The Use and Reuse of Stone Circles

by Richard Bradley

  Hunter, F. (1996) Recent Roman Iron Age metalwork finds from Fife and Tayside. Tayside and Fife Archaeological Journal 2, 113–25.

  Hunter, F. (1997) Iron Age hoarding in Scotland and northern Britain. In A. Gwilt and C. Haselgrove (eds) Reconstructing Iron Age Societies, 286–96. Oxford, Oxbow.

  Hunter, F. (1998) Other glass finds, 337–38. In L. Main, Excavation of a timber round-house and broch at the Fairy Knowe, Buchlyvie, Stirlingshire, 1975–1978. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 128, 293–417.

  Hunter, F. (2001) Roman and native in Scotland: new approaches. Journal of Roman Archaeology 14, 289–309.

  Hunter, F. (2005) The image of the warrior in the British Iron Age – coin iconography in context. In C. Haselgrove and D. Wigg-Wolf (eds) Iron Age Coinage and Ritual Practices, 43–68. Mainz, von Zabern.

  Hunter, F. (2007a) Artefacts, regions and identitities in the northern British Iron Age. In C. Haselgrove and T. Moore (eds) The Later Iron Age in Britain and Beyond, 286–96. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

  Hunter, F. (2007b) Silver for the Barbarians: interpreting denarii hoards in north Britain and beyond. In R. Hingley and S. Willis (eds) Roman Finds: Context and theory, 214–24. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

  Hunter, F. (2007c) Beyond the Edge of the Empire: Caledonians, Picts and Romans. Rosemarkie, Groam House Museum.

  Hunter, F. (2010) Beyond the frontier: interpreting late Roman Iron Age indigenous and imported material culture. In R. Collins and L. Allason-Jones (eds) Finds from the Frontier: Material culture in the 4th–5th centuries, 96–109. Research Report 162. York, Council for British Archaeology.

  Hunter, F. (2013a) Roman brooches around and across the British limes. In G. Grabherr, B. Kainrath and T. Schierl (eds) Verwandte in der Fremde. Fibeln und Bestandteile der Bekleidung als Mittel zur Rekonstruktion von interregionalem Austausch und zur Abgrenzung von Gruppen vom Ausgreifen Roms während des 1. Punischen Krieg bis zum Ende des Weströmischen Reiches. Akten des Internationalen Kolloquiums Innsbruck 27. bis 29. April 2011, 269–80. Ikarus 8. Innsbruck, Innsbruck University Press.

  Hunter, F. (2013b) The lives of Roman objects beyond the frontier. In P. Wells (ed.) Roman Beyond its Frontier: Imports, attitude and practices, 15–28. Portsmouth, Rhode Island, Journal of Roman Archaeology Supplementary Series 94.

  Hunter, F. (2014) Art in context: the massive metalworking tradition of north-east Scotland. In C. Gosden, S. Crawford and K. Ulmschneider (eds) Celtic Art in Europe: Making connections. Essays in honour of Vincent Megaw on his 80th Birthday, 325–40. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

  Hunter, F. (forthcoming) Rome beyond the frontier: a Scottish perspective. In S. von Schnurbein and H.-U. Voß (eds) Archäologie zwischen Römern und Barbaren. Zur Datierung und Verbreitung römischer Metallarbeiten des 2. und 3. Jahrhunderts im Reich und im Barbaricum. Frankfurt, Römisch-Germanischen Kommission.

  Hunter, F. (in prep) The copper-alloy finds from Mine Howe. In N. Card et al. (eds) Excavations at Mine Howe.

  Ingemark, D. (2014) Glass, Alcohol and Power in Roman Iron Age Scotland. Edinburgh, National Museums Scotland.

  Inglis, J. (1987) Patterns in stone, patterns in population: symbol stones seen from beyond the Mounth. In A. Small (ed.) The Picts: A new look at old problems, 73–79. Dundee, Privately published.

  James, H. (2011) Castle Craig. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 12, 144–45.

  James, H. (2012) Castle Craig. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 13, 142–43.

  Jervise, A. (1865) Notes on the ‘eirde house’ at Culsh, Tarland. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 5 (1862–1864), 283–84.

  Jockenhövel, A. (1980) Die Rasiermesser in Westeuropa. Prähistorische Bronzefunde VIII(3). Munich, C.H. Beck.

  Johnson, M. and Cameron, K. 2012. An Early Bronze Age Unenclosed Cremation Cemetery and Mesolithic Pit at Skilmafilly, Near Maud, Aberdeenshire. Scottish Archaeological Internet Report 53. Available online at: www.sair.org.uk.

  Jones, A. and Thomas, C. (2010) Bosiliack and a reconsideration of entrance graves. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 76, 271–96.

  Jones, R. (2011) Roman Camps in Scotland. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

  Joy, J. (2014) ‘Fire burn and cauldron bubble’: Iron Age and early Roman cauldrons of Britain and Ireland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 80, 327–62.

  Kavanagh, R. (1991) A reconsideration of razors in the Irish Early Bronze Age. Journal of the Royal Society of Antiquaries of Ireland 121, 77–104.

  Kenworthy, J. (1972) Ring cairns in North-East Scotland. Scottish Archaeological Forum 4, 18–30.

  Kiernan, P. (2009) Miniature Votive Offerings in the Roman North-West. Ruhpolding, Franz Philipp Rutzen.

  Kilbride-Jones, H. (1935) An account of the excavation of the stone circles at Loanhead of Daviot, and of the standing stones, Echt. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 69 (1934–1935), 168–223.

  Kilbride-Jones, H. (1936) Late Bronze Age cemetery: being an account of the excavations of 1935 at Loanhead of Daviot. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 70 (1935–1936), 278–310.

  Kilbride-Jones, H. (1938) Glass armlets in Britain. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 72 (1937–1938), 366–95.

  Kirby, M. 2011. Lockerbie Academy: Neolithic and early historic timber halls, a Bronze Age cemetery, an undated enclosure and a post-medieval corn-drying kiln in south-west Scotland. Scottish Archaeological Internet Report 46. Available online at: www.sair.org.uk.

  Lacey, B. (1983) Archaeological Survey of Co. Donegal. Lifford, Donegal County Council.

  Lelong, O. and MacGregor, G. (2007) The Lands of Ancient Lothian: Interpreting the archaeology of the A1. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

  Lloyd Morgan, C. (1887) The stones of Stanton Drew: their sources and origin. Proceedings of the Somerset Archaeological Society 33, 37–50.

  Longworth, I. H. (1966) A massive cist with multiple burials of Iron Age date at Lochend, Dunbar. Part I: the archaeological report. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 98 (1964–1966), 173–83.

  Longworth, I. H. (1984) Collared Urns of the Bronze Age in Great Britain and Ireland. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

  Loth, S. R. and Iscan, M. Y. (1989) Morphological assessment of age in the adult: the thoracic region. In M. Y. Iscan (ed.) Age Markers in the Human Skeleton, 105–35. Springfield, Charles Thomas.

  McAdam, E. (1982) Comparative background: the cemetery, 120–29. In T. Watkins, The excavation of an Early Bronze Age cemetery at Barns Farm, Dalgety, Fife. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 112, 48–141.

  McCullagh, R. and Tipping, R. (1998) The Lairg Project 1988–1996: The evolution of an archaeological landscape in northern Scotland. Edinburgh, Scottish Trust for Archaeological Research.

  MacGregor, M. (1976) Early Celtic Art in North Britain. Leicester, Leicester University Press.

  MacKie, E. (1982) The Leckie broch, Stirlingshire: an interim report. Glasgow Archaeological Journal 9, 60–72.

  McKinley, J. (1993) Bone fragment size and weights of bone from modern British cremations and the implications for the interpretation of archaeological cremations. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology 3, 283–87.

  McKinley, J. (2000) The analysis of cremated bone. In M. Cox and S. Mays (eds) Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science, 403–21. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.

  McLaren, D. (2012) Worked bone and antler objects. In M. Johnson and K. Cameron 2012, 26–29

  McWhirr, A. (1986) Houses in Roman Cirencester. Cirencester Excavations III. Cirencester, Cirencester Excavation Committee.

  Macdonald, G. (1918) Roman coins found in Scotland. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 52 (1917–1918), 203–76.

  Macinnes, L. (1984) Brochs and the Roman occupation of lowland Scotland. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 114, 235–49.

  Mack, A. (2007) Symbols and Pictures: The Pictish legacy in stone. Brechin, The Pinkfoot Press.

  Maldonado, A. (2013) Burial in early medieval Scotland: new questions. Medieval Archaeology 57, 1–34.

  Maxwell, G. (1990) A Battle Lost: Romans and Caledonians at Mons Graupius. Edinburgh, Edinburgh Universit
y Press.

  Mercer, R. and Midgley, M. (1997) The Early Bronze Age cairn at Sketewan, Balnaguard, Perth and Kinross. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 127, 281–338.

  Miles, A. E. W. (1962) Assessment of the ages of a population of Anglo-Saxons from their dentitions. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine 55, 881–86.

  Moore, P. D., Webb, J. A. and Collinson, M. E. (1991) Pollen Analysis. Oxford, Blackwell Science.

  Murray, C. and Murray, H. (2008) Midmill, south east Kintore, evaluation and excavation. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 9, 24–25.

  Murray, H. K. and Murray, J. C. (2009) Pitdrichie Quarry, Drumlithie, Aberdeenshire (Glenbervie parish), evaluation. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 10, 24.

  Murray, H. K. and Murray, J. C. (2014) Mesolithic and Early Neolithic activity along the Dee: excavations at Garthdee Road, Aberdeen. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 144, 1–64.

  Needham, S. P. (2015) Daggers and knives. In A. Woodward and J. Hunter (eds) Ritual in Early Bronze Age Grave Goods, 23–44. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

  O’Brien, E. (1999) Post-Roman Britain to Anglo-Saxon England: Burial practices reviewed. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports.

  O’Brien, W. (1999) Sacred Ground: Megalithic tombs in coastal south-west Ireland. Galway, National University of Ireland Galway.

  O’Brien, W. (2002) Megaliths in a mythologised landscape: south-west Ireland in the Iron Age. In C. Scarre (ed.) Monuments and Landscape in Atlantic Europe, 152–76. London, Routledge.

  O’Brien, W. (2004) (Con)fusion of tradition? The circle henge in Ireland. In A. Gibson and A. Sheridan (eds) From Sickles to Circles, 323–38. Stroud, Tempus.

  O’Connor, B. (2007) Two Late Bronze Age socketed axes from Tillicoultry, Clackmananshire, and other lost axes from northern Britain. Tayside and Fife Archaeological Journal 13, 74–79.

  Oakley, K. (1965) Folklore of fossils part 1 and 2. Antiquity 39, 9–16, 117–25.

  Ogston, A. (1931) The Prehistoric Antiquities of the Howe of Cromar. Aberdeen, The Third Spalding Club.

  Ortner, D. (2003) Identification of Pathological Conditions in Human Skeletal Remains. New York, Academic Press.

  Parker Pearson, M. (2012) Stonehenge. London, Simon and Schuster.

  Petch, D. (1958) Archaeological notes for the year 1957. Reports and Papers of the Lincolnshire Architectural and Archaeological Society 7 (1957–1958), 99–111.

  Phillips, T., Hampshire-Monk, I. and Abramson, P. (2006) The excavation and reconstruction of the recumbent stone circle at Strichen, Aberdeenshire, 1979–1982. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 136, 111–34.

  Phillips, T., Watson, A. and Bradley, R. (2002) Fieldwalking in Strath Tay, Perthshire, 1994. In T. Phillips (ed.) Landscapes of the Living, Landscapes of the Dead, 346–51. Oxford, British Archaeological Reports.

  Piggott, S. (1948) The excavations on Cairnpapple Hill, West Lothian 1947–1948. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 82 (1946–1947), 68–123.

  Piggott, S. (1956) Excavations in passage graves and ring cairns of the Clava group. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 88 (1953–1955), 271–96.

  Piggott, S. (1958) Segmented bone beads and toggles in the British Early and Middle Bronze Age. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 24, 227–29.

  Piggott, S. and Simpson, D. (1971) The excavation of a stone circle at Croft Moraig, Perthshire, Scotland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 37(1), 1–15.

  Pollard, J. (1992) The Sanctuary, Overton Hill: a reexamination. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 58, 213–26.

  Pope, R. (2007) Ritual and the roundhouse: a critique of recent ideas on the use of domestic space in later British prehistory. In C. Haselgrove and R. Pope (eds) The Earlier Iron Age in Britain and the Near Continent, 204–28. Oxford, Oxbow Books

  Pope, R. (2015) Bronze Age architectural traditions: dates and landscapes. In F. Hunter and I. Ralston (eds) Scotland in Later Prehistoric Europe, 159–84. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

  Potter, T. W. (1979) Gaming-board and gaming-counters. In T. W. Potter, Romans in North West England: Excavations at the Roman forts of Ravenglass, Watercrook and Bowness on Solway, 75–87. Research Series 1. Kendal, Cumberland and Westmoreland Antiquarian and Archaeological Society.

  Price, J. (1988) The Roman glass. In S. S. Frere and J. J. Wilkes (eds) Strageath: Excavations within the Roman fort 1973–1986, 193–203. Britannia Monograph 9. London, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

  Price, J. (1995) Glass counters and gaming pieces. In W. H. Manning, J. Price and J. Webster (eds) Report on the Excavations at Usk 1965–1976: The Roman small finds, 129–34. Cardiff, University of Wales Press.

  Price, J. (2000) Glass vessels, objects and window glass. In E. Price, Frocester: A Romano-British settlement, its antecedents and successor. Volume 2: The finds, 103–22. Stonehouse, Gloucester and District Archaeological Research Group.

  Price, J. and Worrell, S. (2007) Glass. In W. S. Hanson (ed.) Elginhaugh: A Flavian fort and its annexe, Volume 2, 445–70. Britannia Monograph 23. London, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

  Proudfoot, E. V. W. (1980) Camelon native site. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 109 (1977–1978), 112–28.

  Ralston, I. and Inglis, J. (1984) Foul Hordes: The Picts in the north-east and their background. Aberdeen, University of Aberdeen Anthropological Museum.

  Ralston, I. and Sabine, K. (2000) Excavations of the Second and First Millennia BC Remains on the Sands of Forvie, Slains, Aberdeenshire. Aberdeen, Aberdeen University Department of Geography and Environment.

  RCAHMS (1933) Counties of Fife, Kinross and Clackmananshire. Edinburgh, Her Majesty’s Stationery Office (HMSO).

  RCAHMS (2007) In the Shadow of Benachee. Edinburgh, RCAHMS.

  Rees, T. (1997) The excavation of Cairnwell ring-cairn, Porthleven, Aberdeenshire. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 127, 255–79.

  Richards, C. (2013) Building the Great Stone Circles of the North. Oxford, Windgather.

  Ritchie, A. (1972) Painted pebbles in early Scotland. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 104 (1971–1972), 297–301.

  Ritchie, J. N. G. (1971) Excavation of a cairn at Stromtoller, Lorn, Argyll. Glasgow Archaeological Journal 2, 1–7.

  Ritchie, J. N. G. and MacLaren, A. (1972) Ring-cairns and related monuments in Scotland. Scottish Archaeological Forum 4, 1–17.

  Robertson, A. S. (1970) Roman finds from non-Roman sites in Scotland. Britannia 1, 198–226.

  Robertson, A. S. (1975) Birrens (Blatobulgium). Edinburgh, T. A. Constable.

  Robertson, A. S. (1983) Roman coins found in Scotland, 1971–82. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 113, 405–48.

  Roe, F. E. S. (1966) The battle-axe series in Britain. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 32, 199–245.

  Ruggles, C. and Burl, A. (1985) A new study of the Aberdeenshire stone circles: interpretation. Archaeoastronomy 8, 25–60.

  Russell-White, C., Lowe, C. and McCullagh, R. (1992) Excavations at three early Bronze Age burial monuments in Scotland. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 88, 285–323.

  Ryder, M. L. (1964) Report on the skin from Pyotdykes, 193–97. In J. M. Coles, H. Coutts and M. L. Ryder, The Pyotdykes hoard. Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society 30, 186–98.

  Ryder, M. L. (1983) Sheep and Man. London, Duckworth.

  Schädler, U. (2007) The Doctor’s Grave – new light on the history of ancient board games. In P. Crummy, S. Benfield, N. Crummy, V. Rigby and D. Shimmin (eds) Stanway: An elite burial site at Camulodunum, 359–71. Britannia Monograph 24. London, Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies.

  Scheuer, L. and Black, S. (2000) Developmental Juvenile Osteology. London, Academic Press.

  Schweitzer, H. (2005) Iron Age toe-rings from Rath, County Meath, on the N2 Finglas-Ashbourne Road Scheme. In J. O’Sullivan and M. Stanley (eds) Recent Archaeological Discoveries on National Road Schemes 2004, 93–98. Dublin, National Roads Authority.

  Scott, J. (1989) The stone circle at Temple Wood, Kilmartin, Argyll. Glasgow Archaeological Journal 15, 53–124.

  Shapland, F. and Armit, I. (2012) The useful d
ead: bodies as objects in Iron Age and Norse Atlantic Scotland. European Journal of Archaeology 15(1), 98–116.

  Shepherd, I. (1984) A Grampian stone circle confirmed. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 113 (1983), 630–34.

  Sheridan, J. A. (2003) The NMS dating cremated bone project: results obtained during 2002/3. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 2003, 167–69.

  Sheridan, J. A. (2004a) Going round in circles: understanding the Grooved Ware complex in its wider context. In H. Roche, E. Grogan, J. Bradley, B. Raftery and J. Coles (eds) From Megaliths to Metals, 26–37. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

  Sheridan, J. A. (2004b) The National Museums Scotland radicarbon dating programmes: results obtained during 2003/4. Discovery and Excavation in Scotland 5, 174–76.

  Sheridan, J. A. (2007a) From Picardie to Pickering and Pencraig Hill? New information on the ‘Carinated Bowl Neolithic’ in northern Britain. In A. W. R. Whittle and V. Cummings (eds) Going Over: The Mesolithic–Neolithic transition in North-West Europe, 441–92. Proceedings of the British Academy 144. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

  Sheridan, J. A. (2007b) Dating the Scottish Bronze Age: ‘There is clearly much that the material can still tell us’. In C. Burgess, P. Topping and F. Lynch (eds) Beyond Stonehenge: Essays on the Bronze Age in honour of Colin Burgess, 162–85. Oxford, Oxbow.

  Sheridan, J. A. (2009) The pottery. In H. K. Murray, J. C. Murray and S. M. Fraser, A Tale of the Unknown Unknowns: A Mesolithic pit alignment and a Neolithic timber hall at Warren Field, Crathes, Aberdeenshire, 81–93. Oxford, Oxbow Books.

  Sheridan, J. A. (2011) Pottery. In R. Bradley, Stages and Screens: An investigation of four henge monuments in northern and north-eastern Scotland, 43–53. Edinburgh, Society of Antiquaries of Scotland.

  Sheridan, J. A. (2014) Copper Alloy Razors from Pits 043, 003 and 031, Broich Road, Crieff. Unpublished report produced for CFA Archaeology.

  Sheridan, J. A. and Cowie, T. G. (2003) Rameldry and Scottish dagger graves, 109–12, 116–23. In L. Baker, J. A. Sheridan and T. G. Cowie, An Early Bronze Age ‘dagger grave’ from Rameldry Farm, near Kingskettle, Fife. Proc Soc Antiq Scot 133, 85–123.