by Andrew Lynn
Notes
Chapter 1
1. Ramiyar P. Karanjia, “Beyond Humata, Hukhta, Hvarshta,” Parsi Times, March 17, 2012.
2. Quoted in Elaine Pagels, The Gnostic Gospels (New York: Vintage, 1989), 126.
3. Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Rumi, Selected Poems, trans. Coleman Barks (London: Penguin, 2004), 73-74; William C. Chittick, The Sufi Path of Love: The Spiritual Teachings of Rumi (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1983), 257 (M II 1505-07); The Secret Meaning: Rumi’s Spiritual Lessons on Sufism, 6th ed., http://www.thesecretmeaning.com, 69.
4. Alexandra David-Neel and Lama Yongden, The Secret Oral Teachings in Tibetan Buddhist Sects (San Francisco: City Light Books, 1967), 55.
5. Sean Müller, Bruce Abernethy, and Damian Farrow, “How Do World-Class Cricket Batsmen Anticipate a Bowler’s Intention?” The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 59, no. 12 (2006): 2162-2186.
6. Photographic images from Müller, Abernethy, and Farrow, “How Do World-Class Cricket Batsmen Anticipate a Bowler’s Intention?”, copyright © The Experimental Psychology Society, reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com, on behalf of The Experimental Psychology Society.
7. Daniel J. Simons and Christopher F. Chabris, “Gorillas in our midst: sustained inattentional blindness for dynamic events,” Perception 28 (1999): 1059-1074; Mukul Bhalla and Dennis R. Proffitt, “Visual-Motor Recalibration in Geographical Slant Perception,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance 25, no. 4 (1999): 1076-1096; Bethany A. Teachman et al., “A New Mode of Fear Expression: Perceptual Bias in Height Fear,” Emotion 8, no. 2 (2008): 296-302.
8. Amanda Gefter, “The Evolutionary Argument Against Reality,” Quanta Magazine, April 21, 2016, http://www.quantamagazine.org.
9. Aidan Moran, “Cognitive Psychology in Sport: Progress and Prospects,” Psychology of Sport and Exercise 10 (2009): 420-426.
10. Jay Caspian Kang, “The End and Don King: The Crumbling of an American Icon,” Grantland, April 4, 2013, http://www.grantland.com/features/don-king-faces-end-career/
11. Norman Mailer, The Fight (London: Penguin, 2000), 179.
12. George Lakoff, Don’t Think of an Elephant (Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing, 2014), xi-xii.
13. Ibid., 16-17.
14. Jeremy Wilson, “How Muhammad Ali won ‘Rumble in the Jungle’ with rope-a-dope, video analysis and no sex,” Daily Telegraph, 5 June 2016, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/boxing/2016/06/05/how-muhammad-ali-won-rumble-in-the-jungle-with-rope-a-dope-video/
15. Mike Tyson, Undisputed Truth: My Autobiography (London: HarperCollins, 2013), 40-66.
16. Tyson, Undisputed Truth, 40-66.
17. John A. Bargh et al., “The Automated Will: Nonconscious Activation and Pursuit of Behavioral Goals,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. 6 (2001), 1014-1027.
18. Ap Dijksterhuis and Ad van Knippenberg, “The Relation Between Perception and Behaviour, or How to Win a Game of Trivial Pursuit,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 4 (1998): 865-877.
19. Margaret Shih, Todd L. Pittinsky, and Nalini Ambaby, “Stereotype Susceptibility: Identity Salience and Shifts in Quantitative Performance,” Psychological Science 10, no. 1 (1999): 80-83.
20. Fedor Dostoevsky, The Idiot, trans. Alan Myers (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1992), 552-586.
21. Daniel M Wegner et al., “Paradoxical Effects of Thought Suppression,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 53, no. 1 (1987): 5-13; Daniel M Wegner, “Ironic Processes of Mental Control,” Psychological Review 101, no. 1 (1994): 34-52.
22. Emile Coué, Self Mastery through Conscious Autosuggestion (1922), chap. 4.
23. Primo Levi, If This is a Man, trans. Stuart Woolf (London: Everyman, 2000), 102-119.
Chapter 2
1. Dean Keith Simonton, “The Creative Process in Picasso’s Guernica Sketches: Monotonic Improvements versus Nonmonotonic Variants,” Creativity Research Journal 19, no. 4 (2007): 329-344.
2. “Guernica: Testimony of War”, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/treasuresoftheworld/guernica/gmain.html.
3. Awarded by independent raters.
4. Simonton, “The Creative Process in Picasso’s Guernica Sketches: Monotonic Improvements versus Nonmonotonic Variants”: 337. Reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com).
5. Simonton, “The Creative Process in Picasso’s Guernica Sketches: Monotonic Improvements versus Nonmonotonic Variants”: 339. Reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Ltd, http://www.tandfonline.com).
6. Jean-Paul Crespelle, Picasso and His Women, trans. Robert Baldick (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1969), 176-177.
7. Roy F. Baumeister et al., “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 5 (1998): 1252–265.
8. Mark Muraven, Dianne M. Tice, and Roy F. Baumeister, “Self-control as Limited Resource: Regulatory Depletion Patterns,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74, no. 3 (1998): 774-789.
9. Kathleen D. Vohs et al., “Making Choices Impairs Subsequent Self-Control: A Limited-Resource Account of Decision Making, Self-Regulation, and Active Initiative,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 94, no. 5 (2008): 883-898.
10. Shai Danziger, Jonathan Levav, and Liora Avnaim-Pesso, “Extraneous factors in judicial decisions,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 108, no. 17 (2011): 6889-6892.
11. Reprinted with permission of PNAS.
12. Roy F. Baumeister and Nawal al-Ghamdi, “Relevance of Willpower Dynamics, Self-Control, and Ego Depletion to Flawed Student Decision Making,” International Journal of Education and Social Science 1, no. 3 (2014): 147-155.
13. Brandon J. Schmeichel, Roy F. Baumeister, and Kathleen D. Vohs, “Intellectual Performance and Ego Depletion: Role of the Self in Logical Reasoning and Other Information Processing,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85, no. 1 (2003): 33-46.
14. Mark Muraven and Roy F. Baumeister, “Self-Regulation and Depletion of Limited Resources: Does Self-Control Resemble a Muscle?” Psychological Bulletin 126, no. 2 (2000): 247-259.
15. Wilhelm Hofmann et al., “Cooling the heat of temptation: Mental self-control and the automatic evaluation of tempting stimuli,” European Journal of Social Psychology 40 (2010): 17–25; Kentaro Fujita and H. Anna Han, “Moving Beyond Deliberative Control of Impulses: The Effect of Construal Levels on Evaluative Associations in Self-Control Conflict,” Psychological Science 20, no. 7 (2009): 799-804.
16. Alexandra Enders, “The Importance of Place,” Poets & Writers 36, no. 2 (2008): 27-30; H.B. Levey, “A theory concerning free creation in the inventive arts,” Psychiatry: Journal for the Study of Interpersonal Processes 3 (1940): 229-293.
17. Ibid.
18. C.B. Ferster, “Schedules of Reinforcement with Skinner,” in Festschrift for B. F. Skinner, ed. P. B. Dews (New York: Irvington Publishers, 1970), 37-46.
19. Jean-Paul Crespelle, Picasso and His Women, trans. Robert Baldick (New York: Coward-McCann, Inc., 1969), 64.
20. Ibid., 97.
21. Vladas Griskevicius, Robert B. Cialdini, and Douglas T. Kenrick, “Peacocks, Picasso, and Parental Investment: The Effects of Romantic Motives on Creativity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 91, no. 1 (2006): 63.
22. Crespelle, isPicasso and His Women, 153.
23. Jennifer A. Richeson and J. Nicole Shelton, “When Prejudice Does Not Pay: Effects of Interracial Contact on Executive Function,” Psychological Science 14, no. 3 (2003): 287-290.
24. Sayings of the Buddha: A Selection of Suttas from the Pali Nikayas, trans. Rupert Gethin (OUP: Oxford, 2008), 154.
Chapter 3
1. Reprinted with permission of the Art Institute of Chicago.
2. R. B. Zajonc et al., “Convergence in the Physical Appearance of Spouses,” Motivation and Emotion 11, no. 4 (1987): 335-346.
3
. Nicholas A. Christiakis and James Fowler, “The Spread of Obesity in a Large Social Network over 32 Years,” New England Journal of Medicine357, no. 4 (2007): 370-379.
4. H.A. Krebs, “The Making of a Scientist,” Nature 215 (1967): 1441-1445.
5. Ibid., 1442.
6. Ibid., 1442.
7. Ibid., 1443.
8. John A. Bargh, Mark Chen, and Lara Burrows, “Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct and Stereotype Activation on Action,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71, no. 2 (1996): 230-244.
9. Patric Bach and Steven P. Tipper, “Bend It Like Beckham: Embodying the Motor Skills of Famous Athletes,” QuarterlyJournal of Experimental Psychology 59, no. 12 (2006): 2033-2039.
10. Ap Dijksterhuis et al., “Seeing One Thing and Doing Another: Contrast Effects in Automatic Behavior,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 75, no. 4 (1998): 862-871.
11. Henk Aarts, Peter M. Gollwitzer, and Ran R. Hassin, “Goal Contagion: Perceiving Is for Pursuing,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 81, no. 7 (2004): 23-37.
12. Dean Keith Simonton, “Artistic Creativity and Interpersonal Relationships Across and Within Generations,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 46, no. 6 (1984): 1273-1286.
Chapter 4
1. Leonardo: The Artist and the Man (London: Michael Joseph, 1988).
2. Quoted in Bramly, Leonardo, 281.
3. Quoted in Bramly, Leonardo, 295.
4. Mihaly Csíkszentmihályi, Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience(London: HarperCollins, 1990). See especially 43-70, 72-77, and 203-208.
5. Quoted in Jamie Chamberlin, “Reaching ‘Flow’ to Optimize Work and Play,” The APA Monitor 29, no. 7 (1998).
6. Doug Robinson, “The Climber as Visionary,” Ascent 9 (1969): 4-10. Reprinted with permission.
7. Mihaly Csíkszentmihályi, Beyond Boredom and Anxiety: Experiencing Flow in Work and Play (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass Inc., 2000), 74-101.
8. “Being Bachar” and “Bachar Can’t Sleep”, Rock and Ice 166. For more on Bachar, see the documentary film by Michael Reardon, Bachar: Man, Myth, Legend.
9. Adapted from Csíkszentmihályi, Beyond Boredom and Anxiety, 96-97.
10. Joan N. Vickers and A. Mark Williams “Performing Under Pressure: The Effects of Physiological Arousal, Cognitive Anxiety, and Gaze Control in Biathlon,” Journal of Motor Behavior 39, no. 5 (2007): 381-394.
11. Jacqueline Louie, “John Bachar,” Outdoor Spirit Group magazine. Reprinted with permission.
12. Dan Ariely et al., “Large Stakes and Big Mistakes,” The Review of Economic Studies 76 (2009): 451-469.
13. J.A. Easterbrook, “The Effect of Emotion on Cue Utilization and the Organization of Behaviour,” Psychological Review 66, no. 3 (1959): 183-201.
14. Chris Englert and Raôul R.D. Oudejans, “Is Choking under Pressure a Consequence of Skill-Focus or Increased Distractibility? Results from a Tennis Serve Task,” Psychology 5 (2014): 1035-1043.
15. Denise M Hill et al., “A Qualitative Exploration of Choking in Elite Golf,” Journal of Clinical Sport Psychology 4 (2010): 221-240.
16. James M. Hargett, Stairway to Heaven: A Journey to the Summit of Mount Emei (Albany, N.Y. : State University of New York Press, 2006), 1-19.
17. Adapted from Zhang Chengye, Mount Emei: Folktales, trans. Hu Xiong (Chengdu: Sichuan People’s Publishing House, 1986), 46-50.
18. Reprinted with permission of the National Palace Museum (Taipei) from the Collection of the National Palace Museum.
Chapter 5
1. William G. Perry, “Examsmanship and the Liberal Arts: A Study in Educational Epistemology,” in Examining in Harvard College: A Collection of Essays by Members of the Harvard Faculty, ed. L. Bramsom (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, 1963), 125-135. A copy can be found at http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~lipoff/miscellaneous/exams.html.
2. Gregory Zuckerman, The Greatest Trade Ever: The Behind-the-Scenes Story of How Paulson Defied Wall Street and Made Financial History(New York: Broadway Books, 2009). See also “Face Value: Long and Short,” Economist, March 14, 2009, 62.
3. Dean Keith Simonton, “Philosophical Eminence, Beliefs, and Zeitgeist: An Individual-Generational Analysis,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34, no. 4 (1976): 630-640.
4. Your polar contrast index (or PCI) can be calculated as follows: PCI = PC/PC QC IC. A high PCI will suggest high levels of polarized thinking (relative to more flexible forms of thinking) and therefore lower levels of cognitive complexity.
5. Peter Suedfeld and A. Dennis Rank, “Revolutionary Leaders: Long-Term Success as a Function of Changes in Conceptual Complexity,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 34, no. 2 (1976): 169-178.
6. Peter Suedfeld and Philip Tetlock, “Integrative Complexity of Communications in International Crises,” The Journal of Conflict Resolution 21, no. 1 (1977): 169-184.
7. Peter Suedfeld, Philip E Tetlock, and Carmenza Ramirez, “War, Peace, and Integrative Complexity: UN Speeches on the Middle East Problem, 1947-1976,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 21, no. 3 (1977), 427-442.
8. “Face Value: The Long and the Short”, 62.
9. Zuckerman, The Greatest Trade Ever.
10. Søren Kierkegaard, Either/Or: A Fragment of Life, trans. Alastair Hannay and ed. Victor Eremita (London: Penguin, 2004), 227-241.
Chapter 6
1. Arthur R. Jensen, “Speed of Information Processing in a Calculating Prodigy,” Intelligence 14 (1990): 259-274.
2. K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch-Romer, “The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance,” Psychological Review 100, no. 3 (1993): 363-406.
3. Dean Keith Simonton, “Creative Productivity: A Predictive and Explanatory Model of Career Trajectories and Landmarks,” Psychological Review 104, no. 1 (1997): 66-89.
4. Simonton, “Creative Productivity,” 71.
5. K. Anders Ericsson, Roy W Roring, and Kiruthiga Nandagopal, “Giftedness and Evidence for Reproducibly Superior Performance: An Account Based on the Expert Performance Framework,” High Ability Studies 18, no. 1 (2007): 3-56.
6. K. Anders Ericsson, “Expertise in Interpreting: An Expert-Performance Perspective,” Interpreting 5, no. 2 (2000): 187-220.
7. Ericsson, Roring, and Nandagopal, “Giftedness and Evidence for Reproducibly Superior Performance,” 17.
8. Merim Bilalić, Peter McLeod, and Fernand Gobet, “Inflexibility of Experts – Reality or Myth? Quantifying the Einstellung Effect in Chess Masters,” Cognitive Psychology 56 (2008): 73-102.
9. Reprinted from Bilalić, “Inflexibility of Experts – Reality or Myth? Quantifying the Einstellung Effect in Chess Masters,” with permission from Elsevier.
10. Dean Keith Simonton, “Creative Development as Acquired Expertise: Theoretical Issues and an Empirical Test,” Developmental Review 20 (2000): 283-318.
11. Ibid., 285.
12. Ibid., 286.
13. Richard Brower, “To Reach a Star: The Creativity of Vincent van Gogh,” High Ability Studies 11, no. 2 (2000): 179-205.
14. Ibid., 193. Copyright © European Council for High Ability reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Ltd (http://www.tandfonline.com) on behalf of European Council for High Ability.
15. Simonton, “Creative Development as Acquired Expertise,” 311.
16. “Letter from Vincent van Gogh to Theo van Gogh” dated 1 May 1882. Leo Jansen, Hans Luijten, Nienke Bakker (eds.) (2009), Vincent van Gogh – The Letters. Version: December 2010. Amsterdam & The Hague: Van Gogh Museum & Huygens ING. http://vangoghletters.org. Consult the homepage for the current version.
Chapter 7
1. The original Chinese pinyin (with tone markers) is like this: si4 shi4 si4 [four is four], shi2 shi4 shi2 [ten is ten], shi2si4 shi4 shi2si4 [fourteen is fourteen], si2shi4 shi4 si2shi4 [forty is forty], shei2 yao4 ba3 shi2si4 shuo1cheng2 si2si4 [whoever says 14 in the wrong way], jiu3 da3 ta1 shi2si4 [then hit
him fourteen times], shei2 yao4 ba3 si4shi2 shuo1cheng2 shi4shi2 [whoever says 40 in the wrong way], jiu3 da2 shei2 si4shi2 [then beat him forty times].
2. “Who Says You Can’t Move Mountains,” Intercultures Magazine, 2, no. 2 (2009), https://web.archive.org/web/20150422002459/http:/www.international.gc.ca/cil-cai/magazine/v02n02/1-2.aspx?lang=eng
3. Alan C. Kerckhoff and Elizabeth Glennie, “The Matthew Effect in American Education,” Research in Sociology of Education and Socialization 12 (1999): 35-66.
4. Harriet Zuckerman, “Accumulation of Advantage and Disadvantage: The Theory and its Intellectual Biography,” in Robert K. Merton & Contemporary Sociology, ed. Carlo Mongardini and Simonetta Tabboni (New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers, 1998), 139-161.
5. Ibid., 143.
6. Barry R. Chiswick, “The Occupational Attainment and Earnings of American Jewry, 1890 to 1990,” Contemporary Jewry 20 (1999): 68-98.
7. Maristella Botticini and Zvi Eckstein, “Jewish Occupational Selection: Education, Restrictions, or Minorities?” The Journal of Economic History 65, no. 4 (2005): 922-948. See also M. Botticini and Z. Eckstein “Path Dependence in Occupations,” in The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics (2006).
8. In the Roman currency system, the denarius (plural: denarii) was a small silver coin, originally worth ten asses.
9. Dennis W. Carlton and Avi Weiss, “The Economics of Religion, Jewish Survival, and Jewish Attitudes Toward Competition in Torah Education,” Journal of Legal Studies 30 (2001): 253-275.
Conclusion
1. Attributed to Rabbi Israel Salanter, nineteenth-century Talmudist.
Index
10,000-hour rule 160, 163, 165–6, 185, 220
Achilles 89–91
Ali, Muhammad 4–5, 22, 29
anti-frame 31–2
anxiety 25–6, 98
