by Will Durant
Boynton, Harriet, 473–74
Bozzaris, Marco (1788?–1823), 498
Brandenburg, electorate of, 593
Brandenburg Gate, Berlin, 610, 611
Brazil, 222, 532
bread riots, 8–10 passim, 24, 62–63, 84, 695
Breitkopf and Härtel, publishers, 580, 624
Bremen, 236, 588, 592, 694
Brentano, Antonie, 579
Brentano, Bettina, see Arnim, Bettina von
Brentano, Clemens (1778–1842), 579, 629
Brentano, Franz, 579
Brescia, 102
Breslau, 613, 616, 717–18
Brest, 60, 202, 309, 523
blockaded by Britain, 80, 210
Girondist revolt at, 62
invasion force assembles at, 107, 189
Breteuil, Louis-Auguste Le Tonnelier, Baron de (1730–1807), 17
Breuning, Eleonore von, 568, 572, 573
Breuning, Lorenz von, 568
Breuning, Stephan von, 577
Brézé, Marquis Henri-Évrard de (1766–1829), 16–17
Bride of Abydos, The (Byron), 461, 506
Bride of Lammermoor, The (Scott), 506
Bridgetower, George Augustus Polgreen (1779–?1840), 574
Brienne, battle of (1814), 722
Brienne military academy, 92–93, 113, 242, 243, 246, 322, 722
Brighton, Royal Pavilion at, 370, 378
Brillat-Savarin, Anthelme (1755–1826), 272
Brindisi, 543
Brissot de Warville, Jacques-Pierre (1754–93), 20, 33
and anti-veto demonstration, 37
in Convention, 47, 52
death of, 66
in Legislative Assembly, 35, 37
and the Rolands, 36, 149
and Mme. de Staël, 35, 148
Bristol, port of, 342
and slave trade, 368
Britain, see England
British Empire, 508, 518, 536
British Institution for the Development of the Fine Arts, 376
British Museum, 377, 383
Brittany, 15, 44, 60, 85
Broglie, Duc Léonce-Victor de (1785–1870), 180, 301, 307
Broglie, Maréchal Duc Victor-François de (1718–1804), 17
Brongniart, Alexandre-Théodore (1739–1813), 280, 682
Brook Farm, 262
Broquin, Mme., 135
Brothers Karamazov, The (Dostoevsky), 631
Brougham, Henry Peter, 1st Baron Brougham and Vaux (1778–1868), 362, 370, 408
Browning, Robert (1812–89), 449
Brueys, François-Paul (1753–98), 111–12
Brummel, George Bryan “Beau” (1778–1840), 368
Bruné, Guillaume (d. 1815), 753
Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand (Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand), Duke of (r. 1780–1806)
death of, 209, 747
employs Constant, 304
Gauss helped by, 608
heads invasion of France, 44, 46, 55
leads Prussians at Auerstedt, 209, 595–96
manifesto of, 38–39, 43, 45, 420
and philosophes, 619
at Valmy, 46, 747
Brunswick-Lüneburg, duchy of, 587
Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, duchy of, 588
Brunswig, Countess Therese von, 578
Brussels, 37
French capture of (1792), 50
jails in, 244
Wellington’s army at, 744
Brutus, Decimus Junius, Roman Consul (A.D. 138), 35, 129
Brutus, Lucius Junius, Roman Consul (509 B.C.), 35, 129, 141
Brutus (Voltaire), 138
Brye, 745
Bucharest, Peace of (1812), 671, 697
Buckingham House, 378
Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de (1707–88), 322, 326, 328
Bug River, 670
Bulgaria, 669
Bülow, Friedrich Wilhelm von (1755–1816), 719, 746–48
Buonaparte, Carlo (1746–85), 91, 92, 93
Buonaparte, Letizia, nee Ramolino (Madame Mère; 1750–1836), 91–92, 220–21, 230, 242, 247, 281
appeals on N.’s behalf, 220, 550, 763
death of, 221, 770
at Elba, 220, 735–36
Buonaparte, Napoleone, see Napoleon I
Buonarrotti, Filippo (1761–1837), 14, 90
Bürger, Gottfried (1747–94), 505, 630
Burgos, 229, 539
Burial of Atala, The (Girodet=Trioson), 314
Burke, Edmund (1729–97), 178, 386, 508, 513–15
attacks Revolution, 339, 514
on Church of England, 359
conservative philosophy of, 333, 514–15, 654
and F. von Gentz, 624
Mackintosh replies to, 504, 515
and Marie Antoinette, 560
Wordsworth on, 444
Burkhardt, Christina, 647
Burlington House, 386
Burney, Charles (1726–1814), 150
Burney, Fanny (1752–1840), 150, 410
Burns, Robert (1750–96), 416, 503, 505, 513
Burun, Radulfus de (fl. 1066), 454
Bussaco, battle of (1810), 538
Bute county, Scotland, voters in, 502
Buzot, François (1769–94), 36, 47, 57, 67
Byron, Ada (1815–52), 465, 499, 501
Byron, Allegra (1817–22), 477, 481–82, 487, 488, 489, 494
Byron, Annabella, Lady Byron, nee Milbanke (1792–1860), 461–62, 463–67, 494, 499, 500–501
Byron, Augusta (sister of Byron), see Leigh, Augusta
Byron, Augusta Ada (dau. of Byron), see Byron, Ada
Byron, Catherine, nee Gordon of Gight (1765–1811), 455, 459
Byron, George, cousin of poet, 459, 466
Byron, George Gordon, Lord Byron (1788–1824), 155, 374, 454–61, 476–80, 486–91, 494–95, 497–500
birth and education, 455–56
on Canova, 555
character and appearance, 489–91
and Chateaubriand, 318
and Claire Clairmont, 400, 467, 476–77, 481–82, 488
and Coleridge, 437, 440, 446, 456, 466
correspondence, 408
death, 499–500, 501
disability, 455, 505
and Elgin, 377
on Goethe, 623
grand tour of, 457–59, 670
in Greek Revolution, 497–99
at Holland House, 370, 450, 459
on Italians, 551, 553
in Italy, 478–80, 486–89, 494–97
and Augusta Leigh, 455, 462–67 passim, 490, 499, 500
Luddites defended by, 345, 460
marriage of, 463–67
memoirs of, 464, 487
and Murray, 300, 409
and Oriental romances, 377, 461, 506
religious views of, 456, 490, 508
and Romanticism, 489, 492
and Shelley, 472, 476–78, 480–82, 486, 488–89, 490, 494–95, 496–97
and Southey, 450–51, 456, 489
and Mme. de Staël, 300, 477
in Switzerland, 476–78
Thorwaldsen’s bust of, 667
on women’s clothes, 369
and Wordsworth, 446, 451, 452, 456, 536
Byron, Capt. John (1756–91), father of poet, 454–55
Byron, John (1723–86), grandfather of poet, 454
Byron, Sir John (fl. 1535), 454
Byron, William Byron, Lord (1722–98), 454
Byron (Marchand), 454*
Byzantine Empire, 669
Cabanis, Pierre-Jean (1757–1808), 120, 142–44, 266, 330
Cabarrus, Thérésa, see Tallien, Thérésa
Cabrera, island of, 224
Cadell, Robert (1788–1849), 507
Cádiz, 203, 523, 533, 537, 539
Cadoudal, Georges (1771–1804), 172, 176, 190, 192–93, 195, 196
Caecilia Association, Frankfurt, 583
Caen, bread riots in, 8
Girondins in, 34, 57
Caesar,
Caius Julius (100–44 B.C.), 105, 124, 193–94; 247, 543
Café de Foy, 17, 136
Cagnola, Luigi (1762–1833), 554
Cahier Rouge (Constant), 302
cahiers, 11–12, 130
Cain (Byron), 472, 487–88
“Ça ira,” 29, 137
Caird, Edward (1835–1908), 658
Caird, John (1820–98), 658
Cairo, 109–12, 170, 174*, 188
Caisse de l’Extraordinaire, 27
Calabria, 113
Calais, invasion forces at, 522
Calais Pier (Turner), 383
Calas, Jean (1698–1762), 32
Caleb Williams (Godwin), 399–400
California, Russians in, 672
Caliste (Zélide), 303
Calvert, Raisley, 409, 421
Calvi, Corsica, 519
Calvin, John (1509–64), 146
Cambacérès, Jean-Jacques (1753–1824), 162, 191, 221, 234
and law code, 162, 180, 181
Cambrai, Terror in, 68
Cambridge University, 354, 362–63, 392, 397, 503
Cambronne, Comte Pierre-Jacques-Étienne (1770–1842), 747
Camilla (Burney), 410
Campan, Jeanne-Louise-Henriette, nee Genêt (1752–1822), 24
Campbell, Thomas (1777–1844), 459
Campoformio, 108
Campoformio, Treaty of (1797), 105, 107, 114, 126, 175, 571, 588
and Peace of Lunéville, 177
Cam River, 444
Canada, British conquest of, 380
canals, in France, 261
Canary Islands, 520
Candeille, Amélie-Julie (1767–1834), 73
Candide (Voltaire), 305, 629
Candolle, Augustin de (1778–1841), 660
Cannes, 307, 736, 737
Canning, George (1770–1827), 165, 300, 360
orders bombardment of Copenhagen, 526, 625
Canova, Antonio (1757–1822), 301, 550, 554–56, 611, 667, 683
statue of Pauline Borghese, 92, 555, 771
Canterbury, Archbishop of (1783–1805: John Moore), 369
Cape of Good Hope, 733
capillary attraction, 388
capitalism: in England, 341–42
in France, 5, 126, 153–54
Marx’s dialectical view of, 649
Owen and, 346, 347
Caprara, Giovanni Battista, Cardinal (1733–1810), 237, 281, 282
Caracas, Venezuela, 609
Caraccioli, Marchese Domenico di (1715–89), 543
Caracciolo, Admiral Francesco (1752–99), 545
Carbonari insurrection (1821), 489
Carey, Ann, 372
caricaturists, 378–79
Carinthia, 233, 558
Carlton House, 358, 378
Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 299, 417, 626
on British factory workers, 344
and “dismal science,” 346, 402
and Feast of Federation, 29
and hero worship, 92, 656
on Robespierre, 14
on 1793 Constitution, 57
“Carmagnole, The,” 134*, 137
Carmarthen, Lady Amelia D’Arcy Osborne, Marchioness of (d. 1784), 455
Carmarthen, Francis Osborne, Marquess of (1751–99), 455
Carniola, 233, 558
Carnot, Lazare (1753–1823)
Committee’s “organizer of victory,” 59–60, 62, 63, 64, 84, 323
in Directory, 88, 95, 97, 106
escapes 18th-Fructidor coup, 106, 323
in Hundred Days, 741
and invasion of Ireland, 509
as mathematician, 59, 323
and N., 95, 160, 172, 245
in Provisional Govt. (1815), 751
religious views of, 73
and Robespierre, 61, 80
on Talleyrand, 165
Caroline of Brunswick, Princess of Wales (1768–1821), 358, 374
Carrier, Jean-Baptiste (1756–94), 68–69, 71, 80–81
Cartagena, 609
cartographers, 609
Cassel, 576, 590
Casteggio, battle of (1800), 173
Castiglione, battle of (1796), 103
Castle of Otranto, The (Walpole), 416
Castle Rackrent (Edgeworth), 410
Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount (1769–1822), 526, 732–33, 753
Cateau-Cambrésis, 752
Cathcart, Sir William Schaw, 1st Earl Cathcart (1755–1843), 716–17
Catherine of Württemberg, Princess (1783–1835), Queen of Westphalia as wife of King Jérôme Bonaparte, 218
Catherine II the Great, Empress of Russia (r. 1762–96), 543, 558, 604
arts under, 681–83
court of, 674
education under, 674
expansion policy of, 672
and Freemasons, 673
and the French Revolution, 676, 677
and the Jews, 680
literature under, 684
and the philosophes, 6, 670, 674, 677, 683, 684
and Poland, 513
and Turkey, 201, 513, 670
Catholic Church and Catholics:
IN AUSTRIA, 183, 559, 562, 563–64, 565, 601
IN ENGLAND, George III and, 360, 512
movement for full emancipation of, 360, 447, 460
restrictions against, 354, 358
IN FRANCE, 3, 4, 8
under Bourbon Restoration, 730–31
cahiers of (1789), 11
under Louis XIV, 359
losses of during Revolution, 27–28, 32, 34, 42–43, 124, 125, 126–27, 152, 154, 544
N.’s restoration of through Concordat, 182–85, 254, 258, 264, 266
reorientation of toward Papacy, 185, 550
in States-General, 13, 15–16
IN GERMANY, 183, 188, 588, 601–2
IN IRELAND, 507–11
IN ITALY, 541–47 passim, 548–50, 551
IN PORTUGAL, 531
IN SPAIN, 224, 537
Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Elder (234–149 B.C.), 35, 129, 140
Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Younger (95–46 B.C.), 35, 129, 140
Caulaincourt, Armand-Augustin-Louis de (1772–1827), 252, 688
ambassador to Russia, 234, 696
in Hundred Days, 739, 750
negotiator for N. with Allies, 716, 717, 725, 726
questions N.’s policies, 251, 697, 698, 699
in Provisional Govt., 751
travels with N. in Russian debacle, 702, 704, 707, 710, 711
cavaliere servente, 461, 486, 551
Caverne, La (Lesueur), 137
Cavour, Conte Camillo Benso di (1810–61), 590, 660
Cecilia (Burney), 410
Cenci, The (Shelley), 482
Central Asia, 610
Cephalonia, 105, 498
Ceres (planetoid), 608
Ceylon, 733
Chabot, François (1759–94), 76
Chabry, Louison (b. 1772), 25
Chains of Slavery (Marat), 20
Chalgrin, Jean-François (1739–1811), 280, 284
Chalier, Marie-Joseph (d. 1793), 70
Châlons-sur-Marne, Academy of, 130
Chamber of Deputies (Restoration), 331, 730, 741
Chamber of Peers (1815), 742
Chamber of Peers (Restoration), 730
Chamber of Representatives (1815), 742, 743, 750–51
Chambers, Ephraim (1680–1740), 409
Chambers, Sir William (1726–96), 377
Chambéry, 332, 730
Chamfort, Sébastien-Roch-Nicolas de (1741–94), 5
Chamisso, Adelbert von (1781–1838), 626
Champagne, 8, 40, 46
Champagny, Jean-Baptiste Nompère, Comte de (1756–1834), 214, 225
Champaubert, battle of (1814), 722–23
Champ-de-Mars (Field of Mars): demonstrators killed on, 32, 51, 67
festivals on, 28–29, 79, 742–43
Championnet, Jean-Étienne (1762–1800), 116, 545
/> Champollion, Jean-François (1790–1832), 110
Champs-Élysées, 135, 136, 206, 280
“Chant du départ” (Chénier), 146
Chant du départ (Méhul), 137
Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768–814) and Emperor of the West (r. 800–814), 193–94, 242, 558
and the Empire, 207, 587
and the Papacy, 542, 548
Charleroi, 80, 744–45, 749
Charles I, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (r. 1625–49), 53, 360
Charles II, King of England, Scotland, and Ireland (r. 1660–85), 360, 454
Charles III, King of Spain (r. 1750–88), 222, 513, 534, 541
Charles IV, King of Spain (r. 1788–1808), 222–24, 534, 535
Charles IV and His Family (Goya), 222
Charles VI, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1711–40), 541
Charles IX, King of France (r. 1560–74), 138
Charles IX (Chénier), 138, 146
Charles X (Charles-Philippe, Comte d’Artois), King of France (b. 1757, r. 1824–30), 18
abdication of, 754, 774
character of, 730
and conspiracy against N., 190, 191
as émigré, 19, 729
Marat and, 20, 24
Charles XIII, King of Sweden (r. 1809–18), 661, 662
Charles, Hippolyte (1752–1837), 100, 120
Charles Augustus (Karl August), Duke of Saxe-Weimar (r. 1775–1815 as duke, 1815–28 as grand duke), 619, 620, 638
court theater of, 614–15
at Erfurt, 226
and Goethe, 46, 226, 614–15, 622
and Mme. de Staël, 293, 298
and U. of Jena, 622, 647
at Valmy, 46
Charles Emmanuel IV, King of Sardinia (r. 1796–1802), 97, 98, 333
Charles Eugene, Duke of Württemberg (r. 1737–93), 326
Charles Frederick, ruler of Baden as margrave (r. 1738–1803), as elector (1803–06), as grand duke (1806–11), 192
Charles John, Crown Prince and later King of Sweden, see Bernadotte, J.-B.-J.
Charles Louis, Archduke, see Karl Ludwig Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, see Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Charlotte, Princess (1796–1817), 358
Charlottenburg, 611
Charlotte Sophia (1744–1818), Queen of George III of England, 381
Charpentier, Constance-Marie, nee Blondeau (1767–1849), 245
Charpentier, Julie von, 632
Charrière, Isabella de, see Tuyll, Isabella van Charterhouse School, 362
Chartreuse de Parme (Stendhal), 219, 551
Chateaubriand, Aimée-Thérèse (Mme. J.-B.-A. Chateaubriand d. 1794), 312
Chateaubriand, Apolline de, nee de Bedée (d. 1798), 309, 312, 313
Chateaubriand, Armand de (d. 1809), 230, 320
Chateaubriand, Vicomtesse Céleste de, nee Buisson de La Vigne, 311–12, 314, 319
Chateaubriand, Vicomte François-René de (1768–1848), 266, 289, 308–21, 336
in America, 310–11
appeals on brother’s behalf, 230, 320
