Building Green: Environmental Architects and the Struggle for Sustainability in Mumbai
Page 37
Marx, Karl, 9, 171nn23–24, 174n69
open space advocacy, 21, 91–92, 92–94, 93–94
materiality, 20, 164, 167, 174n69
open spaces: access to, 165; Breathing Space
materials: efficiency and, 48; embodied energy
festival, 74, 75 fig. 8, 76 fig. 9; demands
in, 55; life cycles of, 55; local sourcing of, 56
for, 6–7; in Mumbai, 70 fig. 6; Open Mumbai
materials protocols, 55
exhibition, 72 fig. 7; overview, 21, 91–92;
Mathews, A., 176nn8,11
predicaments, 91–107; Reserved Public Open
Matrimundir, 117, 120–21
Spaces survey, 178n25; securing of, 145
Mayur, Rashmi, 35–36, 47
McGrath, B., 12
Pali development project: critique of, 136, 157;
McHarg, Ian, 119, 181n24
study trips, 54 fig. 4, 62 fig. 5, 135 fig. 13
McKinsey Global Institute, 5
Paniker, S., 109, 175n78, 181n5
Metcalf, T. R., 169n2
Parsis, 94–95, 169n2, 180nn7,10
Mitchell, Timothy, 14
Pickett, S. T. A., 12
mitigation techniques, 51
P.K. Das and Associates, 70, 93
moral ecology: Auroville and, 116–23; collective
PlaNYC Sustainable Development Plan, 93
reworking of, 175n74, 181n3; commitment
political ecological theory, 34, 129, 144
and, 162–64; Dakshinachitra study site,
political economy: alternative urban imaginaries
112–15; environmental architecture and,
and, 134; expected shifts in, 38–39; global
45; environmental future and, 9, 16; future
capitalism and, 140; logic of change,
challenges, 167–68; Govardhan Ashram
38–39; in Mumbai, 146; political economic
and Eco-Village, 123–28; green marketing
structures, 167; postcolonial effects, 43
and, 145; hybrid knowledge form and, 16;
Porecha, Mukund, 176n17
Indian-ness and, 45, 129–32; integrated
power relations: asymmetries of, x, 93;
subjectivity and, 16; knowledge and,
bureaucratic authority, 4, 167; corporate
architectural, 16; Mahabalipuram study
power and, 4; cultural languages and,
site, 115–16; making of through curricular
172n27; development growth and, 5; global
experience at RSIEA, 107; moral disposition,
environmental crises and, 138; money
167; in Mumbai, 166; overview, 21–22,
power logic, 38–39; social positionality and,
108–9; RSIEA and, 110–11, 111–12, 163; shared
169n2; of structural system, 148–50. See also
values and, 3; urban environmental politics
government sector
and, 164–65
Prakash, Gyan, xi
more-than-human nature, 91–94
program courses: Design Principles, 55; Design
more-than-social exclusion, 93–94
Studio (Environmental Architecture Studio),
Morgan, J., 174n69
60; Disturbances and Remedies, 46, 48;
Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai
Environmental Services Management
(MCGM), 171n17
Systems, 46, 48; good design, 45–46, 49;
Murphy, Keith, 172n36
Green Home Technologies, 51–53; Indian
identity and, 44–45; Introduction to
nationalism, 127–28, 130, 174n68, 177n21. See also
Environment and Sustainability, 46, 48;
Hindu nationalism
mitigation techniques, 51; overview, 40–44;
National Planning Commission, 5
Pali development project, 60; reference
Navi Mumbai, 44–45
texts, 47–49; spiritual focus, 44; Sustainable
Nebel, B. J., 47
Building Design Principles, 53–54; Sustainable
“Newlands” (private home), 119–20
Building Materials, 53; technologies and,
NGOs (Non-Government Organizations),
50; Thermal Comfort and Passive Design,
178n23, 178n24
53, 56–57; Urban Ecology & Environmental
nonhuman nature, 9, 47, 165
Management, 46, 48. See also study trips
202 Index
progress: Enlightment notions of, 42–43;
social life: environmental change in, 17; green
environmental improvement patterns as,
design and, 10; identity and, 164; urban open
38–39; European ideas of progress, 169n2; at
space and, 91, 92–94
Govardham Eco-village, 112
Society for the Promotion of Area Resource
Centers (SPARC), ix
rainwater harvesting techniques, 49
socioeconomic development: in 1990s, 35;
Ranger, T., 129
asymmetrical material wealth, 44–45; green
Ravishankar, Doddaswamy, 40, 42–44, 51, 55–58
architects and, 21
reforms: conditions for, 138; national-level
South Asian Vulture Recovery, 99
reforms, 170n2; reform strategies, 170n2,
South Mumbai, 94–107, 141–42
170n11
space issues: efficiency and, 48; spatial logics,
Reimagining Mumbai seminar, 66–69, 74, 79,
174n69
84, 90
SPARC (Society for the Promotion of Area
research methodology, 9–10, 17–18, 19, 140
Resource Centers), ix
Reserved Public Open Spaces survey, 178n25
spiritual focus, 40, 110–12, 117–20, 123–25
residential development projects, 5, 144–46,
Sri Aurobindo (person), 51, 111, 117, 118, 121
183n5
Sri Aurobindo Ashram, Tamil Nadu,
Richard, Mira, 110, 111, 117–19
Auroville: founding of, 110; Govardham
RSIEA (Rachana Sansad Institute of
comparison, 111; spiritual focus, 51;
Environmental Architecture): BCIL’s
study trips, 116–23, 125, 128, 130, 141, 150;
housing developments and, 132 fig. 12;
water management systems, 165.
classroom lectures, 28 fig. 2; culture of, 33–34;
See also Auroville
curriculum, 20–21, 32–34, 37, 42; degree
standard metrics: Euro-American metrics,
programs, 25, 28–30, 40–42;
177n21; use of, 57–58. See also certification
eco-resort proposal, 135 fig. 13; education
stewardship, 23, 41
costs, 175n3; enrollment, 32–34;
study trips: Auroville, 51, 110–11, 116–23, 125,
environmental architecture and, 130, 167;
128, 130, 141, 150; Chennai, 58–60, 141, 150;
evaluative authority and, 30–31; expansion
Dakshinachitra, 110; Govardhan Ashram
plans, 32–34; Gaia Hypothesis and, 47, 49,
and Eco-village, 111, 123–28, 129 fig. 11, 130;
176n6; graduates, 21, 140; mission of, x, 31;
Grundfos Pump Manufacturers, 58–60;
moral ecology of, 40–42, 163; overview,
Indian-ness and, 108, 110; Mahabalipuram,
20–21, 23, 25–27; public vision statement,
110; overview, 20, 21, 32 fig. 3, 44; Pali site,
25–26; ranking of, 35; Research and Design
54 fig. 4, 62 fig. 5, 135 fig. 13
Cel , 35; social-professional networks, 30–32;
surveys: Archaeological Survey of India, 20;
studen
ts, 140; training model, 50, 135, 146;
research methodology, 17–18, 140; Reserved
website of, 175n5. See also faculty; program
Public Open Spaces survey, 76, 178n25; of
courses; study trips
RSIEA students, 17–18
sustainability: certifications and, 177n21; defined,
Sanjay Gandhi National Park, 94, 99
47; ecology and, 47; environmental architects
Science and Technology Studies (STS), 173n62
and, 3; Govardhan Eco-village, 111–12,
Sears, Tamara, 115, 122, 130
129 fig. 11; historical basis for, 130; institutional
Shiv Sena, 87, 143
mechanisms for, 43; international discourse
Simone, A., 170n16
on, 35–36, 92; issues overlooked, 144; moral
Sir JJ School of Architecture, 70, 74
ecology of, 42, 162–68; overview, 21; PlaNYC
Sivaramakrishnan, K., 10–11, 172n27, 180n16,
Sustainable Development Plan, 92–93;
184n9
program courses and, 54; prospects for, 135;
slum housing: reform strategies, 4, 170n2;
soldiering, 3; transportation systems, 151;
Slum Dwellers International, ix; Slum
Western, 109
Redevelopment Authority, 170n11
Sustainability Assessment of Technology (SAT)
social equity, 92–94, 168
protocols, 56
social identity construction process, 164, 175n74,
systems ecological thinking, 47, 49, 176n6
181n3
systems thinking, 49
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Index 203
Taischete, Rajeev, 176n17
urban revolution, 10–16
Taylor, P., 17
U.S. Green Building Council, 58–60, 177n21
technologies, 20, 43, 48–49
temporality, 21–22, 166
Vedic lifeways, 109, 111–12, 123–28
Towers of Silence, 94–107, 180n10
vernacular architecture: Dakshinachitra,
traditionalism, 45, 109, 111–12, 125–30, 169n2
110, 112–15; Mahabalipuram, 110, 115–16;
Tribe@Turf, 74
traditions and, 20; Vedic architecture, 109
triple bottom line, 56
Vulture Action Plan of the Government of India,
Tsing, Anna, 14
98–99
vulture conservation: diclofenac use and, 94–95;
Udyavar-Yehuda, Roshni, ix–x, 2–3, 33–37,
Doongerwadi forest tour, 100–102; green
176n17
space issue and, 96–98; open space politics
United Nations (UN): environmental policies,
and, 102–5; proposed initiative, 98–99; ritual
35, 36; SAT protocols, 56; sustainability
decomposition and, 95; social justice and,
policies, 54; urban growth estimates, 67
105–7; Towers of Silence, 99
United States National Science Foundation,
173n42
wastewater management: DEWATS
urban development plans: Adarsha scandal
(decentralized wastewater treatment), 49, 165;
and, 80, 89; BJP (Bharatya Janata Party)
SBT system, 182n31; treatment systems, 118
and, 87; Breathing Space festival, 74–79,
water management systems: in Auroville,
75 fig. 8, 76 fig. 9, 79, 84, 90, 92; gentrification,
165; decentralized systems, 49, 118, 165;
170n2; institutional politics and, 79–89;
decentralized water management systems,
Open Mumbai project, 70, 77–79, 84, 90,
49, 165; green/open spaces and, 91–92;
103, 178n24; overview, 65–66, 90; power
water access patterns, xi; water delivery
relations, 85–86; redevelopment, 87–88;
infrastructure, 4; water efficiency, 142,
regulatory leniency, 80–81; Reimagining
145–46; water pol ution, 37; water recycling
Mumbai seminar, 66–69, 74, 79, 84, 90;
techniques, 118
suburb development, 81–82; urban
Western values: Euro-American metrics, 177n21;
self-governance, 83–85
progress ideas, 169n2; sustainability and, 43;
urban development sector: changes in, 38–39,
Western capitalist individualism, 181n24;
140; consumer market and, 143; corrupt
Western environmentalism, 47, 54
practices, 15, 38, 143, 152; global issues and,
Wolf, E., 129
17–19, 139; municipal architects in, 146,
World Commission on Environment and
148–50; overview, 21; political ecology of,
Development (WCED), 54
144; political economy of, 165, 167; power
World Green Building Council, 177n21
relations, 38–39
World Health Organization (WHO), 152
urban ecology: contemporary scholarship on,
Wright, R. T., 47
12–14; defined, 23; moral ecology and, 164;
overview, 23–25; understanding of, x; urban
Yashwantrao Chavan Maharashtra Open
ecosystem ecology, 12, 49
University, 20, 25
urbanization, 4, 21, 168, 169n2
urban nature concept, 9–10, 14, 20
Zoroastrian religion, 94–95, 99
R
ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES | ANTHROPOLOGY
AD
Building Green explores the experience of environmental architects in Mumbai, one of EM
the world’s most populous and population-dense urban areas and a city iconic for its AC
massive informal settlements, extreme wealth asymmetries, and ecological stresses.
H
Under these conditions, what does it mean to learn, and try to practice, so-called E
green design? By tracing the training and professional experiences of environmen-
R
tal architects in India’s first graduate degree program in Environmental Architecture,
|
Rademacher shows how environmental architects forged sustainability concepts and
B
practices and sought to make them meaningful through engaged architectural prac-
U
tice. The book’s focus on practitioners offers insights into the many roles that converge ILD
to produce this emergent, critically important form of urban expertise. At once activ-IN
ists, scientists, and designers, the environmental architects profiled in Building Green G
act as key agents of urban change whose efforts in practice are shaped by a complex G
urban development economy, layered political power relations, and a calculus of when, RE
and how, their expert skills might be operationalized in service of a global urban future.
EN
“Highly germane to our times, Building Green examines the role of urban ecology in ENVIRONMENTAL
envisioning new kinds of sustainable cities.” CHRISTINA SCHWENKEL, University of
California, Riverside
ARCHITECTS AND
“A lucid and rich ethnography of environmental architects in Mumbai.” NIKHIL ANAND, THE STRUGGLE
author of Hydraulic City: Water and the Infrastructures of Citizenship in Mumbai ANNE RADEMACHER is Associate Professor of Environmental Studies
FOR SUSTAINABILITY
and Anthropology at New York University. Her books include Reigning
the River: Urban Ecologies and Political Transformation in Kathmandu,
IN MUMBAI
Ecologies of Urbanism in India: Metropolitan Civility and Sustainability,
and the edited volume Places of Nature in Ecologies of Urbanism.
UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PRESS
www.ucpress.edu | www.luminosoa.org
A free ebook version of this title is available through Luminos, University of
California Press’s Open Access publishing program for monographs.
Visit www.luminosoa.org to learn more.
Author photo: Flynn Larsen.
Cover illustration: Photo by Sam Hollenshead.
www.ebook3000.com
Document Outline
Building Green1 Cover
Series Page
Half Title
Title Page
Copyright
Contents
Illustrations
Preface and Acknowledgments
1 City Ascending, City Imploding
2 The Integrated Subject
3 Ecology in Practice
4 Rectifying Failure
5 More than Human Nature and the Open Space Predicament
6 Consciousness and Indian-ness
7 A Vocation in Waiting
8 Soldiering Sustainability
Notes
References
Index