The Age of Napoleon

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The Age of Napoleon Page 143

by Will Durant


  subsidized by Britain (1813), 361, 717

  opens ports to Britain, 714

  in War of Liberation (1813–14), 599, 643, 713–26 passim

  in Treaties of Chaumont (1814), 723

  and Congress of Vienna (1815), 733

  in 1815 campaign, 743–52

  in occupation of France, 752–53

  and 2d Treaty of Paris, 753

  conservative reaction in, 627, 652

  psychology, 329–36, 391–92, 426, 433, 441, 503

  Publiciste, Le, 287

  publicists, 624

  publishing: in England, 408

  in France, 287

  in Germany, 593, 624

  in Russia, 674

  Pugilist, The (Canova), 555

  Purchas, His Pilgrimage (Purchas), 426

  Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich (1799–1837), 506, 685

  Puy-de-Dôme département, 69

  Pye, Henry James (1745–1813), 450

  Pyramids, battle of the (1798), 109–10, 761

  Pythagoras, Greek philosopher (6th cent. B.C.), 436, 543

  Quadruple Alliance (1834), 754

  Quakers, 354, 359, 368

  Quarenghi, Giacomo (1744–1817), 682

  Quarterly Review, 408, 450, 485, 494

  Quatre-Bras, battle of (1815), 744–76, 748, 749

  Quebec, 518

  Queen Mab (Shelley), 471–72, 473, 476, 482

  Queenwood, England, 351

  Querelle (Chouan rebel), 190–91

  Qu’est-ce que le Tiers état? (Sieyès), 5, 117, 161

  Quiberon, 85, 762

  Quintana, Manuel José (1772–1857), 534

  Quintilian (Marcus Fabius Quintilianus), rhetorician (b. A.D. 35?), 139

  Quito, Ecuador, 609

  Rachel, Mlle. (Élisa Félix; 1820–58), 284

  Racine, Jean-Baptiste (1639–99), 93, 138, 145, 146, 283, 286, 293, 629

  Radcliffe, Ann (1764–1823), 409

  Radet, Étienne (1762–1825), 549

  Radishchev, Aleksandr Nikolaevich (1749–1802), 675

  Radziwill, Prince Antoni Henryk (1775–1833), 583

  Raeburn, Sir Henry (1756–1823), 505

  Rain, Steam, and Speed (Turner), 384

  Ralahine, Ireland, 351

  Ramayana, 635

  Rambouillet, Château de, 271, 727

  Ranke, Leopold von (1795–1886), 249

  Rape of Psyche, The (Prud’hon), 283

  Rape of the Sabines, The (David), 141

  Raphael (Raffaello Sanzio; 1483–1520), 139, 140, 141, 611, 630

  Rapin de Thoyras, Paul de (1661–1725), 404

  Rapports du physique et du moral de l’homme (Cabanis), 143

  Rastatt, Congress of (1797), 589

  Rastrelli, Bartolomeo (1700–71), 682–83

  Rationale of Judicial Evidence (Bentham), 407

  Ratisbon, see Regensburg

  Räuber, Die (Schiller), 582, 615, 616, 621

  Rauch, Christian Daniel (1777–1857), 611

  Ravenna, 104, 183, 486–89, 498, 542, 544

  Ray nal, Guillaume-Thomas-François (1713–96), 93, 94, 144

  Razumovsky, Count Andreas Kyrilovich (1752–1836), 575, 731

  Real, Pierre-François (1757–1834), 191

  Récamier, Jacques-Rose, 272–73

  Récamier, Juliette (Jeanne-Françoise-Julie-Adélaïde), nee Bernard (1777–1849), 100, 190, 272–74, 295, 297, 300

  and Chateaubriand, 274, 301, 321

  Chinard’s bust of, 281

  and Constant, 273–74, 307, 308

  portraits of, 273

  Recherches sur les ossements fossiles des quadrupèdes (Cuvier), 326–27

  Recluse, The (Wordsworth), 445–46

  Reden an die deutsche Nation (Fichte), 599, 605–6, 641–43

  red flag as symbol of revolution, 40

  Reflections on the French Revolution (Burke), 504, 514, 624

  Reflections on the Trial of the Queen, by a Woman (Staël), 150

  Réflexions sur la métaphisique du calcul infinitésimal (Carnot), 323

  Reform Act (England, 1832), 397, 405, 447, 452, 504, 657

  Reformation in Germany, 588, 611, 658

  the Hapsburgs and, 563

  Refutation of the Errors of Spinoza, 636

  Regency (England, 1811–20), 369

  Regensburg (Ratisbon), bishopric of, 588, 597

  Reggio Emilia, province of, 220, 544

  Règne animal distribué d’après son organisation, Le (Cuvier), 327

  Régnier, Claude-Ambroise (1746–1814), 187, 190, 216, 251–52

  Reichsdeputationshauptschluss (1803), 589

  Reichstädte, 588

  Reichstag, see Imperial Diet Reid, Thomas (1710–96), 503

  Reille, Honoré-Charles (1775–1860), 747

  Reimarus, Hermann Samuel (1694–1768), 602

  Reims, Archbishop of (fl. 1779), 27

  Reims, battle of (1814), 723

  Reinagle, Ramsay Richard (1775–1862), 381

  Reise um die Welt (Chamisso), 626

  Relief Act of 1793 (Ireland), 508

  religion, freedom of: under Consulate and French Empire, 181, 184, 199

  in Denmark, 663

  during French Revolution, 27–28, 32, 57, 73, 84, 86, 126, 152

  in Germany, 590, 591, 594

  in Italy under N., 550, 556

  under Louis XVI, 10, 126

  religion, wars of (16th cent.), 61

  Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (Percy), 413, 416, 505

  Rémusat, Comte Auguste-Laurent de (1762–1823), 194, 203, 208–9, 225, 283, 730

  Rémusat, Claire de Vergennes, Comtesse de (1780–1821), 93, 194, 730

  cited passim

  Renaissance, 587, 591, 646, 658

  René (Chateaubriand), 311, 317–18, 320

  Rennes, 72, 186

  Renoir, Pierre-Auguste (1841–1919), 385

  Representative Assembly of the Nation (Prussia), 598

  Repton, Humphry (1752–1818), 378

  Republica Italiana, 187, 201, 546

  Republican Institutions (Saint-Just), 61

  Researches Chemical and Philosophical (Davy), 390

  “Resolution and Independence” (Wordsworth), 435

  Restoration (England, 1660), 454

  Restoration (France): First (1814), 730–31

  Second (1815), 752–54

  Restoration of Freedom of Thought by the Princes of Europe (Fichte), 637

  Return to Nature, or Defence of a Vegetable Regimen (John Newton), 473

  Revolutionary Calendar, 48, 145, 206

  Revolutionary Tribunal, 54–56, 65–67, 69, 77–78, 82, 83

  Revolution of 1830 (France), 153, 774

  Revolution of 1848 (Germany), 627

  Révolutions de France, Les, 20

  Révolutions de Paris, Les, 20

  Rewbell, Jean-François (1747–1807), 88, 106, 114, 117

  Reynolds, Sir Joshua (1723–92), 141, 380, 381, 383, 413

  Rheinbund, see Confederation of the Rhine

  Rheinische Merkur, 625

  Rhigas Pheraios, Constantine (1757?–98), 669

  Rhine River, 261, 589, 600

  France gains left bank of, 85, 87, 97, 105, 169, 177, 588, 588–90

  French control of mouths of, 53, 178, 201, 517, 720

  Rhone River, 261

  massacres at, 69, 71, 85

  Ribbing, Count Adolf Ludvig (1765–1843), 150

  Ricardo, David (1772–1823), 346, 360, 402

  Richard II, King of England (r. 1377–99), 467

  Richardson, Samuel (1689–1761), 146, 286, 409, 416, 619

  Richelieu, Armand-Emmanuel du Plessis, Duc de (1766–1822), 754

  Richelieu, Armand-Jean du Plessis de, Cardinal (1585–1642), 4

  Richmond, Charlotte Gordon Lennox, Duchess of, 745

  Richter, Jean Paul (1763–1825), 297, 620, 625–26, 658

  Ries, Ferdinand (1784–1838), 570, 574

  Right, the, origin of
term, 34

  Rights of Man, The (Paine), 515–16

  Rilke, Rainer Maria (1875–1926), 627

  Riksdag (Sweden), 661

  Rime of the Ancient Mariner, see Ancient Mariner

  Rimini, 542

  Rinaldi, Antonio (1709–90), 682

  Risorgimento (Italy, 19th cent.), 552, 660

  Rivoli, battle of (1796), 104

  Road to Ruin, The (Holcroft), 371

  Robert Guiskard (Kleist), 617

  Roberts, Capt. Daniel, 496

  Robertson, William (1721–93), 503

  Robespierre, Augustin (1764–94), 14, 75, 82–83

  Robespierre, Maximilien (1758–94), 13–15, 144, 252

  appearance, 14, 134

  Barras and, 82–83, 88

  and Bonaparte, 75, 94

  in Committee, 59, 61, 70, 71, 74–81 passim

  in Convention, 47–82

  passim, 394

  and Danton, 41, 48, 56, 76–78, 79, 81, 83, 128

  fall and death of, 81–83

  and Jacobin Club, 33, 38, 39, 54, 56, 81, 82

  and Louis XVI’s trial and execution, 51, 52

  manhood suffrage promoted by, 14, 28, 46, 48, 52

  and morality, 14, 129, 132, 135

  in National Assembly, 26, 28, 32

  and the press, 128

  and religion, 7, 14, 73–74, 75, 76, 79

  and Rousseau, 7, 14, 79

  at States-General, 13, 15

  and the Terror, 62, 70, 71, 75–76, 79–81

  Robinson, Henry Crabb (1775–1867), 440, 446, 452

  Robinson, Mary (Perdita), nee Darby (1758–1800), 358

  Robinson Crusoe (Defoe), 422

  Rocca, John (Albert-Jean; 1788–1818), 299–300, 301, 307

  Rocca, Louis-Alphonse (1812–38), 300

  Rochambeau, J.-B. Donatien de Vimeur, Comte de (1725–1807), 10

  Rochefort, 189, 751, 752, 754–55

  rococo style, 139, 140, 378, 554, 593, 610

  Roederer, Comte Pierre-Louis (1754–1835), 162–63, 168, 239, 242, 258, 547

  Roger, Niklos, 564

  Rogers, James Edwin Thorold (1823–90), 344

  Rogers, Samuel (1763–1855), 362, 440, 459, 467

  Roget, Dr. Peter (1779–1869), 390

  Rokeby (Scott), 505

  Roland (in full, Roland de La Platière), Jean-Marie (1734–93), 35–36, 129

  becomes royal minister of interior, 36, 149

  on Executive Council, 40, 53

  in Convention, 47, 48, 51

  escapes arrest, 56

  death of, 67

  Roland, Jeanne-Manon, nee Phlipon (1754–93), 35–36, 57, 129, 145, 149

  arrest of, 56

  imprisonment and death of, 66–67

  Rolando, Luigi (1773–1831), 552

  Romagna, 542

  Romance of the Forest, The (Radcliffe), 409

  Roman Empire of the West, 588

  Roman Republic (1798), 140, 544–45, 548

  romans, 318

  Romanticism: Coleridge’s philosophical basis for, 442

  in English fiction, 372, 377, 409–10, 505

  in English poetry, 372, 417, 456, 489, 492, 619, 658

  in French literature, 146, 310–11, 314–15, 318

  French Revolution and, 139, 155, 416

  in German literature, 605, 618, 621, 625, 626, 628–35

  in German philosophy, 630

  in music, 372, 582, 614, 630

  in painting, 281, 282, 372, 380, 383–85

  in religion, 317–18, 630

  Rousseau and, 139, 416, 477, 629, 685

  in Russian literature, 685

  in Scandinavian literature, 662, 666

  in sculpture, 556, 683

  Mme. de Staël and, 290, 298

  in the theater, 285, 372, 615

  transition to, 413, 416

  Wordsworth and, 416, 432

  Rome, 116, 117, 542, 544–45, 548, 549, 624

  art in, 554–55, 611–12

  Pius VII returns to, 550

  Rome, King of, see Napoleon II

  Römische Geschichte (Niebuhr), 607

  Romney, George (1734–1802), 519

  Roosevelt, Theodore (1858–1919), 218

  Rosenkranz, Karl (1805–79), 657

  Rosetta Stone, 110, 388

  Rosicrucians, 602, 619

  Rossi, Carlo J. (1775–1849), 682

  Rossini, Gioacchino Antonio (1792–1868), 553, 584, 614

  Rostok, University of, 606

  Rostopchin, Count Feodor Vasilievich (1763–1826), 683, 687, 705

  Rothes Blatt, Das (Görres), 624

  Rothschild, Meyer Amschel (1743–1812), 361, 603

  Rothschild, Nathan Meyer (1777–1836), 361

  rotten boroughs, 437, 512

  Rouen, 5, 8, 62, 75, 263

  Rouget de Lisle, Claude-Joseph (1760–1836), 37, 38, 137

  Rousseau, Jean-Jacques (1712–78), 6, 328, 332, 400

  Beethoven and, 582

  and Catherine II, 677

  Chateaubriand and, 311, 315

  French Revolution and, 6–7, 14, 23, 35, 41, 57, 74*, 79, 145

  Germany and, 619, 621, 625, 627, 638

  Godwin and, 398

  Napoleon and, 91, 93, 94, 242, 286

  Paine and, 515

  Romanticism and, 139, 416, 477, 629, 685

  Mme. de Staël and, 146, 151, 290

  and universal military service, 267

  Rousseau and Revolution (Durant), 35*, 340*, 533*, 620*

  Roustam (1780–1845), 243, 727

  Roux, Jacques (d. 1794), 54, 63, 89

  Rovereto, battle of (1796), 103

  Rovigo, Duc de, see Savary, René

  Rowlandson, Thomas (1756–1827), 378–79

  Royal Academy of Art, London, 376, 378–83 passim, 413

  Royal College of Physicians, London, 392

  Royal College of Surgeons, London, 392

  Royal Institution of London, 386, 388, 389, 390, 439–40

  Royal Lancastrian Association, 362

  Royal Philharmonic Society, London, 376

  Royal Society of London for Improving Natural Knowledge, 386, 387, 388, 519

  Royal Society of Science and Arts, Metz, 275

  Royer-Collard, Pierre-Paul (1763–1845), 331

  Rubens, Peter Paul (1577–1640), 279, 282

  Rückert, Friedrich (1788–1866), 714

  Rudé, François (1784–1855), 280

  Rudolf, Archduke (1788–1831), 565, 576, 581, 583

  Rudolf I of Hapsburg, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1273–91), 558

  Ruffo, Fabrizio, Cardinal (1744–1827), 545

  Rugby, 362

  Rügen, 733

  Ruines, Les (Volney), 144, 471

  Rumford, Benjamin Thompson, Count-(1753–1814), 386, 387–88, 390, 696

  Ruskin, John (1819–1900), 384, 385, 417

  Russia, 3, 672–89, 696–710

  art and literature in, 681–86

  in the partitioning of Poland (1772, 1792, 1795), 46, 85, 116, 513, 667

  Peace of Jassy with Turkey, 670

  in 1st Coalition against France (1793), 517

  in 2d Coalition, 116–17, 119, 176, 521, 670, 676

  in 2d League of Armed Neutrality (1800), 178, 208, 663–65

  treaty with England (1801), 178

  alliance with Prussia (1802), 686

  peace with France (1802), 179

  and Rhineland reorganization, 188, 589

  alliance with Austria (1804)., 686

  in 3d Coalition (1805), 203–4, 522, 595, 686–87

  alliance with England (1806), 210, 212

  secret alliance with Prussia (1806), 596

  war against Turkey (1806 ff.), 212, 671

  war against France (1806–07), 207–12, 276, 596

  Peace of Tilsit with France, 212–13, 276, 596, 671, 687

  alliance with France (1807–10), 212, 214, 222, 225, 228, 233, 234, 538, 693

  hurt by Continental Blockade, 687, 694<
br />
  war and peace with Sweden (1808), 661

  and Treaty of Schönbrunn (1809), 233

  violates and withdraws from Continental Blockade, 688, 693, 697

  pact with Sweden (1812), 663, 689, 697

  Peace of Bucharest with Turkey (1812), 671, 689, 697

  invasion of (1812), 241, 300, 307, 527, 556, 557, 697–711

  in 1813–14 War of Liberation, 715, 716, 718, 722–23, 724, 725

  and Treaties of Chaumont (1814), 723

  and Treaty of Fontainebleau (1814), 726

  and Congress of Vienna, 731–33

  and occupation of France (1815), 752–53

  and 2d Treaty of Paris, 753

  Saale River, 209, 590, 600, 719

  Saalfeld, battle of (1806), 209

  Saar, 754

  Sade, Comte Donatien-Alphonse-François de (1740–1814), 132

  St.-Amand, 745

  Saint-André, André-Jeanbon (1749–1813), 60, 65

  St. Andrews, University of, 20, 503

  St. Bernard Pass, 171–72

  St.-Cloud, Palace of, 30, 235, 271

  and 18th Brumaire, 121–23, 151

  St.-Domingue (Santo Domingo), 85, 177–78, 220, 771

  Sainte-Beuve, Charles-Augustin (1804–69), 308

  Ste.-Geneviève, Church of (Paris), 30

  St.-Firmin prison, Paris, 45

  St. Gotthard Pass, 171

  St. Helena, 220, 756–57, 758–69, 775

  Saint-Hilaire, Geoffroy, see Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Étienne St. James’s Palace, 381

  St. John, Knights of, see Knights of Malta Saint-Just, Louis-Antoine (1767–94), 60–61, 129

  arrest and death of, 82–83

  in Committee, 60–61, 80

  constitution of 1793 formulated by, 57

  and Danton’s trial, 77, 78

  Louis XVI’s death demanded by, 51

  military achievements of, 61, 62, 68, 80

  and Robespierre, 14, 61

  St. Luke’s Academy, Rome, 555

  St. Mark’s Cathedral, Venice, 139, 279

  St. Paul’s Cathedral, London, 377, 381, 385, 444

  St. Petersburg: architecture in, 681–82

  music in, 553

  St. Petersburg, University of, 680

  St. Petersburg Academy of Fine Arts, 683, 684

  St. Stephen’s Church (Stefanskirche), Vienna, 562, 563

  St. Vincent, Cape, battle of (1797), 520

  Saladin, Sultan of Egypt and Syria (r. 1174–93), 506

  Salamanca, 229

  battle of (1812), 539, 703

  Salieri, Antonio (1750–1825), 553, 570

  Salisbury Cathedral (Constable), 382

  Salon, Paris, 14, 104*, 139, 140, 141, 382

  Salpêtrière prison, Paris, 45, 325

  Saltykov, Count N. J., 677

  Salzburg, 233, 588, 733

  Sambre River, 97, 744, 749

  San Giuliano, 171, 173–74

  San Marino, 541

  sansculottes, origin of word, 7, 134

  Sanskrit, 632, 635

  Sanson, Henri (1767–1840), 66

 

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