by Will Durant
25. Ibid., 313.
CHAPTER XXXIX
1. Kircheisen, Memoirs of Napoleon I, 260.
2. Las Cases, I, 262.
3. Ibid., 266n.
4. II, 247; III, 115.
5. Mistler, Napoléon et l’Empire, II, 292a; Rosebery, Napoleon: The Last Phase, 172.
6. Las Cases, III, 21.
7. Ibid., II, 40; Rosebery, 152.
8. Las Cases, II, 93.
9. Thiers, History of the Consulate and the Empire, XII, 334.
10. Ibid., 335.
11. Las Cases, II, 386.
12. Ibid., III, 139.
13. Rosebery, 109.
14. Ibid., 109; Las Cases, III, 158; Thiers, XII, 338.
15. Las Cases, III, 4.
16. Ibid., II, 139, 177; Rosebery, 89.
17. EB, II, 536a.
18. Bertrand, H., Napoleon at St. Helena, 201.
19. Rosebery, 49, 93.
20. Las Cases, I, 120; II, 322.
21. Rosebery, 53.
22. Mistler, II, 288c; Bertrand, 249, notes.
23. Bertrand, 248.
24. Kircheisen, 224.
25. Rosebery, 180.
26. Kircheisen, 275 (editor’s postscript).
27. Gourgaud, Journal, April 23, 1816.
28. Gourgaud, I, 415.
29. Rosebery, 175.
30. Kircheisen, 227.
31. Ibid.
32. 224.
33. Mistler, II, 8.
34. Herold, Mind of Napoleon, 248.
35. CMH, IX, 762; Herold, 66.
36. Las Cases, IV, 107.
37. Herold, 66.
38. Las Cases, IV, 75.
39. Gourgaud, II, 75; I, 567–68; III, 315; Las Cases, IV, 74.
40. Las Cases, IV, 78.
41. Ibid., II, 120.
42. Bertrand, 112.
43. Las Cases, I, 236.
44. Thiers, XII, 370.
45. Ibid., 377.
46. Mistler, II, 320.
47. Gourgaud, I, 150, and passim.
48. Herold, Mind of Napoleon, introd.
49. MacLaurin, Post Mortem, 211–14.
50. Bertrand, 130.
51. Ibid., 124.
52. Las Cases, IV, 400.
53. Ibid., 411.
54. Kircheisen, 269.
55. Gibbon, Edward, Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, I, 250.
56. Gourgaud, I, 440.
57. Ibid., II, 437.
58. Bertrand, 125.
59. Gourgaud, II, 405; Rosebery, 191.
60. Gourgaud, II, 431.
61. Thiers, XII, 366.
62. Ibid., 384.
63. Bertrand, 200, 210.
64. Marquis Charles de Montholon, Histoire de la captivité de Ste.-Hélène, II, 103, in Herold, Mind of Napoleon, 17.
65. Martineau, Gilbert, Napoleon’s St. Helena, 215.
66. Bertrand, 235; MacLaurin, Post Mortem, 215; Rosebery, 240.
67. MacLaurin, 216.
CHAPTER XL
1. Horne, R. H., History of Napoleon, II, 55.
2. Méneval, III, 1025.
3. EB, XV, 1004.
4. Ortzen, Imperial Venus, 69, 92.
5. Ibid., 83.
6. EB, III, 900b.
7. Thiers, History of the Consulate and the Empire, X, 411; Mossiker, Napoleon and Josephine, 399.
8. Méneval, III, 1059.
9. Mistler, Napoléon et l’Empire, II, 304.
10. In Geyl, 33.
11. O’Meara, B., Napoleon in Exile, 363, 176.
12. Las Cases, III, 179.
13. In Hutt, M., Napoleon, 77.
14. Chateaubriand, Memoirs, ed. Baldick, 300.
15. Home, Appendix 2.
16. Ibid., 16.
17. Thackeray, “The Second Funeral of Napoleon,” in Roundabout Papers.
Index
Dates in parentheses following a name are of birth and death except when preceded by r., when they indicate duration of reign for popes and rulers of states. A single date preceded by fl. denotes a floruit. A footnote is indicated by an asterisk. Italicized page numbers indicate principal treatment. All dates are A.D. unless otherwise noted.
Aachen, 588
Abbaye prison, Paris, 43–44, 56
Abbeville, 5
Abbot, The (Scott), 506
Abélard, Pierre (1079–1142), 328
Abensberg, battle of (1809), 231
Aberdeen University, 503, 504
Åbo, University of, 662
Abrantès, Duchesse de, see Junot, Laure
Abrimal, André-Joseph, 165
Absentee, The (Edgeworth), 410
Abukir, battle of (French-Turks, 1799), 113, 761
Abukir Bay, battle of (French-British, 1798), 111–12, 114, 116, 342, 383, 520
Académie de Musique, 137*
Académie des Beaux-Arts, 139, 140, 266
Académie des Sciences, 20
Académie Royale de l’Équitation, 535
Accademia della Crusca, 551
Accademia dell’ Arcadia, 294, 551
Acqui, 172
Acre, 113, 119, 188, 212, 408, 670
Acte Additionel (France, 1815), 742–43
Act of Mediation (1803), 188, 659
Act of Settlement (England, 1701), 358
Act of the Congress of Vienna (1815), 733
Acton, John Emerich Edward Dalberg-Acton, Lord (1834–1902), 90, 239
Acton, Sir John Francis Edward (1736–1811), 543, 544
Adams, John (1735–1836), 114, 144
Adams, Samuel (1722–1803), 352*, 380
Adda River, 100, 101, 104, 173
Addington, Henry (1757–1844), 521–22
Addison, Joseph (1672–1719), 408
Addresses to the German Nation (Fichte), 605–6, 641–43
Adige River, 177, 719
Adolphe (Constant), 302, 306–7, 308
Adonais (Shelley), 482, 485–86, 497
Aëlders, Mme., 133
Aeschylus (525–456 B.C.), 468, 482
Aesthetics (Hegel), 651–52, 655
Age of Reason, The (Paine), 394–96
Age of Voltaire, The (Durant), 391*
Ahorn, Lucas (fl. 1819), 667
Aiguillon, Armand de Vignerot, Duc d’ (b. 1750), 22
air pollution, 388, 563
Aix-en-Provence, 15, 84, 132, 236
Aix-la-Chapelle (Aachen), 588;
Congress of (1818), 763
Ajaccio, 91, 108
Alaska, 672, 686
Alba Longa, 140
Albania, 457, 461, 667
Albrechtsberger, Johann Georg (1736–1809), 570
Alekseev, Feodor (1753–1824), 683
Alembert, Jean Le Rond d’ (1717–83), 35, 143, 628
Alentejo, province of, 222
Alessandria, 172, 173
armistice of, 174, 176
Alexander I (Aleksandr Pavlovich), Czar of Russia (r. 1801–25), 193, 267, 602, 668, 672, 676–89, 763
birth of, 675
education of, 659, 677
character and liberal views, 257, 673, 676–78, 679, 696
accedes to throne, 178, 676, 678, 686
reforms of, 678–81
encourages arts, 681–84
and Enghien execution, 192, 686
in coalition against France (1805), 201
friendship with Metternich, 561
defeated at Austerlitz, 204, 205, 595
and Turkey’s Danubian provinces, 201, 671
prepares to renew conflict with France (1806), 207–8
and battle of Friedland, 211–12, 687
at Tilsit, 212–13, 225, 276, 596, 681, 682, 687
at Erfurt, 225–28, 681
and Talleyrand, 226, 231, 241
and N.’s marriage proposal, 226, 334
dealings with Austria (1809), 231, 233
ends compliance with Continental Blockade, 688, 693, 694, 697
mobilizes for war, 688, 697
dismisses Speransky, 689
signs pacts with Sweden and Turkey, 689, 697
and Stein, 599, 713
learns of French invasion, 701
appoints Kutuzov, 702
Mme. de Staël meets with, 300
and the burning of Moscow, 705–6
celebrates victory, 712–13
leads army to Warsaw (1813), 713
appoints Barclay, 715
at Lützen, 716
at Dresden, 718
in drive on Paris (1814), 722–23, 724
at Paris and Malmaison (1814), 217, 300, 725, 726, 772
at Congress of Vienna, 731–32, 733
in Paris (1815), 752
Alexander II (Aleksandr Nikolaevich), Czar (r. 1855–81), 679
Alexander the Great, King of Macedon (r. 336–323 B.C.), 242, 243, 247, 312, 322
Alexandria, 109, 110, 113, 116, 188–89
Alfieri, Vittorio, Conte di Cortemilia (1749–1803), 551, 552
Alfoxden, 427–29
Algarve, province of, 222
Alien and Sedition Acts (U.S.), 67*
Ali Pasha (1741–1822), 457, 669
Allegrain, Gabriel d’, 683
Allen, Robert, 423
Allgemeine Musikalische Zeitung, 624
Allgemeine Zeitung, 624
All the Talents, Ministry of (1806–07), 525–26
Alps, N.’s crossings of, 289, 545, 571, 708
Alsace, 60, 62, 68, 97, 117, 191
Jewish problem in, 275, 277
Alten, General Count Karl August von (1764–1840), 747
Althorp, John Charles Spencer, Lord (1782–1845), 370
Alvinczy, Josef von Borberek, Baron (1735–1810), 103–4
Amazon River, 609
Amberg, battle of (1796), 97
Ambleside, 417, 434, 442
Ambrosio, or The Monk (Lewis), 409
Amelia, Princess (1782–1810), 358, 527
American Revolution, 142, 387, 513, 517, 619, 777
Louis XVI and, 10
Paine and, 394
Ami des lois, L’, 138
Ami du peuple, L’, 20, 21, 43
Amiens, 8, 62, 327
Amiens, Peace of (1802), 179, 187, 215, 521
end of, 188–89, 267, 522
Turkey and, 670
Ampère, André (1775–1836), 331
Amsterdam, 5, 85
and the blockades, 262, 516, 592, 694, 695
Jews in, 275
Amyot, Jacques (1513–93), 93
Analysis of the Phenomena of the Human Mind (James Mill), 504
anarchism, philosophical, 398, 401
Anatomie générale (Bichat), 142
anatomy, 325, 391, 552
Ancient Mariner, The Rime of the (Coleridge), 427–31 passim
“Ancient of Days, The” (Blake), 380
Ancona, 104, 294, 542, 548–49
Andes Mountains, 609
Andromaque (Racine), 294
Angelico, Fra (Giovanni da Fiesole; 1387–1455), 611
Angers, 72, 535
Anglesey, Ist Marquess of, see Uxbridge, Earl of
Anglican Church, see England, Church of Anhalt, duchy of, 206
Anna Amalie (1739–1807), Dowager Duchess and Regent of Saxe-Weimar (r. 1758–75), 293, 620
Anna Pavlova, Grand Duchess, 226, 234
Annecy, 730
Annual Register, 358–59
Ansbach, margravate of, 205, 593, 595
Ansichten der Natur (Humboldt), 609
Antibes, 94, 555, 736
Antigua, 518
Antinous (A.D. 117–138), 57
anti-philosophes, 315
Antiquary, The (Scott), 506
Antommarchi, Dr. Francesco (1780?–1838), 239, 324, 761*, 767, 769
Antwerp: captured by French, 50, 53, 80
decline of, 262, 516, 592
masterpieces taken from, 279
and Walcheren expedition, 526
Aosta, Valle d’, 172
Appellation an das Publikum (Fichte), 640
Apsley House, London, 555
Arabs, 109–10, 112
Arakcheev, Count Aleksei (1769–1834), 689
architecture: in England, 377–78
in France, 279–80
in Germany, 610
in Italy, 554
in Russia, 681–82
Arch of Constantine, Rome, 280, 377
Arch of Septimus Severus, Rome, 280
Arcis-sur-Aube, 40, 41, 59, 75
battle of (1814), 723
Arco della Pace, Milan, 554
Arcole, battle of (1796), 103–4, 171, 237, 248
Gros’s painting of N. at, 282
Arcs de Triomphe, Paris, 206, 261, 280
Arenberg, duchy of, 206
Argentau, Gen. Count Eugen von (1744–1819), 98
Ariadne (Dannecker), 610–11
Ariodant (Méhul), 137*
Aristotle (384–322 B.C.), 290, 322, 363, 657
Armée du Nord (1815), 744
Armenia, 669
Armide (Gluck), 137
Army of Bohemia (Allied, 1813), 717
Army of Italy (French), 96–104 passim, 202, 544
in Egyptian expedition, 108, 170
Army of Reserve (French, 1800), 171–72
Army of Silesia (Allied, 1813), 717, 721
Army of the Main (French), 715–16
Army of the North (Allied, 1813), 717
Army of the Orient (French), 108–13
Army of the Rhine (French), 68, 171, 202, 203–4
Army of the South (French), 75
Army of the West (French), 186
Arnault, Antoine-Victor (1766–1834), 233–34
Arndt, Ernst Moritz (1769–1860), 627–28, 699, 706, 714
Arnim, Achim von (1781–1831), 629
Arnim, Bettina von, nee Brentano (1785–1859), 580, 605
Arnold, Thomas (1795–1842), 417
Arnott, Archibald (1771–1855), 339, 767, 769
Arnstein, Fanny von, nee Itzig, 563
Arnstein, Nathan von, 563
Arras, 14
Terror in, 68
Artois, Comte d’, see Charles X Ashridge Park, 377
Assembly of Notables (Prussia), 598
assignats, 27, 54, 84, 89, 124
associationism, 426, 433, 441
Assumption of the Virgin (Murillo), 279
astronomy, 386, 387
Atala (Chateaubriand), 311, 314–15, 317, 320
Athenaeum, Liverpool, 409
Athenäum, 624, 632
Athens: art removed from, 377
Byron in, 457–58, 459
Atlas historique (Las Cases), 762
Auenbrugger, Leopold (1722–1809), 325
Auerstedt, battle of (1806), 209, 270, 596
Aufklärung, 588, 602
Augereau, Pierre-François-Charles (1757–1816), 97, 106, 209, 211, 699, 718
Augsburg, 624, 642
bishopric of, 588
Augusta of Bavaria, Princess, 206
Augustenburg, Frederik Christian, Duke of (1765–1814), 666
August of Prussia, Prince (1779–1843), 274
Augustus (Caius Octavius), Emperor of Rome (r. 27 B.C.- A.D. 14), 124, 193–94, 195, 281
auscultation, 325
Austen, Edward, 410
Austen, Jane (1775–1817), 364, 370, 410–12
Austerlitz, battle of (1805), 204–5, 247, 280, 549, 588
Alexander I and, 204, 205, 595
Francis II and, 204, 546, 560
significance of, 525
Australia, 387, 517
Austria, 558–86;
Catholicism in, 183, 559, 562, 563–64, 565, 601
classes in, 562
in Continental Blockade, 222
and the Empire, 188, 587, 589
under Francis II, 559–62
Jews in, 563, 602–3
under Joseph II, 513, 559
under Leopold II, 559
under Maria Theresa, 558–59
mu
sic in, 565 -66, 569–86
and Polish Partitions, 46, 53, 116, 667
population of (1780), 3
and Prague Congress (1813), 717–18
the theater in, 564–65
and Congress of Vienna (1815), 731–34
ALLIANCES AGAINST FRANCE: Chaumont (1814), 723
1st Coalition (1792–97), 36, 53, 54, 97, 517
2d Coalition (1798–1801), 116, 521
3d Coalition (1805), 201, 522
6th Coalition (1813), 717
ALLIANCES WITH FRANCE: 1812 alliance, 697, 714
Triple Alliance (1815), 733
PEACE TREATIES: Campoformio (1797), 114, 126, 519, 552, 588
Lunéville (1801), 176–77, 180, 588
Paris, 1st Treaty of (1814), 730
Pressburg (1805), 205, 260
Schönbrunn (1809), 233
subsidy treaties with Britain, 97, 175, 179, 205, 231, 361, 518
WARS: IST Coalition War (1792–97), 36, 37, 46, 49–50, 64, 68, 85, 97–105, 312, 544, 560, 571, 593
2d Coalition War (1798–1801), 116–17, 170–77, 289, 521, 553
3d Coalition War (1805), 201–5, 522, 595, 686–87
1809 war, 231–32, 537, 578
War of Liberation (1813–14), 717–25
Austrian Netherlands, see Belgium
Auteuil, 120, 330, 388
Auxerre, 294, 739
Avignon, 44, 84, 169, 542, 544, 753
Babeuf, François-Émile “Gracchus” (1760–97), 89–90, 106, 117
Bacchae, The (Euripides), 618
Bacciocchi, Elisa, nee Maria Anna Bonaparte (1777–1820), Grand Duchess of Tuscany, 92, 219–20, 221, 269, 546–47, 554, 770–71
Bacciocchi, Felice Pasquale (1762–1841), 219, 728
Bach, Johann Christian (1735–82), 570
Bach, Johann Sebastian (1685–1750), 563, 582
Bacon, Sir Francis (1561–1626), 290, 456, 636
Baden, 191–92, 202, 253, 588
becomes grand duchy, 205
in Rhine Confederation, 206, 589
Baden, Elector of, see Charles Frederick Baden-Baden, 588
Baggesen, Jens Immanual (1764–1826), 666–67
Bagration, Katharina, 561
Bagration, Prince Pyotr Ivanovich (1765–1812), 561, 701–2, 704
Bailén, battle of (1808), 224, 537
Baillie, Dr. Matthew (1761–1823), 465
Bailly, Jean-Sylvain (1736–93), 13, 17, 19, 24, 34, 67
Bakunin, Aleksandr Pavlovich (fl. 1813), 684
Bakunin, Mikhail Aleksandrovich (1814–76), 684
Balcombe, William, 758
Ball, Sir Alexander (1759–1809), 438
Ballantyne, James (1772–1833), 506, 507
Ballantyne, John (1774–1821), 506, 507
balloon ascensions, 136, 323
Balzac, Honoré de (1799–1850), 69, 155, 365, 773
Bamberg, bishopric of, 588
Bamberger Zeitung, 647
Bank of England, 377
Bank of France, 164, 261, 263, 273, 323
