The Age of Napoleon

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The Age of Napoleon Page 138

by Will Durant


  Jews: in Austria, 563, 602–3

  in England, 354, 360–61

  in France, 10, 23, 27–28, 126, 184, 274–77

  in Germany, 275, 277, 598, 600, 602–4, 654

  in Holland, 275

  in Papal States, 550

  in Poland, 667, 668

  in Russia, 673, 680–81

  in Venice, 275

  Joan of Arc (Southey), 424

  Johann, Archduke (Johann Baptist Joseph Fabian Sebastian; 1782–1859), 231, 348

  John VI, King of Portugal (1816–26), 531–32

  Johnson, Joseph, publisher (1738–1809), 366, 409, 413, 420

  Johnson, Samuel (1709–84), 20, 330, 364

  Joinville, François-Ferdinand de Bourbon-Orléans, Prince de (1818–1900), 775–76

  Jomini, Antoine-Henri, Baron de (1779–1869), 249

  Jones, Robert (fl. 1790), 419

  Jonson, Ben (1573?–1637), 371

  Jordan, Camille (1771–1821), 305

  Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1765–90), 36, 558–59

  an agnostic, 542, 558, 559

  death of, 36, 513, 559

  and the Jews, 563, 603

  and Louis XVI’s operation, 9

  and Marie Antoinette, 36, 66

  patron of the arts, 565

  and the philosophes, 6, 619

  and Pius VI, 542, 544, 559

  reforms of, 558–59, 564

  toleration policy of, 544, 559

  and Turkey, 513, 559

  Josephine, Empress (Josephine de Beauharnais, nee Marie-Josèphe-Rose Tascher de la Pagerie 1763–1814), 95–96, 175, 761

  early life, first marriage, imprisonment, 95–96, 131

  appearance and character, 96, 233

  in post-Thermidor society, 96, 136–37, 605

  marriage to N., 95, 96, 218

  N.’s letters to, 96, 97–98, 99–100, 102, 103, 210, 256

  infidelity of, 100, 120, 241

  joins N. in Italy, 103

  at home with N., 107

  sees N. off for Egypt, 108

  her unfaithfulness discovered, 110, 219

  a war profiteer, 269

  reconciliation with N., 119–20, 219, 255, 269

  the Bonapartes’ hostility to, 120, 195, 198, 272, 771

  and the 18th-Brumaire coup, 121, 159

  moves to Tuileries, 168

  promotes Hortense’s marriage, 216

  and royalists, 185

  and Enghien’s execution, 191–92

  ladies-in-waiting of, 93, 194, 270

  fears divorce, 185, 195, 198

  coronation of as empress, 198–99

  and the arts, 278, 281, 283

  lampooned by Gillray, 379

  to Strasbourg with N. (1805), 203

  at Eugène’s wedding, 206

  N.’s emotional parting from at Mainz, 208–9

  told by N. to go home, 211

  failure to give N. a child, 185, 195, 232, 234

  N.’s continuing love for, 233–34, 242, 244, 251

  fears N.’s wrath, 243

  and N.’s infidelities, 244

  divorced by N., 233–34

  in retirement at Malmaison, 235–236

  continued extravagance of, 236, 699

  N.’s message to on return from Russia, 711

  N.’s farewell message to, 727

  visited by Czar, 217, 726

  death of, 236, 727, 739, 772

  N. speaks fondly of, 751, 769

  Joubert, Gen. Barthélemy (1769–99), 117, 119

  Joubert, Joseph, philosopher (1754–1824), 317

  Jourdan, Jean-Baptiste (1762–1833), 64, 74, 80, 85, 97, 116

  Journal de la République française, 49

  Journal de Paris, 20, 307

  Journal des débats, Le, 287, 308, 739

  Journal inédit de Sainte-Hélène (Gourgaud), 763

  Journal intime (Constant), 302, 305

  Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchor de (1744–1811), 534

  Julian the Apostate (Flavius Claudius Julianus), Roman Emperor (r. 361–63), 317

  Julie, ou La Nouvelle Héloïse (Rousseau), 94, 242, 416, 477, 629

  Juliette (Sade), 132

  Juniper Hall, Mickelham, 150

  Junkers, 594, 601, 604

  Junot, Andoche, Duc d’Abrantès (1771–1813): in Egypt, 110, 111

  in Italy, 99

  and Caroline Murat, 220

  in Peninsula, 222–23, 225, 532, 536

  and wife’s liaison, 561–62

  Junot, Laure (nee Permon), Duchesse d’Abrantès (1784–1838), 274, 561, 562

  Justice and Vengeance Pursuing Crime (Prud’hon), 283

  Justine (Sade), 132

  Justinian I the Great, Byzantine Emperor (r. 527–565), 180, 250

  Kabale und Liebe (Schiller), 621

  Kaiserslautern, 74

  Kalb, Charlotte von (1761–1843), 605, 625, 627

  Kaluga, 707

  Kant, Immanuel (1724–1804), 587, 606

  Cabanis and, 143

  Coleridge and, 433, 441–42

  Destutt and, 330

  Fichte and, 637, 639

  free-will philosophy of, 298, 441

  and French Revolution, 619, 620

  Goethe and, 623

  Hegel and, 646

  Hölderlin and, 627

  idealistic philosophy of, 433, 636

  and Jews, 603

  Schelling and, 643

  Schopenhauer on, 645

  Mme. de Staël and, 298, 299

  and theology, 602

  Karageorge (George Petrović 1766?–1817), 669

  Karamzin, Nikolai Mikhailovich (1766–1826), 685

  Karl August, Duke of Saxe-Weimar, see Charles Augustus Karl Ludwig, Archduke (1771–1847), 97, 104, 202, 230–32, 635

  Karlsbad, 580, 605

  Karlsbad Congress (1819), 652

  Karlskirche, Vienna, 563

  Karlsruhe, 588

  Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, see Brunswick, Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of

  Kärntnerthor Theater, Vienna, 564–65, 584

  Käthchen von Heilbronn, Das (Kleist), 618

  Katzbach River, battle of the (1813), 718

  Kaufmann, Angelica (1741–1807), 519, 611

  Kaunitz, Eleonore von, 561

  Kaunitz, Count Wenzel Anton von (1711–94), 561

  Kazan, University of, 680

  Kean, Aaron, 372

  Kean, Charles John (1811–68), 374

  Kean, Edmund (1787–1833), 372–74, 466, 615, 616

  Kean, Mary, nee Chambers, 373, 374

  Kean, Moses, 372

  Keats, John (1795–1821), 145, 155, 408, 417, 446, 497, 627

  death of, 485–86

  Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, Viscount (1746–1823), 756, 757

  Kellermann, François-Christophe (1735–1820), 46, 74, 100, 199

  Kellermann, François-Étienne (1770–1835), 100, 101, 174, 718, 747–48

  Kemble, Charles (1775–1854), 614

  Kemble, Henry (1848–1907, 371

  Kemble, John Philip (1757–1823), 371, 372

  Kemble, Roger (1721–1802), 371

  Kemble, Sarah, see Siddons, Sarah Kemble, Stephen (1758–1822), 371

  Kempt, Sir James (1764–1854), 747

  “Kennst du das Land” (Goethe), 579

  Kharkov, University of, 680

  Kiel, University of, 666

  Kierkegaard, Sören (1813–55), 650, 658

  Kiev, 300, 680

  Kilwarden, Arthur Wolfe, 1st Viscount (1739–1803), 510

  Kinder-und Hausmärchen (Grimm), 629

  Kinnaird, Douglas James William (1788–1830), 480

  Kinsky, Count, 565, 576

  Kiprensky, Orest Adamovich (1782–1836), 683–84

  Kléber, Jean-Baptiste (1753–1800), 74, 173

  in Egypt, 113, 170, 174*

  in Vendée, 72, 75

  Kleist, Heinrich Wilhelm von (1777–1811), 616–18, 623

  Klopstock, Frie
drich Gottlieb (1724–1803), 432, 619

  Knaben Wunderhorn, Des (Brentano and Arnim), 629

  Knesebeck, Baron Karl Friedrich von dem (1768–1848), 749

  Knights of Malta (Knights of St. John), 109, 116, 179, 676

  Knights Templar, 40

  Kobrakit, 109

  Kochubey, Count Viktor Pavlovich, 677, 678, 681, 687

  Kölnische Zeitung, 624

  Königsberg, East Prussia, 211, 593, 599, 619

  Fichte at, 637, 641

  taken by French (1807), 212

  Königsberg, University of, 603, 606

  Konstantin of Saxe-Weimar, Duke, 620

  Koraës, Adamantios (1748–1833), 669–70

  Körner, Christian Gottfried (1756–1831), 627

  Körner, Karl Theodor (1791–1813), 613, 627, 714

  Kosciusko, Thaddeus (1746–1817), 43, 668, 675

  Kosmos (Humboldt), 610

  Kotzebue, August Friedrich Ferdinand von (1761–1819), 616

  Kotzebue, Otto von (1787–1846), 623, 626

  Kovno, 700, 701, 704, 710

  Krasnoe, 708

  Kreutzer, Rodolphe (1766–1831), 574, 586

  Kritik der Very as sung Deutschlands (Hegel), 646

  Krüdener, Baroness Julie (Barbara Juliane) von (1764–1824), 296, 601

  Krug, Marshal, 171

  Krupp, Friedrich (1787–1826), 600

  Krylov, Ivan Andreevich (1769–1844), 686

  “Kubla Khan” (Coleridge), 426–27

  Kuhn, Johann Paul, 625

  Kuhn, Sophie von (d. 1797), 631–32

  Kutuzov, Mikhail Ilarionovich (1745–1813), 204, 684, 702–10, 712–13, 714–15

  La Barre, Étienne de (1764–1830), 280

  La Belle Alliance, Belgium, 749

  labor unions: banned in Britain, 345

  banned in France, 7, 125, 130, 181, 261

  Owen and, 350

  La Bruyère, Jean de (1645–96), 7

  Labyrinthen eller Digtervandringer (Baggesen), 666

  Laclos, Pierre Choderlos de (1741–1803), 33

  La Coruña, see Corunna

  Lacroix, Paul (Bibliophile Jacob; 1806–84), 145, 271

  Lady of the Lake, The (Scott), 505

  Laënnec, René-Théophile-Hyacinthe (1781–1826), 325

  Lafayette, Marie-Joseph-Paul-Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de (1757–1834), 10, 34

  in States-General, 13, 17

  heads National Guard, 18, 19

  denounced by Marat in journal, 20, 24

  in Assembly, proposes Declaration, 23

  brings Guard to Versailles, protects Queen from mob, 25

  advises Louis to accept constitution, 29

  ordered by Assembly to disperse crowd (1791), 32

  and Mme. de Staël, 148

  favors war (1792), 36

  makes offer to Austria, 37

  impeached, flees to front, 37, 51

  recalled from exile by N. (1799), 160

  under consideration as replacement for N., 172

  in Paris under First Restoration, 300

  in Hundred Days, 743, 751

  La Fère-Champenoise, battle of (1814), 724

  Laffitte, Jacques (1767–1844), 751, 767

  La Fontaine, Jean de (1621–95), 286, 686

  La Force prison, Paris, 43, 45

  Lagrange, Joseph-Louis (1736–1813), 107, 120, 142, 154, 265, 322

  Laharpe, Gen. Amédée-Emmanuel-François de (1754–96), 97

  La Harpe, Frédéric-César de (1754–1838), 659, 677, 678, 684

  La Haye Sainte, 745, 748

  Lainé, Joseph-Louis-Joachim (1767–1835), 720

  Lajolais, François (1761–1809), 190

  Lake at Sunset, The (Turner), 384

  Lake District, descriptions of, 381–82, 417

  Lake Poets, see Coleridge

  Southey

  Wordsworth

  Lalande, Joseph-Jérôme Le François de (1732–1807), 183

  Laleu, General (d. 1792), 45

  La Marck, Comte Auguste de (1753–1833), 30

  Lamarck, Jean-Baptiste de Monet, Chevalier de (1744–1829), biologist, 6, 30*, 142, 266, 326, 321–29, 391

  Lamartine, Alphonse de (1790–1869), 145, 336, 501

  Lamb, Lady Caroline (1785–1828), 460–62, 500

  Lamb, Charles (1775–1834), 400, 440, 446, 447–48

  Lamb, Mary Ann (1764–1847), 400, 448

  Lamb, William, later 2d Viscount Melbourne (1779–1848), 460, 461, 500

  Lamballe, Marie-Thérèse de Savoie-Carignan, Princesse de (1749–92), 9, 149, 560, 753

  Lamennais, Félicité de (1782–1854), 336

  Lameth, Alexandre de (1760–1829), 34

  La Mettrie, Julien Offroy de (1709–51), 619, 628

  Lancaster, Joseph (1778–1838), 362

  Landau, battle of (1793), 74

  Landseer, Sir Edwin (1802–73), 386

  Landshut, battle of (1809), 231

  Lanfrey, Pierre (1828–77), 778

  Lang, Margarethe, 613

  Langhans, Karl Gotthard (1732–1808), 610

  Langlès, Louis-Mathieu (1763–1824), 266

  Langres, 22, 722

  Lanjuinais, Comte Jean-Denis (1753–1827), 743

  Lannes, Jean (1769–1809), 114, 270

  at Austerlitz, 204

  death of, 232, 245

  devotion to N., 100, 241, 242, 244

  at Friedland, 211

  in Italian campaigns, 99, 100, 172, 173

  at Saalfeld and Jena, 209

  in Spain, 229

  Laon, 750, 752

  battle of (1814), 723

  Laplace, Pierre-Simon (1749–1827), 6, 240, 265, 322, 323–24, 608

  ennobled by N., 270

  in government, 163, 253, 323

  in Institute, 107, 120, 142, 216

  mechanistic theories of, 142, 323–24

  nebular hypothesis of, 142, 323

  Lara (Byron), 461, 506

  Larevellière-Lépaux, Louis-Marie (1753–1824), 88, 106, 114, 117

  La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt, Duc François Alexandre de (1747–1827), 13

  La Rochelle, 71

  La Rothière, battle of (1814), 722

  Larrey, Dominique-Jean (1766–1842), 324

  Las Cases, Comte Emmanuel-Augustin-Dieudonné de (1766–1842), 762–63

  accompanies N. after 2nd abdication, 751, 755–56, 757 ff.

  assesses N.’s pronouncements on women, 256

  in Council of State, 250

  describes N.’s hands, 237

  his devotion to N., 241, 244

  at N.’s state funeral, 775

  reports on tour of departments, 264

  at St. Helena, 758–59, 762–63, 764, 767

  cited passim

  Las Cases fils, Emmanuel-Pons-Dieudonné de (1800–54), 757, 758–59, 762, 763

  Latium, 542

  La Touche-Tréville, Louis de (1745–1804), 202

  Latreille, Pierre-André (1762–1833), 328

  Launay, Bernard-René Jordan, Marquis de (1740–89), 18–19

  Lauriston, Marquis de, see Law, Jacques-Alexandre Lausanne, Duke of (16th cent.), 477

  Lauze Duperret, Deputy, 57

  Lavoisier, Antoine-Laurent (1743–94), 6, 20, 34, 145

  contributions to chemistry, 142, 323, 662

  death of, 142

  gunpowder improved by, 64, 142

  Lavoisier, Mme., 388

  Law, Jacques-Alexandre, later Marquis de Lauriston (1768–1828), 696

  Law of Hostages (1799), 118, 160

  Law of Le Chapel (1791), 125

  Law of Suspects (France, 1793), 62, 64

  Law of 22 Prairial (1794), 79–80, 83

  Lawrence, Sir Thomas (1769–1830), 381, 384

  Lay of the Last Minstrel, The (Scott), 451, 505

  Lay Sermon, A (Coleridge), 440–41

  Lazansky, Countess, nee Falkenhayn, 235

  League of Armed Neutrality, First (1780), 663*

  Second (1800), 663–65r />
  Lebas, Joseph (1765–94), 68, 82–83

  Leben Jesu, Das (Hegel), 646

  Leben Jesu, Das (Strauss), 646

  Le Bon, Joseph (1765–95), 68

  Lebrun, Charles-François (1739–1824), 162, 164, 221, 291

  Leclerc, Charles- Victor- Emmanuel (1772–1802), 178, 220, 771

  Leçons d’anatomie comparée (Cuvier), 326

  Lecourbe, Claude-Jacques (1759–1815), 738

  Leeds, 342

  Lefebvre, François-Joseph (1755–1820), 121, 123, 211, 270

  Lefebvre, Georges, 679*, 699, 726, 778

  Left, the (origin of term), 34

  Legend of Montrose, The (Scott), 506

  Legendre, Adrien- Marie, mathematician (1752-? 1833), 142, 266, 322

  Legendre, Louis, Revolutionary leader (1752–1802), 77

  Leghorn (Livorno), 217, 483, 494–95

  British driven from, 103

  Nelson at, 521, 544

  Shelley’s fatal voyage from, 496

  Legion of Honor, 198, 199, 228, 279, 280, 283

  establishment of, 270

  Legislative Assembly (France, 1791–92), 33–46, 132, 560

  elections to, 32, 33–34

  liberalizes Académie des Beaux-Arts, 139

  declares war on Austria, 37, 312, 559–60

  Condorcet proposes education reform to, 127

  and veto crisis, 37–38

  King and Queen seek protection of, 39–40, 149

  deposes King, 40

  enacts anti Church measures, 42–43

  and September Massacres, 45

  visited by Wordsworth, 420

  calls for election of Convention, 46

  Legislature (under Consulate and Empire), see Corps Législatif (2)

  Legislature (under Directory), see Council of Ancients and Council of 500

  Le Havre, 118, 262, 693

  Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm von (1646–1716), 331, 591

  Leiden, University of, 606

  Leigh, Augusta, nee Byron (1783–1852), 455, 462–67 passim, 490, 499, 500

  Leigh, George, 462

  Leigh, Medora (b. 1814), 462

  Leipzig: art in, 610

  battle of (1813), 218, 238, 300, 525, 557, 590, 606, 718–19

  book fair, 593, 624

  music in, 612

  publishing in, 580, 624

  theater in, 614, 615

  Leipzig, University of, 625

  Lemaître, Jules (1853–1914), 315

  lending libraries, 409

  Lenore (Bürger), 505, 632

  Leo X (Giovanni de’ Medici), Pope (r. 1513–21), 114

  Leoben, 104, 105

  León, Spain, 533

  Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519), 101, 139, 140, 381, 630

  Leonidas, 129

  Leopardi, Count Giacomo (1798–1837), 155, 552

  Leopold II, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1790–92), Grand Duke of Tuscany as Leopold I (r. 1765–90), 559

  his administration of Tuscany, 541–42, 558, 559

  hails French Revolution, 543–44

 

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