Philip IV 261–2, 263–4
Philip ‘the Handsome,’ Duke of Burgundy 226
Philip V, Duke of Anjou 270, 272
Phoenicians 28, 212
Pi y Margall, Francesc 307
Picasso 36, 286
pilgrimages 145–7
‘Pillars of Hercules’ 44
Pius IX, Pope 300
Podemos party 392–3
Poema del mio Cid 142
pogroms 188–9, 205
politics in new Spain 384
Popular Front government (1936) 342–3
pork 206, 217
Portugal
Britain’s ally 281
French invasion 281
Hispania lusitania 50
independence (1640) 263, 269
independent kingdom 186
one of ‘the Five Kingdoms’ 180
Philip II’s claim 235
la posguerra (post-war period) 371, 375–6
‘post-colonial’ phase 292–3
Preece Williams, Richard 32–3
Prim, Juan, 1st Count of Reus 306
Primo de Rivera, José Antonio 339
Primo de Rivera, Miguel 322, 323–4, 325–6, 330
Priscillian, Bishop of Avila 58–63, 204, 244–5
Priscillianism 61–2
Protestants 208
provisional government (1869) 306
‘pseudo-democracy’ 385
Ptolemy 169
Puerta del Sol (Madrid) 240
Punic Wars 28, 52
‘purity of blood’ paranoia 367
Pyrenees 20
Q
Al-Qasr al-Hamra (Red Fort) 183–4
Quadrivium classical education 73
Queipo de Llano, Gonzalo 361
Quien aguanta, gana (‘He who resists, wins’) 56
R
R1b haplogroup Y-DNA 27
Radiya (poetess and historian) 115
railways 26n1, 32–3, 302
Ramiro I 149
Raqsh al-A’azz 193
rationalism 161, 162
Raymond of Toledo 168
La Raza (film) 375
‘re-Christianisation’ 126
Real Madrid 395
‘reason’ 162
rebels (‘Nationalists’) 350, 357, 359, 361–2
see also Spanish Civil War
Recemund, bishop 114
‘Reconquest’ 86, 88, 123–6, 186, 205–6, 332 see also 1492
Recópolis 69
Reformation 172
reforms 335, 349
regionalism 301–2, 357
Regulares (Moroccan fighters) 338, 339
religious wars 229–30
Renaissance 172
republic (1873) 307
Republican flag 382
Republicans see also Spanish Civil War
army 352, 358–9
deaths 368
defeat 353
factions 353–5
military tactics 360–1
moderates 355
Stalin’s support 123n1, 351–2
trials and executions 367–8
resistencia numantina 56
revolution (1868) 305
‘revolutionary strike’ (1917) 320–1
rex totius spaniae 70
Ría coastline (Galicia) 22
rice 214
Richelieu, Armand Duplessis, Duke of (Cardinal Richelieu) 257
Ricote (Don Quixote) 209–10
Rif War 1920—1927 (Moroccan rebellion) 319–20, 324–5, 350
Ring of the Dove (Ibn Hazm) 140
Ripoll, Cayetano 211
Robinson Crusoe (Defoe) 160
Roderic, king of Toledo 77–9, 94
Rojigualda (national flag) 274
Roland 137–8, 139
Romans
conquest of Spain 49–54
culture 28–9
diet 212
emperors from Spain 51
Hercules myth 43–5
Hispania 49–51
Jewish migration 29
siege of Numantia 54–7
Tower of Hercules (La Coruña) 44
Roncesvalles, Pyrenees 68
rural Spain 331–3
S
sacas (murders) 354
‘Sacromonte texts’ 256–7
saffron 214–15
Sagasta, Práxedes Mateo 315
Sagunto Castle, Valencia 52
Sahagún monastery 285
Salic Law 294
Sánchez Dragó, Fernando 62
Sánchez, Pedro 127
Sancho IV 173
Sanjuanada coup (1926) 326
Sanjurjo, José 331, 338
Santa María la Blanca synagogue (Toledo) 150–1
Santángel, Luis de 195
Santiago Cathedral 62, 63
Santiago de Compostela 62
Santiago Matamoros (the Slayer) 4–5, 13–14
becoming a warrior 149
debate 231
and El Cid 142
and the Inquisition 205–6
patron saint 145
and Santiago the Seeker 63, 402
‘Slayer’ of Spain’s Other 395
Spanish identity 283
Santiago (St James) 10–14 see also St James the Greater
abandoning homeland 96
body arriving 39n1
like Tubal and Heracles 45, 96
origins 45
scallop shell symbol 150
Santiago the Seeker 63, 231, 402
Sanz de Sautuola, Marcelino 36–7
Sao Tomé island (West Africa) 192
Al-Sayyid (‘lord’) 142
scallops 150–1
school-building programmes 335
School of Translators (Toledo) 114, 165–73
Schulten, Adolf 42
Scipio Africanus the Younger 54–6
Scot, Michael 169–70
‘Sea of Darkness’ 193
Second Punic War 28, 52
Second Republic (1931) 327, 328, 330, 335, 338–9
‘second taifa’ period 155
Second World War 347–8, 369, 371
Segovia 51
Selkirk, Alexander 160
Sephardic Jews 29, 191 see also Jews
Sepúlveda, Juan Ginés de 231, 232
Serrano coup (1874) 387
Serrano, Francisco, 1st Duke of la Torre 308–9
seventeenth century 260–5
Seville 133
sewerage 115
sheep and wool industries 171
A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies (de las Casas) 231
Siberia 40
Sidi Hamete Benengeli (Don Quixote) 250
siege of Galera (1570) 255–6
siege of Numantia (133 BC) 54–7
siege of the Alcázar of Toledo (1936) 56
Sierra Morena, Andalusia 21
Sierra of Atapuerca 32
Las Siete Partidas 170
Siglo de Oro (‘Golden Century’) 260–5
Sima de los Huesos (ditch of bones) 34–5
Sirat Antar (Romance of Antar) 139
Sisebut, king 70–1
social liberalism 375
social mobility 103
social revolution 354–5
Socialists 338, 341, 354
‘softer’ dictatorship (a dictablanda) 326
Soria 54
Sotelo, Calvo 343
Soviet Union 347–8, 351–2, 359, 369
Spain
choices for the future 398–9
as a crossing point 21
divided against itself 394, 399
fighting to dominate and annihilate ‘Spain’ 125–6
geography 19–23
harbinger of things to come 400
held together by violence 273, 396–8
loss of empire 252, 317
mystery and magic 401
unifying the country 185, 234–5, 274–5
uniting and re-dividing 50
unity with Catholic
faith 197–8
‘Spain is different’ (Fraga) 376n3
Spania province 69
‘Spaniards’ 328–9
Spanish Armadas 236–7
Spanish Civil War 279, 347–52 see also rebels (‘Nationalists’); Republicans
Alcázar of Toledo siege 56
Blitzkriegs 149n2, 347
blood transfusions 111
coup 1936 341, 393
exiles 30–1
German intervention 347–8
internationalised conflict 270, 351–2
map of 1938 360
mass graves 382
military techniques 347
murders 350
Muslim Berber warriors 94n1
reopening wounds 391, 393
and the Second Republic 328
spirit of Numancia 56
Stalin’s support 123n1, 351–2
Spanish Empire 275
Spanish Inquisition 189–90, 203–11
‘crimes’ investigated 203
cultural purges 217
curbing powers 275
executions 203–4, 208, 211
under Fernando VII 292
monarchy controlling 206–7
paranoia 209
sentencing 203
torture 203–4, 208
Spanish Legión 325, 338, 339
St Isidore of Seville 39
St James the Greater 11, 45, 62 see also Santiago (St James)
St James the Less 11
St John of the Cross 247, 248
St Laurence 241–2
St Teresa of Avila 247, 248
St Thomas Aquinas 163
Stalin 351, 355
state control 325–6
Stone Age paintings 36–8
street lighting 115
street violence (1936) 342–3
Suebi 68
Sufis 245–6
Suinthila, king 69–70
surgery 4, 108–9
Sylvester II, Pope 116
T
T-26 tanks 351, 359
Tabal (Anatolian state) 40
Tagus river 22
taifa kingdoms 127–33, 148, 152, 307–8, 358
Tales of the Alhambra (Irving) 87
‘Tanto monta, monta tanto’ 198
tariba (to make music) 140
Tarifa peninsula 22, 92
Tariq ibn Ziyad 93–5
Tarragona 51
Tartessos 41–2, 43
Tejero, Antonio 386
Tejero coup (1981) 386–7
Teodomiro, bishop 62
Theodore of Mopsuestia 73
Tibareni tribe 40
tilting at windmills (Don Quixote) 250–1
Toledo
capture by Christians (1085) 134, 152–3
mixed community 165
Roderic’s rule 77–9
School of Translators 110, 114, 165–9
siege of the Alcázar 56
taifa kingdom 165
Visigothic government 239
Torquemada, Thomas de 190
torture 203, 208
tourism 375
Tower of Hercules (La Coruña) 44
tracheotomies 109, 110
‘Tragic Week’ (1909) 320
Transición (transition) 381, 383, 385, 389–90, 394–5
translation movement 110, 114, 166
Trastámara family 181, 184
travel and communication 22
Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659) 263
Treaty of Utrecht (1715) 272
El Tribunal de las Aguas 213–14
Trier 60–1
Trivium classical education 73
troubadours 140
Tubal (Noah’s grandson) 39–41, 43, 45, 96
U
Umayyad Cordoba 114, 172–3
Umayyad Golden Age 125
Umayyads 96–7, 102, 112–13, 118–19, 128
unified Spanish state 185
unity and authoritarianism 399
unleavened bread 217
Urban, Pope 148
Urdangarín, Iñaki 389
Urnfield culture (‘proto-Celts’) 27
Uruk (Sumerian city) 91
‘us’ and ‘them’ (blanco y negro) 397
USA 316–17, 372, 374–5
USS Maine 316–17
V
vaccinations 110–11
Valencia 110, 142–3, 154, 213, 259
Valencian paella 214–15
Valle-Inclán, Ramón María del 321–2
Valley of Aran, Pyrenees 371
Vandals 68, 90–1
vaquero (‘cowboy’) 138n1
Velázquez, Diego de Silva y 251–3
Vernet, Joan 161
Via Heraklea 45
Victoria Eugenie of Battenberg 319
violent anarchist revolution 333
violent regionalism 379
Virgil 52
Visigoths 29–30, 67–79
collapse 76–7
culture and language 68–9
internal warfare 76–7
‘the last king’ 77–8
as outsiders 70
persecution of Jews 67–8, 70–1, 204
unification of Spain 69–71
Vitoria 69
Vox party 393
W
War of Independence (Peninsular War) 280, 283–7
War of Spanish Succession 270–2
Wellesley, Sir Arthur (later Lord Wellington) 286
West, intellectual foundations 172
Western Chivalry 139
witch-burning 204
witchcraft 210
Wittiza, king 77
women 115, 336
Y
Yaqub of Tortosa 135
Z
al-Zahrawi (Abulcasis) 4, 108–9
Zanata tribe 138n1
Zaragoza 142
Ziryab (Abu al-Hassan Ali bin Nafi) 98–101
Zohar (Moses of León) 247
Zugarramurdi witchcraft trails (1610) 210
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