by Will Durant
death of, 66
Vermeer, Jan (1632–75), 279
Verona, 103, 544
Veronese, Paolo (1528–88), 139
Versailles, Palace of, 11, 13, 19
Paris women’s march on, 24–25, 133, 331, 513
Versuche einer Geschichte (Arndt), 627
Versuch einer Kritik aller Offenbarung (Fichte), 637
Vestale, La (Spontini), 278
Vestris, Marie-Rose (1746–1804), 138
veto crisis (France, 1792), 37–38
Viazma, 703
Victor, Claude (1766–1841), 173, 538, 699, 709, 718, 722–23
Victor Emmanuel I, King of Sardinia (r. 1802–21), 187, 189, 335
Victoria, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland (r. 1837–1901), 351
Vie de Napoléon (Stendhal), 773
Vien, Joseph-Marie (1716–1809), 140
Vienna, 104, 562–66, 569–86
air pollution in, 563
amusements in, 564
factories in, 562–63
history of, 558
music in, 553, 565–66, 569–86, 614
occupied by N. (1805), 203–4, 279, 575
occupied by N. (1809), 232, 263, 578
population of, 562
publishing in, 624
salons in, 563
Mme. de Staël’s opinion of, 297
the theater in, 564–65, 618
the Turks defeated at (1683), 558
Vienna, Congress of (1814–15), 624, 731–34, 740, 765, 772
and the 1st Treaty of Paris, 730
music at, 575, 581, 732
and N.’s escape from Elba, 734, 735, 765
Vienna, University of, 563
Viennois district, 22
Vier und zwanzig Bücher (Müller), 660
Vieux Cordelier, Le, 76
View of the Evidences of Christianity, A (Paley), 394, 397
Vigée-Lebrun, Marie-Anne-Élisabeth (1755–1842), 139, 519, 683
Vignon, Barthélemy, 280
Vigny, Alfred de (1797–1863), 109
Vihiers, 62
Villanueva, Juan de (1739–1811), 533
Villefranche, 49
Villeneuve, Pierre de (1763–1806), 202–4, 251, 522–23, 524, 525
Villeneuve, Switz., 171
Villoison, Jean-Baptiste d’Ansse de (1753–1805), 266
Vilna, 689, 701, 706, 708, 710, 712
Vilna, University of, 680
Vimeiro, battle of (1808), 225, 536
Vincennes, Fortress of, 10, 132, 191
Vinci, Leonardo da, see Leonardo
Vindication of Natural Diet (Shelley), 473
Vindication of the Rights of Woman, A (Wollstonecraft), 364
Vindiciae Gallicae (Mackintosh), 504, 515
vingtième, 8
Virgil (70–19 B.C.), 145, 286, 532, 632
Vision of Judgment, A (Southey), 489
Vision of Judgment, The (Byron), 489
Vistula River, 210, 700
Vitebsk, 701–2
Vitoria, battle of (1808), 228–29, 581
Vitruvius Pollio (1st cent. B.C.), 139
Vivian, Charles (d. 1822), 406, 497
Viviani, Emilia, 484–85, 491
Vogel, Henriette (d. 1811), 618
Voghera, 173
Vogler, Abt Georg Josef (1749–1814), 568, 612–13
Voight, Privy Councilor, 640
Volney, Constantin Chasseboeuf, Comte de (1757–1820), 144, 184, 243, 266, 270, 471
Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827), 322, 300, 551–52, 608
Voltri, 98
Von Deutschem Bund und Deutscher Staats-verfassung (Fries), 652
Vonner og de Vanner, De (Heiberg), 665
Vorarlberg, 205
V orlesungen über Aesthetik (Hegel), 651–52, 655
Voronykhin, Andrei, 682
Voltaire (François-Marie Arouet; 1694–1778), 31
and Catherine II, 670, 677, 684
his “Ecrasez l’infâme!,” 315, 334, 471
in England, 516
English reaction against, 358, 360, 394
French Revolution and, 32, 72, 127
and Frederick II, 594; and Fréron, 69
Germany and, 619, 629, 646, 654, 658
Gustavus III and, 661
on history, 468
on Holy Roman Empire, 588
“If God did not exist …,” 52, 253
Joseph II and, 559; and law, 130
Malthus and, 346
Napoleon and, 93, 259, 286
plays of, 138, 227, 286
Mme. de Staël and, 290
Voss, Johann Heinrich (1751–1826), 619
Voss, Julie von (d. 1789), 594
Voyage en Amérique (Chateaubriand), 310–11
Voyages aux contrées équinoctiales du nouveau continent (Humboldt), 751
Voyages de Humboldt et Bonpland (Humboldt), 609
Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich (1773–98), 611, 623, 630
Wagram, battle of (1809), 232, 525, 538, 562
Walcheren expedition (1809), 526
Waldstein, Count Ferdinand von (1762–1823), 568–69, 572
Wales, 342, 361, 472
Wales, George Augustus Frederick, Prince of, see George IV
Walewska, Countess Marie Laczynska (1789–1817), 210–11, 232, 236, 711, 735
Walker, John (1770–1831), 469
Wallachia, 201, 228, 669, 671, 689, 696
Wallenstein (Schiller), 615
Walpole, Horace, 4th Earl of Orford (1717–97), 377, 416
Walpole, Sir Robert, 1st Earl of Orford (1676–1745), 518
waltz, 136, 370
Wanderer, The (Burney), 410
Warens, Françoise-Marie de La Tour, Baronne de (1699–1762), 332
War of 1812, Anglo-American, 526, 527, 732
War of 1812, Franco-Russian, 686, 693–711
Warsaw, city of, 210, 238, 593, 594, 668, 711
Jews in, 667
Warsaw, grand duchy of, 233, 593, 688, 696, 700, 712
creation of, 213, 276, 668
end of, 713, 733
Washington, George (1732–99), 10, 43, 144, 310, 394
Watchman, The, 426
Waterloo, battle of (1815), 218, 251, 308, 324, 746–49, 770
Byron tours ground of, 476
N. reflects on at St. Helena, 765
N.’s ailments at, 699, 769
N.’s published account of, 773
and the playing fields of Eton, 362, 535
Waterloo, village of, 744
Waterloo Bridge (Constable), 382
Watt, James (1736–1819), 342, 390
Watteau, Antoine (1684–1721), 283
Wattignies, battle of (1793), 64
Wat Tyler (Southey), 451
Waverley (Scott), 506
Waverley Novels (Scott), 410, 506, 507
Wavre, 746, 747
Wawruch, Dr., 585
Wealth of Nations (Smith), 472, 512, 685
Weber, Aloysia (1761?–1839), 613
Weber, Carl Maria von (1786–1826), 613–14, 630
Weber (later Mozart), Constanze, 613
Weber, Edmund von, 613
Weber, Franz Anton von (1734–1812), 613
Weber, Fritz von, 613
Webster, Lady Frances (fl. 1813), 462
Webster, John (1580?–1625), 482
Wedgwood, Josiah (1730–95), 368, 428
Wedgwood, Josiah II, 409, 428, 432, 439
Wedgwood, Thomas (1771–1805), 409, 428
Wedgwood pottery, 377, 416
Wegeler, Franz, 572, 577
Weimar, 305, 579, 605, 611, 620–23
N.’s visit to, 226, 227–28
population of, 614
Mme. de Staël and, 292–93, 296, 298
theater in, 614–15, 616, 617
Weishaupt, Adam (1748–1830), 564
Weismann, August (1834–1914), 329
Wellington, Sir Arthur Wellesley, Duke of (1769–1852), 377, 381, 535–39
early life (to 1808), 535–36
in Portugal (1808), defeats French at Vimeiro, 225, 536
retires to Ireland, 536
victories in Portugal (1809–10), 229, 230, 236, 537–38
defeats Marmont at Salamanca (1812), 539, 703
ties down French in Peninsula, 697
victory at Vitoria (1813), 581
in south of France (1813–14), 719, 721
in Paris (1814), 300
at battle of Waterloo (1815), 744–49
to Paris (1815), 750, 752
Britain presents N.’s statue to, 555
again in Paris (1816), 301
N.’s attitude toward, 245, 767
miscellaneous opinions of, 247, 357, 754
Wellesley, 1st Marquess, see Mornington, 2d Earl of
Werner, Zacharias (in full, Friedrich Ludwig Zacharias; 1768–1823), 296, 616
Werther (Goethe), see Sorrows of Werther, The
Weser River, 595, 600
Wesley, John (1703–91), 360
West, Benjamin (1738–1820), 380, 381
Westbrook, Eliza, 470, 473, 474
Westbrook, Harriet, see Shelley, Harriet Westbrook, Mr., 470, 474
West Indies, 203, 367, 447, 518, 520, 522
Westminster Abbey, 359, 416, 500
Westminster Review, The, 407, 504
Westminster School, 362, 404, 424
Westmorland County, 442
Westphalia, kingdom of (1807–13), 206, 253, 277, 590–92, 660
creation of, 213, 218
end of, 733
Westphalia, Peace of (1648), 50, 516
Westphalia, province of (Prussian), 597
West Prussia, province of, 593
Wetzlar, 597
Whigs, 355, 363, 370–71, 467
and the Luddites, 460
and Morning Post, 408, 437
and Prince of Wales, 357, 512
Whitbread, Samuel (1758–1815), 361
White Doe of Rylstone, The (Wordsworth), 451
White Horse, The (Constable), 382
White Terror (France, 1795), 62, 84–85
White Terror (France, 1815), 753, 774
Whitman, Walt (1819–92), 415
Whitworth, Charles Whitworth, Baron, later Earl (1752–1825), 189
Wieland, Christoph Martin (1733–1813), 226–28, 293, 305, 614, 617, 620–21, 658
Wiener Zeitschrift, 565
Wiener Zeitung, 565
Wilberforce, William (1759–1833), 43, 359, 360, 367–68, 512, 526
Wilhelm Meister (Goethe), 632
Wilhelm Tell (Schiller), 293, 660
William IV, Stadholder of Holland (r. 1747–51), 85
Williams, Edward (d. 1822), 494–96, 501
Williams, Jane, 496–97, 501
Wilson, Sir Robert Thomas (1777–1849), 713
Winchester School, 362
Winckelmann, Johann Joachim (1717–68), 139, 554, 611, 630, 667
Windermere, Lake, 381, 418
Winter Palace, St. Petersburg, 681–82
Winter’s Tale, A (Shakespeare), 358
Wisdom Descending to Earth (Prud’hon), 283
Wittenberg, 592
Wittenberg, University of, 606, 631
Wittgenstein, Ludwig Adolf Peter (1769–1843), 709–10, 716, 723
Wolf, Friedrich August (1759–1824), 266, 607
Wolfe, James (1727–59), 380
Wolfenbüttel, 590, 591
Wöllner, Johann Christian von (1730?–1800), 594
Wollstonecraft, Mary (1759–97), 364–66, 413, 481, 604
death of, 366, 400, 474, 475
women: campaign for rights of, 86, 292, 364–66, 491, 604–5
N.’s views on, 255–56
status of, 133–34, 181, 291, 298, 354
Wonsowicz, General, 711
“Words in Season” (Wieland), 621
Wordsworth, Ann, nee Cookson (1747–78), 418
Wordsworth, Christopher (1774–1846), 418
Wordsworth, Dorothy (1771–1855): appearance, 421
birth and childhood, 418
and Coleridge, 422, 427–28, 436, 437, 439
devotion to William, 419, 421–22
in Germany, 429
illness and death, 452–53
journals of, 428, 433–34
and Lyrical Ballads, 429, 430
and Prelude, 443
and Southey, 449–50
and “Tintern Abbey,” 431
and William’s marriage, 434–35
Wordsworth, John (1741–83), 418, 434
Wordsworth, John (1772–1805), 418, 449
Wordsworth, Mary, nee Hutchinson (1770–1859), 422
courtship, 432, 433
marriage, 434–35, 437, 449, 452
nurses Dorothy, 452–53
Wordsworth, Richard (1768–1816), 418–20, 432
Wordsworth, William (1770–1850), 374, 418–22, 427–36, 442–46, 451–53, 507
appearance, character, 421, 438, 451
birth, early life, 417, 418–19, 443–44
and Byron, 446, 451, 452, 456, 536
and Coleridge, 416, 422, 425, 427–33, 437–39, 442–48 passim death of, 417, 451, 452
and De Quincey, 449
in France, 419–20, 434–35, 444
and French Revolution, 419–20, 448, 452, 513
and Godwin, 366, 397, 400, 421, 452
at Grasmere, 417, 433–34, 435, 442, 449
marriage of, 434–35
his rich patrons, 376, 409, 421, 432, 434
becomes poet laureate (1843), 451
theory and philosophy of poetry, 429, 431–32, 442, 472, 493
political orientation, 366, 420, 448, 451–52
religious attitudes, 381, 389, 397, 429, 430–31, 443, 445–48, 452, 478, 493, 644–45
and Southey, 449–450
travels, 419–20, 429, 432, 434–35, 452
and Annette Vallon, 420–21, 434–35, 452
his work, 374, 416, 427–32, 435–36, 443, 451, 478, 645(see also Lyrical Ballads Prelude)
Worms, 49, 588
Wright, Capt. John Wesley (1769–1805), 190
Wurmser, Count Dagobert Sigismund von (1724–97), 101, 103, 104
Württemberg, 202, 218, 253, 588, 621, 750
becomes a kingdom, 205
in Confederation, 206, 589
Würzburg, battle of (1796), 97
Würzburg, bishopric of, 588
becomes a grand duchy, 206
Würzburg, University of, 293, 644
Wyatt, James (1746–1813), 377
Xenophon, 309
Yorck von Wartenburg, Johann David Ludwig (1759–1830), 713
York, 345, 470
York, Frederick Augustus, Duke of (1763–1827), 535
Young, Arthur (1741–1820), 8
Young, Thomas (1773–1829), 110, 385, 386, 388–89
Yvan, Dr., 708, 727
Yverdun, Switzerland, school at, 660
Zach, General von, 174
Zakharov, Adrian, 683
Zante, 105, 552
Zeitgeist, 650, 656
Zelter, Karl Friedrich (1758–1832), 580
Zerbrochene Krug, Der (Kleist), 617
Zieten, Count Hans Ernst Karl von (1770–1848), 747
zoology, 328–30, 386
Zoonomia (E. Darwin), 391
Zurich, battle of (1799), 119
About the Authors
WILL DURANT was born in North Adams, Massachusetts, on November 5, 1885. He was educated in the Catholic parochial schools there and in Kearny, New Jersey, and thereafter in St. Peter’s (Jesuit) College, Jersey City, New Jersey, and Columbia University. New York. For a summer he served as a cub reporter on the New York Journal, in 1907, but finding the work too strenuous for his temperament;, he settled down at Seton Hall College, South Orange, New Jersey, to teach Latin, French, English, and geometry (1907–11). He entered the seminary at Seton Hall in 1909, but withdrew in 1911 for reasons he has described in his book Tra
nsition. He passed from this quiet seminary to the most radical circles in New York, and became (1911–13) the teacher of the Ferrer Modern School, an experiment in libertarian education. In 1912 he toured Europe at the invitation and expense of Alden Freeman, who had befriended him and now undertook to broaden his borders.
Returning to the Ferrer School, he fell in love with one of his pupils—who had been born Ida Kaufman in Russia on May 10, 1898—resigned his position, and married her (1913). For four years he took graduate work at Columbia University, specializing in biology under Morgan and Calkins and in philosophy under Wood-bridge and Dewey. He received the doctorate in philosophy in 1917, and taught philosophy at Columbia University for one year. In 1914, in a Presbyterian church in New York, he began those lectures on history, literature, and philosophy that, continuing twice weekly for thirteen years, provided the initial material for his later works.
The unexpected success of The Story of Philosophy (1926) enabled him to retire from teaching in 1927. Thenceforth, except for some incidental essays Mr. and Mrs. Durant gave nearly all their working hours (eight to fourteen daily) to The Story of Civilization. To better prepare themselves they toured Europe in 1927, went around the world in 1930 to study Egypt, the Near East, India, China, and Japan, and toured the globe again in 1932 to visit Japan, Manchuria, Siberia, Russia, and Poland. These travels provided the background for Our Oriental Heritage (1935) as the first volume in The Story of Civilization. Several further visits to Europe prepared for Volume 2, The Life of Greece (1939), and Volume 3, Caesar and Christ (1944). In 1948, six months in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, Egypt, and Europe provided perspective for Volume 4, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume 5, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume 6, The Reformation (1957).
Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume 7, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it was on The Age of Louis XIV (1963), The Age of Voltaire (1965), and Rousseau and Revolution (winner of the Pulitzer Prize in 1968).
The publication of Volume 11, The Age of Napoleon, in 1975 concluded five decades of achievement. Ariel Durant died on October 25, 1981, at the age of 83; Will Durant died 13 days later, on November 7, aged 96. Their last published work was A Dual Autobiography (1977). spective for Volume IV, The Age of Faith (1950). In 1951 Mr. and Mrs. Durant returned to Italy to add to a lifetime of gleanings for Volume V, The Renaissance (1953); and in 1954 further studies in Italy, Switzerland, Germany, France, and England opened new vistas for Volume VI, The Reformation (1957).
Mrs. Durant’s share in the preparation of these volumes became more and more substantial with each year, until in the case of Volume VII, The Age of Reason Begins (1961), it was so great that justice required the union of both names on the title page. And so it has been on The Age of Louis XIV, The Age of Voltaire, Rousseau and Revolution, and now on The Age of Napoleon.
