, Lewis Littlepage to GAP 16 September 1788; and GAP to Little page 16 September 1788, both unpublished.
29 RGVIA 52.2.82.21, GAP to John Paul Jones ud, unpublished.
30 AVPRI 585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788.
31 RGVIA 52.11.82.23, John Paul Jones to GAP, 20 October 1788 on board battleship Vladimir before Ochakov, unpublished.
32 Otis pp 352–4. Preedy p 223.
33 Preedy p 216. Otis pp 335–52. Morison p 382.
34 Damas pp 70–1. AVPRI 5.585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788.
35 RGADA 11.893.11, Ligne to GAP 16 September 1788, unpublished.
36 Ligne, Mélanges vol 24 pp 25, 26, 32.
37 Damas pp 70–1.
38 AVPRI 5.585.278, L 320, GAP to CII 17 October 1788, Ochakov.
39 Damas p 72.
40 B&F vol 2 p 299, Cobenzl to JII 24 October 1788.
41 AAE 20: 74, Langeron, ‘Résumé des campagnes’.
42 Damas pp 66–7.
43 BM 33540 f489, SB to JB.
44 Criste, Kriege unter Kaiser Josef II p 222 n3, quoted in Blanning, JII p 178.
45 Samoilov col 1251.
46 Damas pp 63–4.
47 RS (1895) 84 no 9 Tsebrikov p 172, 12–15 June; p 177, 28 July; p 151, 5 June 1788.
48 AVPRI 5.585.273, GAP to CII 15 September 1788.
49 RGADA 5.85.2.150–1, L 327, CII to GAP 27 November 1788.
50 RGADA 5.85.2.145–7, L 322, CII to GAP 19 October 1788.
51 AVPRI 5.585.284–5, L 324, GAP to CII 3 November 1788.
52 RGADA 5.85.2.152–3, CII to GAP 7 November 1788.
53 AVPRI 5.585.286–7, L 326, GAP to CII 17 November 1788.
54 RS (1876) 16 p 213, 16 August 1788; p 220, Garnovsky to Popov 1 October 1788.
55 RS (1876) 16 pp 229–30, Garnovsky to Popov 29 November 1788.
56 Damas p 72.
57 BM 33554 f96, Fanshawe 15 February 1789, Kiev.
58 Damas pp 74–5.
59 RGADA 5.85.2.150–1, L 327, CII to GAP 27 November 1788.
60 Damas pp 79–84. BM 33554 f98, Fanshawe.
61 Samoilov col 1251.
62 Damas pp 79–83.
63 Macdonogh p 299.
64 AVPRI 5.585.290, L 330, GAP to CII 26 December 1788.
65 Damas pp 84–6.
66 Samoilov col 1256. Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 187.
67 ZOOID 9 (1875): 459, the song in honour of the capture of Ochakov. There are also the songs dedicated to GAP’s 1790 campaign (p 461) and his death.
68 Damas pp 86–7. Samoilov cols 1256–7. BM 33554 f98, Fanshawe.
69 AAE 20: 81, Langeron, ‘Résumé des campagnes’. Masson p 312.
70 AVPRI 5.585.290–3, GAP to CII 26 December 1788, Ochakov.
71 Damas pp 88–9.
72 AVPRI 5.585.288–9, L 328, GAP to CII December 1788.
73 Samoilov col 1258. Masson p 312.
74 RGADA 5.85.2.149, L 329, CII to GAP 16 December 1788. The engraved silver oval dish given by CII to GAP in commemoration of Ochakov can now be seen in the Armoury Museum of the Kremlin in Moscow. The medallion in his honour was created by K. Leberecht. RGADA 5.85.2.185, L 371, CII to GAP 7 September 1789.
75 JII–CII (Arneth) p 325, JII to Prince Kaunitz 2 February 1789; letter CLXVI, JII to CII 5 January 1789.
76 B&F vol 2 p 316, Philip Cobenzl to Ludwig Cobenzl 5 January 1789, Vienna. Also RGVIA 52.2.55.72, report from Vienna on GAP’s letter to the Prince de Ligne, concerning his conduct of the war 15 February 1791, unpublished.
77 RGVIA 52.2.82.24, GAP to N-S 7 December 1788, Ochakov, unpublished.
78 Davis p 194.
79 SIRIO 23 (1878): 467, CII to Baron F. M. Grimm 17 December 1788. Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin p 190.
80 AVPRI 5.585.290–3, L 330, GAP to CII.
81 Damas pp 89–90.
82 Damas p 93.
83 P. V. Zavadovsky, Pisma Zavadovskago Rumiantsevu p 320, P. V. Zavadovsky to P. A. Rumiantsev-Zadunaisky January 1789.
84 RGADA 5.85.2.155, L 333, CII to GAP 2 February 1789.
85 Khrapovitsky pp 229 and 238, 26 January 1789.
86 RS (1876) 16 pp 234–5 and 226, Garnovsky to Popov 3 January and 3 February 1789.
87 Memoirs of the Life of Prince Potemkin pp 195–7.
CHAPTER 28: MY SUCCESSES ARE YOURS
1 For the main sources for this account of the Second Turkish War, see chapter 26, note 1. KFZ 11 February 1789. Also for this chapter: Madariaga, Russia pp 407–11, and Alexander, CtG pp 262–85.
2 Zavadovsky p 321.
3 KFZ 15 April 1789. RS (1876) October p 23.
4 SBVIM vol 7 p 127, GAP to A. V. Suvorov 23 April 1789.
5 CII Sochineniya vol 12, 2nd half-volume pp 699–701, L 355–7, June 1789. Khrapovitsky pp 255, 260, 11 April 1789.
6 Khrapovitsky, 11 and 12 February 1789.
7 RGADA 5.85.2.150–1, L 327, CII to GAP 27 November 1788.
8 B&F vol 2 p 340, JII to Count Cobenzl 24 April 1789; p 344, 19 May 1789; p 326, Cobenzl to JII 24 January 1789; p 335, 15 April 1789.
9 AVPRI 5.585.236, L 358, GAP to CII 9 July 1789, Olviopol.
10 AVPRI 5.585.299–303, L 334, GAP to CII February 1789.
11 AKV 13: 180–1, A. A. Bezborodko to Simon Vorontsov 7 March 1789.
12 Bezborodko letters 1685, GAP to Bezborodko 1789.
13 RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Ségur to GAP ud, spring/summer 1789, unpublished.
14 Aragon p 280, N-S to wife.
15 Ségur, Mémoires 1859 p 152.
16 Ségur, Mémoires 1859 pp 152–3.
17 This account of the Jones sex scandal is based on the Otis, Morison and Preedy biographies of Jones, as well as on unpublished letters from the Comte de Ségur to GAP in RGVIA.
18 RGVIA 52.2.6
4.12, Ségur to GAP ud, summer 1789, St Petersburg, unpublished. Ségur, Mémoires 1859 pp 164–5.
19 J. P. Jones to GAP 13 April 1789, quoted in Otis p 359. Statement to chief of police quoted in Morison p 388. RGVIA 52.2.64.12, Ségur to GAP ud, summer of 1789, St Petersburg, unpublished.
20 RGVIA 52.2.47.31, Prince Kaunitz to GAP 30 June 1789, Vienna, unpublished.
21 AVPRI 5.585.203, L 344, GAP to CII April 1789. KFZ 12 April 1789.
22 RGADA 5.85.2.17, L 343/4, CII to GAP April 1789.
23 RGADA 5.85.1.496, L 343, GAP to CII and CII to GAP April 1789.
24 Petrov, Vtoraya turetskaya voyna vol 2 appendix pp 15–16, GAP’s report from 10 June 1789, Elisabethgrad. RGVIA 52.2.48.3, GAP to Cobenzl 25 March 1789, on the battleplan for 1789, unpublished.
25 GAP received frequent reports on the French Revolution from the Russian Ambassador to Versailles Simolin (e.g. RGVIA 52.2.56.31, Simolin to GAP 27 April/8 May 1790, Paris, unpublished – ‘The King is a phantom prisoner in the Tuilleries…a horrendous anarchy.)’ Count Stackelberg in Warsaw also sent news (RGVIA 52.2.39.306, Stackelberg to GAP 26 July/6 August 1789, Warsaw, unpublished – ‘Paris presents the vision of a vast camp – all doors closed…streets full of soldiers, women who excite their courage…’.) When he returned to France, the Comte dé Segur also reported on events to GAP: RGVIA 52.2.64.24, Ségur to GAP 9 May NS 1790, Paris, unpublished – ‘we’re in convulsions’.
26 AVPRI 5.585.347, L 353, GAP to CII 25 June 1789, Olviopol. GAP received information about the Polish Revolution from a wide variety of sources. Most of these unpublished letters and reports remain in his archives: RGVIA 52.2.70.1. Branicki for example reported on the situation in Warsaw on 31 December 1788, unpublished. Stackelberg sent detailed reports and local newspapers, e.g. RGVIA 52.2.39.290, Stackelberg to GAP 1/12 June 1789. GAP himself tried to calm the Russophobia by instructing Stackelberg and others to reassure King Stanislas-Augustus and others about his own peaceful intentions towards Poland, e.g. RGVIA 52.2.39.11, GAP to Stackelberg 6 July 1788, Ochakov, unpublished, or RGVIA 52.2.39.21, GAP to Stackelberg 20 July 1789, Olviopol, unpublished. These are mostly outside the remit of this work but should be invaluable to students of Russo-Polish relations.
Catherine the Great & Potemkin Page 88
