by John Conway
2 Archosaurs are the 'ruling reptiles': dinosaurs, crocodiles and all of their relatives.
3 Paul, G. S. 1987. The science and art of restoring the life appearance of dinosaurs and their relatives-a rigorous how-to guide. In Czerkas, S. J. & Olson, E. C. (eds) Dinosaurs Past and Present Vol. II. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County/University of Washington Press (Seattle and London), pp. 4-49.
4 Knight, C. R. 1959. Animal Drawing: Anatomy and Action for Artists. Dover Publictions (New York), pp. 119.
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6 Antón, M. 2003. Appendix: notes on the reconstructions of fossil vertebrates from Lothagam. In Leakey, M. G. & Harris, J. M. (eds) Lothagam: the Dawn of Humanity in Eastern Africa. Columbia University Press (New York), pp. 661-665. CF1
7 Antón, M. & Galobart, À. 1999. Neck function and predatory behavior in the scimitar toothed cat Homotherium latidens (Owen). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19, 771-784.
8 Antón, M., García-Perea, R. & Turner, A. 1998. Reconstructed facial appearance of the sabretoothed felid Smilodon. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 124, 369-386.
9 Hutchinson, J. R., Bates, K. T., Molnar, J., Allen, V. & Makovicky, P. J. 2011. A computational analysis of limb and body dimensions in Tyrannosaurus rex with implications for locomotion, ontogeny, and growth. PLoS ONE 6(10): e26037. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0026037
10 Gishlick, A. D. 2001. The function of the manus and forelimb of Deinonychus antirrhopus and its importance for the origin of avian flight. In Gauthier, J. & Gall, L. F. (eds) New prespectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the international symposium in honor of John H. Ostrom. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University (New Haven), pp. 301-318.
11 Senter, P. & Robins, J. H. 2005. Range of motion in the forelimb of the theropod dinosaur Acrocanthosaurus atokensis, and implications for predatory behaviour. Journal of Zoology 266, 307-318.
12 Bonnan, M. F. & Senter, P. 2007. Were the basal sauropodomorph dinosaurs Plateosaurus and Massospondylus habitual quadrupeds. Special Papers in Palaeontology 77, 139-155.
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14 White, S. 2012. Dinosaur Art: the World's Greatest Paleoart. Titan Books (London), pp. 188.
15 That is, distinctive bits of bony anatomy that reliable reveal the presence of some soft tissue structure. A circular bony socket on the side or front of the skull, connected to the brain by nerve openings, for example, is a good osteological correlate for an eyeball.
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18 Molinari, J., Gutiérrez, E. E., de Ascenção, A. A., Nassar, J. M., Arends, A. & Márquez, R. J. 2005. Predation by giant centipedes, Scolopendra gigantea , on three species of bats in a Venezuelan cave. Caribbean Journal of Science 41, 340-346.
19 Maxwell, W. D. & Ostrom, J. H. 1995. Taphonomy and paleobiological implications of Tenontosaurus - Deinonychus associations. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15, 707-712.
20 Furness, R. W. 1988. Predation on ground-nesting seabirds by island populations of red deer Cervus elaphus and sheep Ovis . Journal of Zoology 216, 565-573.
21 Nack, J. L. & Ribic, C. A. 2005. Apparent predation by cattle at grassland bird nests. The Wilson Bulletin 117, 56-62.
22 Brennan, P. L. R., Prum, R. O., McCracken, K. G., Sorenson, M. D., Wilson, R. E. & Birkhead, T. R. 2007. Coevolution of male and female genital morphology in waterfowl. PLoS ONE 2 (5): e418. doi : 10.1371/journal.pone.0000418
23 McCracken, K. G. 2000. The 20-cm spiny penis of the Argentine lake duck ( Oxyura vittata ). The Auk 820-825.
24 McCracken, K. G., Wilson, R. E., McCracken, P. J. & Johnson, K. P. 2001. Are ducks impressed by drakes' display? Nature 413, 128.
25 de Bruyn, P. J. N., Tosh, C. A. & Bester, M. N. 2008. Sexual harassment of a king penguin by an Antarctic fur seal. Journal of Ethology 26, 295-297.
26 Rey, L. V. 2001. Extreme Dinosaurs. Chronicle Books (San Francisco), pp. 62.
27 Burghardt, G. 2005. The Genesis of Animal Play: Testing the Limits. MIT Press, Cambridge, MA.
28 Naish, D. 2009. Dinosaurs come out to play (so do turtles, and crocodilians, and Komodo dragons). Tetrapod Zoology ver 2 http://tinyurl.com/9fw5odb
29 Lambe, L. M. 1917. The Cretaceous theropodous dinosaur Gorgosaurus. Memoirs of the Geological Society of Canada 100, 1-84.
30 Naish, D. 2008. Sleep behaviour and sleep postures. Tetrapod Zoology ver 2 http://tinyurl.com/95bz7fc
31 O'Keefe, F. R., Street, H. P., Wilhelm, B. C., Richards, C. D. & Zhu, H. 2011. A new skeleton of the cryptoclidid plesiosaur Tatenectes laramiensis reveals a novel body shape among plesiosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 31, 330-339.
32 Bailey, J. B. 1997. Neural spine elongation in dinosaurs: sailbacks or buffalo-backs? Journal of Paleontology 71, 1124-1146.
33 Naish, D. 2010. Concavenator : an incredible allosauroid with a weird sail (or hump)… and proto-feathers? Tetrapod Zoology ver 2 http://tinyurl.com/9pypuf4
34 Paul, G. S. 1987. The science and art of restoring the life appearance of dinosaurs and their relatives-a rigorous how-to guide. In Czerkas, S. J. & Olson, E. C. (eds) Dinosaurs Past and Present Vol. II. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County/University of Washington Press (Seattle and London), pp. 4-49.
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Image Credits
"Venomous Baboon" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Elephant" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Hippopotamus" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Homo diluvii" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Hornbill" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Lambeosaurus magnicristatus" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Rhinoceros" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Zebra" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Dinosauroid" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Majungasaurus" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Kahydron" and "Allotaur" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Spidermonkey" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Stegosaurus mounts a Haplocanthosaurus" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Torosaurus" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Swans" - © all rights reserved, by C.M. Kosemen
"Allosaurus and Camptosaurus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Camarasaurus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Carnotaurus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Cat" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Centipede and a Anurognathid" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Citipati" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Cow" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Elasmosaurus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Griffon Vulture" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Hesperornis" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Heterodontosaurus tucki" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Heterodontosaurus tucki Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Hummingbirds" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Hysilophodon eats a Millipede" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Iguana" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Leaellynasaura" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Majungasaurus Makes Like a Log" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Microraptor gui" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Opisthocoelicaudia" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Ouranosaurus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Parasaurolophus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Plesiosaur" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Protoceratops andrewsi" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Python" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Rabbits" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Seacow" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Sleepy Stan" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Sperm Whale" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Tenontosaurus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Therizinosaurus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Toad" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Triceratops horridus" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Whale" - © all rights reserved, by John Conway
"Allosaurus Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Camarasaurus Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Carnotaurus Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Majungasaurus Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Microraptor gui Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Nothronychus mckinleyi Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Ouranosaurus Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Parasaurolophus Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Tyrannosaurus rex (Stan) Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Stegosaurus Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Tyrannosaurus rex in a Hurry" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Triceratops horridus Skeletal" - © all rights reserved, by Scott Hartman
"Bottlenose Dolphin and Dall's Porpoise" - © all rights reserved, by Darren Naish
Rabbit skull and neck photographs - © all rights reserved, by Darren Naish
"Goats in a Tree" CC BY 2.0 by Marco Arcangeli, from Wikipedia
Hippopotamus photograph - CC BY-SA 3.0 from Wikipedia
Andrias scheuchzeri skeleton photograph - CC BY-SA 3.0 by "Haplochromis" , from Wikipedia
"Sinornithosaurus skull" - CC BY-SA 3.0 from Wikipedia
"Allosaurus" and "Diplodocus" - Public Domain, by Charles Knight
