and druidic religion, 69
governor in Cilicia, 107–11, 113–32, 144, 155
governorship compared with Pliny’s, 245–6, 250–1, 255–6
prosecution of Verres, 147–8
time in Sicily, 110, 376
training in oratory, 109, 141
Cicero, Quintus, 114, 123–4
Cilicia, 107–8, 111, 113, 117–19, 124–32, 141, 144, 152, 155, 245, 250–2
Cimbri, 73, 91, 134, 156
Cingetorix, 81–2
Cinithii, 348
Cirta, 95, 100, 104–5
Civilis, 296, 387
Classicianus, Julius, 197
classis Pontica, 251
Claudiopolis, 261
Claudius, Emperor, 294–5, 311, 323, 328, 374, 380, 400
and Judaea, 224, 226, 229
launches invasion of Britain, 173–4, 179, 181, 184, 187–90
statues of, 280
Claudius Gothicus, Emperor, 402
Cleopatra, 142, 156–7, 222
cohors Augusta, 304
cohors I Hispanorum Veterana quingenaria, 361
cohors I Tungrorum, 361
cohors II Ituraeorum equitata, 377
coin hoards, 366, 379, 392, 396–7
coinage, 94, 161, 167, 280, 394
Cologne, 387
Colophon, 142
Colosseum, 182
Comanches, 372
Commagene, 333
Commius, 83–4
Commodus, Emperor, 9, 183, 243, 369
Comum, 245, 267
Concessinius, Quintus Calpurnius, 381
Constantine, Emperor, 403
consuls, 28–30, 34, 38–9, 47–8, 53
and governorships, 107–8
and Principate, 166
contus (lance), 331
Corbulo, Cnaeus Domitius, 181, 292
Coria, 361
Corinth, 33, 279, 303
Corionototae, 381
corona civica, 349
Corsica, 32–4, 47
Cos, 101
Cossutius, 96
Crassus, Lucius Licinius, 70, 125, 141, 171, 331–2, 402
Crispus, Metilius, 267, 273
crocodiles, sacred, 141
crucifixion, death by, 308
Ctesiphon, 183, 341
Cumanus, Ventidius, 228–9, 235
Curvus, Lucius Genucilius, 125
Cyprus, 112, 119–21, 126–7
Jewish revolt, 182, 214
Cyrenaica, 182, 214
Dacia, 174, 182, 184, 337, 355, 405
Dacians, 334, 336–7, 345
Dalmatia, 311
Dalmatians, 52
Damon, 135–6
Datus, Nonius, 263, 265, 268
Decapolis, 233–4, 244
Decebalus, 337, 344, 404
Decianus Catus, 191–2, 194, 197, 200, 204
decimation, 349
Decius, Emperor, 402
Decrius, 349, 361
Deiotaurus, King of Galatia, 127
Delos, 96–7, 102, 151–2
Demosthenes, 280
Deva, 363
Didymianus, Aponius, 364
Dio Cassius, 184, 194, 205, 214, 241, 295, 341
Dio Chrysostom, 257, 261, 265, 278
Diocletian, Emperor, 403
Diodorus Siculus, 58
diôgmitai (‘chasers’), 270
Diviciacus, 67, 69–72, 75–6, 78–80
Dolabella, Publius Cornelius, 352–3
Domitian, Emperor, 9, 182, 184, 211, 246, 258, 292, 328–30, 337, 343, 394
draught horses, 88
dress, Roman, 97, 101–2
druidic religion, 69, 83, 192–3
prophesies end of empire, 209
Drusus, 168, 170, 180, 199, 293
Dumnorix, 69–72, 80–2, 94, 198
Durotriges, 188
Eboracum, 402
Eburones, 82, 372–3, 379
Egypt, 32–3, 138–9, 141, 143–4, 156–7, 166
army records, 364, 377–8
calendar, 281
Ethiopian attacks on, 338
grain shipments, 300
imperial administration, 279, 282–3, 286
internal policing, 268, 271–2
and Jewish Passover, 307
Jewish revolt, 182, 214
Kopros slaves, 300
Nile Delta revolt, 217–19
reduction of garrison, 311
veterans’ colonies, 295
eirênarchai, 270
Eleazar, son of Deinaeus, 235
elections, bribery in, 108, 166
elephants, 137
Eleusinian Mysteries, 141
‘Eleusis, day of’, 139
ephebes, 141
Ephesus, 101, 103, 107, 245, 270
Epictetus, 268
epidemics, 302
Epirus, 153
equestrian order (equites)
criticisms of, 292
influence of, 64, 124–5
and repetundis courts, 146–7
and provincial elites, 295–7
punishments of, 229
and Tenth legion nickname, 64
Ethiopians, 338, 394
Etrurian pottery, 91
Etruscans, 21, 23, 25
Eumolpus, Claudius, 257
exports, of Roman goods, 395–6
Fadus, Cuspius, 227
famine, 300, 302
fasces, 114, 247
Felix, procurator, 232, 235, 304–6
Felix (false prophet), 227
Festus, procurator, 304–6
fides, 44, 59, 64, 78, 409
Fienstedt, 398 ‘fiery war’, 40
Firmus, Cocceius, 399
Flaminius, Titus Quinctius, 154
Flavius Celer, Titus, 364
Flavus, 400
Florus, procurator, 232–3
Florus, Julius, 207–8, 296, 311
Fortunatus, Petronius, 326–7
Forum of Augustus, 170, 182
Forum of Trajan, 182
Franks, 404
Frederick the Great, 51
French Revolution, 310
Frisii, 200, 210, 389
frontiers, 355, 357, 359–66, 380–7, 389–91
Roman preference for rivers, 355, 366
Fronto, 252, 266, 268
frumentarii, 292, 329
funerals, 28–9, 397
Gades, 92, 295
Gaetulians, 347
Galatia, 113, 117, 127, 130, 282–3, 295
Galatians, 48, 282
Galba, Emperor, 37, 39–45, 47–8, 50, 58–60, 181, 220, 334
Galen, 273
Gallic Emperors, 406
Gallic tribes, 23, 25, 31–2, 48
and Caesar’s Gallic Wars, 63–86
distinguished from Germans, 73–4
rebellions, 82–6
Garamantes, 220, 352, 393–4, 399
garum, 288
Gask ridge, 361
Gaul
army numbers in, 187
Caesar’s Gallic Wars, 49–50, 63–86, 187, 346
casualties in Gallic Wars, 49–50
Cisalpine and Transalpine, 33–4
coinage, 94
and druidic religion, 193, 209
head-hunting in, 56
imperial administration, 281–4
network of towns (oppida), 65–6, 78, 88, 203, 281
new towns and cities, 281–3
organisation of army in, 311, 313
rebellions, 82–6, 198, 203, 206–11, 311
Romans settle in, 99–100
and taxation, 199
and trade, 65–6, 88–9, 93–4, 98–9
villas and other buildings, 298–9
and war-making, 56
Gaza, 233
Genghis Khan, 11
German raiders, 380–1, 383
Germanic tribes and collapse of Western Empire, 406–7
and long-term settlements in, 401
rebellions, 173, 175, 198–203, 206, 211–12, 284
, 339
and war-making, 56
warriors serve different tribes, 334
Germanicus, 180, 293, 328, 368
Geta, Emperor, 402
Gibbon, Edward, 9–10
gifts, diplomatic, 94–5, 142, 398–401
gladiatorial games, 10, 193, 220–1, 298
gladius hispaniensis, 37, 43, 50, 58, 314
gold, discovery of, 90
Gospel of John, 305–6
Gospel of Luke, 307
Gospel of Matthew, 255, 278, 308
Goths, 402, 404
grave goods, 94, 396, 400
Greek cities, 26, 46, 54, 95–6, 135–9, 251
‘freedom’ of, 154–5
and suppression of piracy, 151
Greek history, beginnings of, 21
Gyaros, 279
gymnasium, 298
Hadrian, Emperor, 163, 180, 214, 239, 243, 281, 341
and army, 320–2
Spanish origins, 295
statues and portraits, 280
and succession to Trajan, 182–3
travels widely, 180, 279
Hadrian’s Wall, 10, 183, 355, 357, 360–1, 365, 375, 381, 383
Haemus Mountains, 362
Hannibal, 26, 32, 51, 53–5, 57, 138, 372
Hasmoneans, 162, 215, 222, 225
head-hunting, 56, 370
Helvetii, 67, 69–71, 74, 77, 79–80, 83
Helvius Rufus, Marcus, 349, 351
Hengistbury Head, 89
heralds (praecones), 114
Hermunduri, 373
Herod the Great, King of Judaea, 157, 222–5, 232, 238, 300
Herod Agrippa I, King of Judaea, 223–4, 231
Herod Agrippa II, King of Judaea, 212, 215, 231, 234, 304
Herod Antipas, King of Judaea, 224
Herod Archelaus, King of Judaea, 223
Herodotus, 21, 23
hillforts, 360
Hobsbawm, Eric, 272–3
Hoby, 398
Hod Hill, 188
homosexuality, 136
Honoratianus, 405
Honoratus, Caius Octavius, 326–7
hoplites, 26, 30, 315
Horace, 141, 168
Housesteads, 361
human sacrifice, 44, 193, 202, 217–18
Hyrcanus, 162
Iberian provinces, 32–4, 37, 39–45, 48, 50, 53, 58–61
Augustan conquest of Spain, 170, 172
reduction of garrison, 311
Romans settle in, 98
Iceni rebellion, 190–8, 204–5
Ilerup Ådal, 395
Illyricum, 48, 53, 70, 78
imagines, 225, 327
imperator (the word), 10
Imperial Post, 255–6
imperial procurators, 191–2
imperium, 29, 89, 107, 135, 137, 151
changed meaning of, 149–50, 155–6
frontiers of, 385–6
governors’, 39, 114, 128, 145
imperium sine fine, 13, 172, 184, 337–9
legates’, 247
meaning of, 11
India and Sri Lanka, 391–2
Indus, Julius, 208
Indutiomarus, 81–2
infant mortality rates, 302
Ireland, 285
Iron Age communities, 16, 56, 94–5, 286, 299, 360, 370, 378, 400
Isidorus, 217
Italica, 98
Italicus, 400
Jerusalem, 181, 204, 212–15, 222–3, 225–9, 231, 233, 235, 255, 266
arrest of St Paul, 303–4
building of aqueduct, 226, 262
destruction of the Temple, 214–15
execution of Jesus, 305–8
Fortress of Antonia, 228, 303
imagines brought into city, 225, 327
Jesus Christ, 227, 238–9, 266, 278, 302
execution of, 305–8
Jewish rebellions, 182, 212–16, 221–34, 239, 280, 296
John the Baptist, 227, 302
Joseph of Arimathaea, 306
Josephus, 212, 215, 227–8, 233–5, 238, 289, 305
accounts of Roman army, 315, 319
Judaea, 161–2, 183, 199, 212–16, 221–34, 296
banditry in, 235, 237–44
extension into Syria Palestina, 242, 244
overrun by Parthians, 331
sends ambassadors to Rome, 289
sends grain shipments, 300
size of garrison, 311
Judas Iscariot, 238
Jugurtha, 100, 105, 142
Julian Law, 120
Juliopolis, 253
Julius Caesar ambition and wealth, 70, 87
anecdotes of barbarian savagery, 77
and army pay, 330
assassination of, 161–2, 170
and Augustus’ succession, 180
captured by pirates, 144
claims about Gallic war-making, 56
and Cleopatra, 156–7
collects objets d’art, 89
Commentaries, 64–5, 73–4, 77
comments on Brutus, 127
crosses Rubicon, 156
cuts off prisoners’ hands, 410
depicted on coinage, 167
dictatorship, 161, 163, 167, 206, 246
and druidic religion, 193
and enslavement of peoples, 52
Gallic Wars, 49–50, 63–86, 187, 346
gleans information from merchants, 373
introduces Gauls into Senate, 295
invades Britain, 87–90, 171, 188, 366
meeting with Ariovistus, 63–5, 69
and provincial administration, 279–81
as provincial governor, 109–11, 114–16, 149–50
and punishment of Eburones, 372–3, 379
surprises enemies, 376
training in oratory, 109, 141
and tribal armies, 334, 336
and Vercingetorix rebellion, 83–4, 198, 203, 206
and veterans’ colonies, 282
King James Bible, 123, 233
Laenas, Caius Popillius, 139
Lambaesis, 321–2
Langobardi, 400
Laodicea, 107, 119, 131, 137
Latin colonies, 26–7
Latium, 21
latrones, 237
legates, roles and responsibilities, 114, 249–50, 254, 258, 342–3
legions
II Augusta, 188, 326
III Augusta, 254, 311, 321–2, 348
VII Claudia pia fidelis, 326
IX Hispana, 195, 204, 351–2
Tenth, 64, 74, 76
XII Fulminata, 213
XV Primigenia, 393
XVI Flavia firma, 326
XVII, XVIII, and XIX, 173, 202
XX Valeria Victrix, 363
leistai, 237–9
Lepcis Magna, 220, 393
Lepidus, 168
lictors, 114, 247, 253
Ligurian tribes, 31–2
limes, 375, 401
Lingones, 84
litters, 121
Livia, 255, 289
Livy, 43, 94, 124
Londinium, 189, 194–5, 323
Lucius Verus, Emperor, 183
Lucullus, Lucius Licinius, 40–1, 47–8, 51, 58–9
Lugdunum, 207, 220
Lusitanians, massacre of, 37, 39–45, 50, 58–60
Lycia, 161–2
Maccabees, 215, 222
Macedonia, 123, 133–5, 137–8, 140, 145, 151
Macedonian Wars, 32–3, 40, 48, 52, 96, 134, 138, 153–4
Macrimus, 402
Magdalensberg, 91
magistrates, elected, 27–8, 34, 38–9
under Principate, 166
and veterans’ colonies, 282
Magnesia, battle of, 48
Maiden Castle, 188
maps and plans, Romans’ lack of, 357–8, 372
Marcomani, 336, 384, 392, 393
Marcus Aurelius, Emperor, 174, 183, 218, 242, 293, 384, 393, 405
Mariccus (the ‘champion of Gaul’), 209–10, 2
18
Marius, 87
Mark Antony, 148, 157, 161–3, 168, 171, 222, 254
and Parthian army, 331–2
revives decimation, 349
Maroboduus, King, 203, 336, 392, 400, 404
Masada, 214
Massilia, 91, 148
Mauretania, 252, 352–3
Maximus (freedman), 253
Mazippa, 348
Media, 174
Menippus of Colophon, 142
Mesopotamia, 174, 184, 341
messengers (viatores), 114, 253
Mettius, Marcus, 88
milestones, 280
mining and smelting, 301–2
Mithridates VI, King of Pontus, 100–4, 144–5, 150, 156, 250
Moesia, 250, 262, 267, 269, 311, 345, 374, 386
Mona, isle of, 192–3
moneylenders, 128–30, 155
Mons Claudianus, 271
Mons Graupius, battle of, 315, 318
Moors, 347–8
Moses, 226
Mount Amanus, 117–18, 129–31, 238
Mount Gerizim, 222, 226–7
Mount of Olives, 227
Musulamii, 347–8, 353
Myos Homos, 377, 391
Nabataea, 222, 224, 374, 374
Napoleon Bonaparte, 359
Narbo, 99
naval warfare, 31–2
negotiatores, 102
Nemetes, 380
Nero, Emperor, 179, 191, 201, 211, 213, 220, 232, 292, 296, 345, 392
investigates disturbances in Pompeii, 221
persecution of Christians, 260, 304–5
and punishment of slaves, 267
relations with Parthians, 339–40
and suicide of Corbulo, 181, 292
Nerva, Emperor, 182, 281
Nervii, 88
New Carthage, 50, 55, 122
Nicaea, 257, 260–1
Nicomedia, 260–4, 280
Noricum, 90–1
Nuceria, rivalry with Pompeii, 220–1
Numantia, 61, 90
Numidia, 34, 95, 100, 254, 321
Numidians, 347–9, 351–3, 370
Odyssey, 368
Oea, 220, 393
Oenoanda, 280
official documents, dating of, 280–1
Olgerdiget, 401
olive oil, 96, 262, 287
oratory, training in, 109, 141
Osrhoene, 333
Ostia, 152
Otho, Emperor, 181
Ovid, 12–13
pacare (the word), 14
Pagyda, river, 349
Pannonian revolt, 189, 198, 200, 289
panthers, 125
Paphlagonia, 253
paraphylakes, 270
Parthia, 167, 171–2, 174, 178
Parthian army, 331–2
Parthians, 113, 117, 119, 121, 127, 130–2, 162, 181, 183–4, 215, 330–4, 344, 402
and limits to Roman expansion, 339–42
Patkoua, 377–9, 381
Paullus, Lucius Aemilius, 153
pax (the word), 10
Pax Americana, 1
‘peace dividend’, 4–5
pearls, 89
pepper, 392
Pergamum, 101, 136, 245
Perseus, King of Macedonia, 33, 52, 134, 137, 139
Persians, 21, 54, 402–3
hamstring captives, 380
Pertinax, Emperor, 297
Petreius, Marcus, 109
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