Why Nationalism
Page 22
implies an acknowledgment that other groups exist in the periphery.
Chapter 10: La Vie Quotidian
1. Michael Bil ig, Banal Nationalism (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 1995).
2. Tom Stoppard, Arcadia (London: Faber and Faber, 1993), 25.
3. Wil iam Blake, “Jerusalem,” 1804.
4. Eric Storm, “The Nationalization of the Domestic Sphere,” Nations and Nationalism 23, no. 1 (2017): 173– 93.
5. Storm, “Nationalization of the Domestic Sphere.”
6. Yael Tamir, Liberal Nationalism (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2003), 90.
Chapter 11: Subjects into Citizens
1. Cited in Christopher J. Lucas, Our Western Educational Heritage (New York: Mac-mil an, 1971), 470.
2. John Stuart Mil , Thoughts on Parliamentary Reform (New York: Cosimo Press, 2009), 25.
3. John Stuart Mil , Three Essays: On Liberty, Representative Government, The Subjection of Women (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1975), 284.
4. Andy Green, Education and State Formation: The Rise of Education Systems in England, France, and the USA (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1990), 79, cited in Eric M. Uslaner and Bo Rothstein, “The Historical Roots of Corruption: State Building, Economic Inequality, and Mass Education,” Comparative Politics 48, no. 2 (2016): 230.
5. Elmer H. Wilds and K. V. Lottich, The Foundations of Modern Education
(New York: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, 1968), 329.
6. Teaching was never value neutral; it sketched out a narrative, both national and democratic (and sometimes religious). But it was taken to be true— it took almost a century for members of minority groups and other excluded and marginalized citizens to come forward and claim their share of the curriculum.
7. Paul Auster, Report from the Interior (New York: Henry Holt, 2013), 56– 59.
8. Uslaner and Rothstein, “Historical Roots of Corruption,” 230.
9. Cited in Yuli (Yael) Tamir, “United We Stand?,” Studies in Philosophy and Education 12, no. 1 (1993): 58.
10. Tamir, “United We Stand?”
11. Cited in Paul R. Mendes- Flohr and Jehuda Reinharz, The Jew in the Modern World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1980), 109.
Notes to Chapter 13 • 189
12. Cited in Tamir, “United We Stand,” 63.
13. Johann G. Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, ed. G. A. Kel y (New York: Harper and Row, 1968), 192.
14. Fichte, Addresses to the German Nation, 193.
15. Jean- Jacques Rousseau, Emile (New York: Basic Books, 1965), 65.
16. Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 487.
Chapter 12: A Short History of the Cross- Class Coalition
1. Ugo Pagano, “Can Economics Explain Nationalism?,” in Nationalism and Rationality, ed. Albert Berton, Gianluigi Galeotti, Pierre Salmon, and Ronald Wintrobe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 177.
2. George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion: Definitive Text (London: Methuen, 2008).
3. Shaw, Pygmalion.
4. Tom Nairn, The Break- Up of Britain: Crisis and Neo- Nationalism (London: New Left Books, 1977), 41.
5. Jean- Marie Guéhenno, The End of the Nation- State, trans. Victoria Elliot (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), xi.
6. Liah Greenfeld, Nationalism: Five Roads to Modernity (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992), 487.
7. Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State, 1875– 1975 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 2.
8. Ugo Pagano, “Can Economics Explain Nationalism?,” in Nationalism and Rationality, ed. A. Breton, G. Galeotti, P. Salmon, and R. Wintrobe (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 186.
9. Josep R. Llobera, The God of Modernity: The Development of Nationalism in Western Europe (Oxford: Berg, 1996), 96.
10. Peter Baldwin, The Politics of Social Solidarity: Class Bases of the European Welfare State (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 24– 25.
11. Baldwin, Politics of Social Solidarity, 24– 25.
Chapter 13: The Breakdown of the Cross- Class Coalition
1. This is very well demonstrated by Judith Shklar, “Liberalism of Fear,” in Liberalism and the Moral Life, ed. Nancy L. Rosenblum (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1989). See also my paper criticizing Shklar’s view: Yuli (Yael) Tamir, “The Land of the Free and the Fearful,” Constel ations: An International Journal of Critical and Democratic Theory 3, no. 3 (1997).
2. Jean- Claude Michéa, The Realm of Lesser Evil (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2009), 34.
190 • Notes to Chapter 13
3. Jean- Marie Guéhenno, The End of the Nation- State (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), xi .
4. Yvonne Roberts, “Marginalized Young Men,” in The Rise and Rise of Meritocracy, ed. Geoff Dench (Oxford: Blackwel , 2007), 186.
5. Yuli Tamir, “Staying in Control; or, What Do We Really Want Public Education to Achieve?,” Educational Theory 61 (2011): 395– 411.
6. Alan Bloom, The Closing of the American Mind (New York: Simon and Schus-ter, 1987), 27.
7. Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (New York: New Press, 2016), 19.
8. Christopher Lasch, The Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy (New York: Norton, 1995), 4.
9. Lasch, Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy, 5.
10. The mobile classes are obviously diverse. There is a huge difference between those who travel first class to take a job in an international firm and those who crowd beneath the decks of a shaky boat rejected at every port, in other words, between the motivations and fates of refugees, illegal immigrants, guest workers, contract workers, and professionals. However, in most cases the movers are the more able and powerful members of their own societies. In order to escape, seek refuge, immigrate, one needs certain abilities and skil s that are not evenly divided. For example, many of the Syr-ian refugees are members of the middle class who are, on average, younger, healthier, and more educated than those left behind.
11. Lasch, Revolt of the Elites and the Betrayal of Democracy, 6.
12. Anna Maria Mayda and Dani Rodrik, “Why Are Some People (and Coun-
tries) More Protectionist Than Others?” unpublished paper, 29, http://citeseerx.ist.
psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.441.3331&rep=rep1&type=pdf.
13. Mayda and Rodrik, “Why Are Some People.”
14. Herman E. Daly, “Globalization and Its Discontents,” Philosophy and Public Policy Quarterl y 21, no. 2– 3 (2001): 17.
15. When jobs allowing workers to make a decent living are scarce, immigration encourages a redistribution of wealth away from workers who compete with immigrants and toward employers and other users of immigrant services. In his summary of recent publications on immigration, Christopher Jencks claims that immigration has a small effect on the national product but a big effect on the distribution of income: “Under America’s current immigration policy, the winners are employers who get cheap labor, skilled workers who pay less for their burgers and nannies, and immigrants themselves. The losers are unskilled America- born workers.” Christopher Jencks, “Who Should Get In?” New York Review of Books 8, no. 19, November 29, 2001,
http://www.nybooks.com/articles/2001/11/29/who- should- get- in/.
Notes to Chapter 15 • 191
Chapter 14: One Nation, Divided, under Stress
1. Eric Hobsbawm, Nations and Nationalism (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), 38.
2. Thomas Friedman, The World Is Flat (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2005), 10– 11.
3. Peter Temin, The Vanishing Middle Class: Prejudice and Power in a Dual Economy (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2017).
4. Lynn Parramore, “America Is Regressing into a Developing Nation for Most
People,” Institute of New Econ
omic Thinking, April 20, 2017, https://www.ineteconom
ics.org/perspectives/blog/america-is-regressing-into-a-developing -nation-for -most
-people.
5. Tim Wallace, “The Two Americas of 2016,” New York Times, November 11, 2016,
https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/11/16/us/politics/the-two-americas-
of-2016.html.
6. John Harris, “The UK Is Now Two Nations Staring across a Political Chasm,”
The Guardian, June 23, 2016, https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2016
/jun/23/united-kingdom-two-nations-political-chasm-left.
7. Alana Semuels, “Poor at 20, Poor for Life,” The Atlantic, July 12, 2016, https://
www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2016/07/social-mobility-america
/491240/.
8. Ulrich Beck, “Cosmopolitanism: A Critical Theory for the Twenty- First Cen-
tury,” in The Blackwell Companion to Globalization, ed. G. Ritzer (Oxford: Blackwel ), 105.
Chapter 15: The Elephant in the Room
1. Kari Marie Norgaard, Living in Denial: Climate Change, Emotions, and Everyday Life (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2016), 216.
2. Jerry Mander and Edward Goldsmith, eds., The Case against the Global Economy (San Francisco: Sierra Club Books, 1996), 5.
3. Peter L. Berger and Samuel P. Huntington, Many Civilizations: Cultural Diversity in the Contemporary World (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), 2.
4. The Third International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS) was the
largest and most ambitious international study of student achievement ever conducted. It was conducted from 1994 to 1995, at five grade levels (third, fourth, sev-enth, eighth, and twelfth grades) in more than forty countries. Students were tested in mathematics and science. Altogether TIMSS tested and gathered contextual data for more than half a mil ion students and administered questionnaires to thousands of teachers and school principals. The TIMSS results were released in 1996 and 1997
in a series of reports.
192 • Notes to Chapter 15
5. A survey carried out in the United States among 1,200 young adults between
the ages of eighteen and twenty- nine revealed that 39 percent are dependent on the financial support of their parents, 33 percent live with their parents or relatives, 32
percent struggle to balance their budget, and only 16 percent reported living comfortably. The average young American begins his/her adult life with a debt of $21,900, mostly as a result of education costs.
6. This process is not new; it has been gathering momentum in recent years. An examination of the patterns of growth of Asian education systems reveals a fast and constant growth. True, the initial starting point was very low, and there was much to be accomplished. In Japan postsecondary education rose between 1960 and the mid- 1990s from 9 percent to 42 percent. In South Korea the increase over the same time period was even more dramatic: from 5 percent to over 50 percent; China and India showed a slower yet steady rate of growth. In the future, these rates will slow down, and education in Asia will reach a plateau similar to that of many Western countries; by then, however, tens of mil ions of educated professionals will join the global market, and it is not at all clear whether an equivalent number of wel - paying jobs will be created.
7. McKinsey Global Institute Report, Poorer Than Their Parents: Flat or Falling Incomes in Advanced Economies, 2016, https://www.mckinsey.com/global-themes
/employment-and-growth/poorer-than-their-parents-a-new -perspective-on-income
-inequality.
8. McKinsey Global Institute Report, Poorer Than Their Parents, 8.
9. Sigal Alon, “The Evolution of Class Inequality in Higher Education: Competition, Exclusion, and Adaptation,” American Sociological Review 74 (2009): 736.
10. William Deresiewicz, Excellent Sheep: The Miseducation of the American Elite (New York: Free Press 2014).
11. Michael D. Carr and Emily Wiemers, “The Decline in Lifetime Earnings Mo-
bility in the US: Evidence from Survey- Linked Administrative Data,” Washington Center for Equitable Growth, April 2016, 1, http://equitablegrowth.org/equitablog/
the-decline-in-lifetime-earnings-mobility-in-the-u-s-evidence-from-survey-linked-
administrative-data/.
12. Yuli Tamir, “Staying in Control; or, What Do We Really Want Public Educa-
tion to Achieve?,” Educational Theory 61 (2011).
13. James David Vance, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis (New York: Harper Col ins, 2016), 191.
14. When Vance’s father learned that Vance had been admitted to Yale, he asked whether he had pretended to be liberal or black. This, Vance concludes, is how low the cultural expectations of working- class whites have fallen. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy, 194.
15. Barack Obama, “Remarks by President Obama in Address to the People of
Europe,” speech, Hannover, Germany, April 25, 2016, https://ua.usembassy.gov
Notes to Chapter 17 • 193
/remarks-president-obama-address-people-europe/. His last point is a clear reference to Rawls’s original position and the global implementation of a veil of ignorance. See John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1972).
Chapter 16: The Birth of a Nationalist
1. Tony Blair, “Against Populism, the Center Must Hold,” New York Times, March 3, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/03/opinion/tony-blair-against-popu-
lism-the-center-must-hold.html.
2. Naomi Grimley, “Identity 2016: ‘Global Citizenship’ Rising, Poll Suggests,” BBC, April 28, 2016, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-36139904.
3. Thomas Nagel, Mortal Questions (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), 33– 34.
4. Nagel, Mortal Questions, 34.
5. John Locke, Second Treatise of Government, chapter V, paragraph 33.
6. Positioning oneself at the N pole does not imply resistance to globalism altogether but rather seeing globalism through a national prism. In other words, it expresses a wish that the state will remain a player in the global arena, offering some checks and balances to protect its members. It would therefore be misleading to argue that the conflict between the Gs and the Ns is between a borderless world and a barbed wire one. The difference is one of priorities.
Chapter 17: The Nationalism of the Vulnerable
1. For an excellent example of this discussion see Nancy Fraser and Axel Honneth, Redistribution or Recognition (New York: Verso, 2003).
2. Mark Lilla, The Once and Future Liberal: After Identity Politics (New York: HarperCol ins, 2017), 7.
3. Drafting a curriculum, one soon realizes that there is no such place as “neutrality.” In other words, no place is equally distant from all points of view, and all life experiences. Whose story should the school system tell is always at the center of some controversy.
4. James David Vance, Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis (New York: Harper Col ins, 2016), 189.
5. Arlie Russell Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right (New York: New Press, 2016).
6. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy, 134– 35 (according to the 2016 McKinsey report, members of all groups overestimate the chance of their children being better off than their parents).
7. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy, 134– 35.
194 • Notes to Chapter 17
8. David K. Shipler, The Working Poor: Invisible in America (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), 5– 6.
9. Graham Whitham, “Challenging 12 Myths and Stereotypes about Low In-
come Families and Social Security,” Save the Children, November 2012.
10. Adam Roberts, “Humour Is a Funny Thing,” Journal of Aesthetics 56, no. 4
(2016).
11. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy.
12. Hochschild, Strangers in Their Own Land, 32.
13. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy, 3.
14. Vance, Hillbilly Elegy,
236.
15. Selina Todd, The People: The Rise and Fall of the Working Class (London: John Murray, 2014), 243.
16. Joseph E. Stiglitz, The Principle of Inequality: How Today’s Divided Society Endangers Our Future (New York: Norton, 2012), 233.
17. Stiglitz, Principle of Inequality, 225.
18. See the interesting debate that followed the Supreme Court decision that followed Regents of the University of California v. Bakke, 438 U.S. 265 (1978).
19. Mike Savage, “The ‘Class Ceiling’ and the New Class War,” The Guardian, October 22, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/oct/22/new-class-
war-politics -class-just-beginning.
20. For an extensive discussion of this issue see Yuli Tamir, “Staying in Control; or, What Do We Really Want Public Education to Achieve?,” Educational Theory 61
(2011).
21. In an insightful book describing the way poverty shapes human life, Sendhil Mullainathan and Eldar Shafir explain how extreme social conditions influence the way people think and act. They claim that the poor not only have less opportunities but are also less able to take advantage of the opportunities they have. With scarcity in mind, they have less mind for everything else. Sendhil Mullainathan and Eldar Shafir, Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much (New York: Times Books, 2013), 157.
22. BBC News, “Brexit: Reaction from around the UK,” June 24, 2016, http://
www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-eu-referendum-36619444.
23. Dani Rodrik, The Globalization Paradox (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), xix.
Chapter 18: The Nationalism of the Affluent
1. Ernest Gellner, Nations and Nationalism (Oxford: Blackwell, 1983), 45.
2. Most of Europe’s smaller states were either established in an earlier period—
the Netherlands was defined as an independent political unit in 1648 at the end of the Eighty Years’ War and turned into a parliamentary democracy in 1846; Switzerland was
Notes to Chapter 19 • 195
acknowledged as an independent state after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648; Luxem-bourg gained independence from France in 1815— or following the collapse of the Soviet Union: Latvia gained independence in 1991 alongside Lithuania and Estonia.