Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist

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Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist Page 30

by Kate Raworth


  8. World Food Programme (2016) Hunger. https://www.wfp.org/hunger

  9. World Health Organization (2016) Children: reducing mortality, published online at http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs178/en/

  10. ILO (2015) Global Employment Trends for Youth 2015., Geneva: ILO.

  11. Hardoon, D., Fuentes, R. and Ayele, S. (2016) An Economy for the 1%: how privilege and power in the economy drive extreme inequality and how this can be stopped. Oxfam Briefing Paper 210, Oxford: Oxfam International.

  12. Climate Action Tracker (2016) Climate Action Tracker, published online at http://climateactiontracker.org/

  13. Global Agriculture (2015) Soil Fertility and Erosion, published online at http://www.globalagriculture.org/report-topics/soil-fertility-and-erosion.html and UNDESA (2014) International Decade for Action ‘Water for Life’ 2005–2015, published online at http://www.un.org/waterforlifedecade/scarcity.shtml

  14. FAO (2010) State of the World Fisheries and Aquaculture (SOFIA), FAO Fisheries Department, http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e01.pdf and Ellen McArthur Foundation (2016) The New Plastics Economy: rethinking the future of plastics, published online at https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/publications/the-new-plastics-economy-rethinking-the-future-of-plastics

  15. United Nations (2015) World Population Prospects: The 2015 Revision. New York: UN, p. 1.

  16. PwC (2015) The World in 2050: Will the shift in global economic power continue? Published online at https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/issues/the-economy/assets/world-in-2050-february-2015.pdf

  17. OECD Observer (2015) An Emerging Middle Class, published online at http://www.oecdobserver.or/news/fullstory.php/aid/3681/An_emerging_middle_class.html

  18. Michaels, F.S. (2011) Monoculture: How One Story Is Changing Everything. Canada: Red Clover Press, pp. 9 and 131.

  19. Keynes, J.M. (1961) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan, p. 383.

  20. von Hayek, Friedrich (10 December 1974) ‘Friedrich von Hayek’. Banquet Speech. The Nobel Foundation. http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economic-sciences/laureates/1974/hayek-speech.html

  21. Brander, L. and Schuyt, K. (2010) ‘Benefits transfer: the economic value of the world’s wetlands’, TEEBcase available at TEEBweb.org, and Centre for Food Security (2015); ‘Sustainable pollination services for UK crops’, University of Reading, available at: https://www.reading.ac.uk/web/FILES/food-security/CFS_Case_Studies_-_Sustainable_Pollination_Services.pdf

  22. Toffler, A. (1970) Future Shock. London: Pan Books, pp. 374–5.

  23. Berger, J. (1972) Ways of Seeing. London: Penguin. p. 7.

  24. Thorpe, S., Fize, D. and Marlot, C. (6 June 1996) ‘Speed of processing in the human visual system’, Nature 381, pp. 520–522

  25. Kringelbach, M. (2008) The Pleasure Center: Trust Your Animal Instincts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 86–87.

  26. Burmark, L. Why Visual Literacy? Burmark Handouts, available at: http://tcpd.org/Burmark/Handouts/WhyVisualLit.html

  27. Rodriguez, L. and Dimitrova, D. (2011) ‘The levels of visual framing’, Journal of Visual Literacy 30: 1, pp. 48–65.

  28. Christianson, S. (2012) 100 Diagrams That Changed the World. London: Salamander Books.

  29. Marshall, A. (1890) Principles of Economics. London: Marshall, Preface, pp.10 and 11. http://www.econlib.org/library/Marshall/marP0.html#Preface

  30. Parker, R. (2002) Reflections on the Great Depression. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar, p. 25.

  31. Samuelson, P. (1997) ‘Credo of a lucky textbook author’, Journal of Economic Perspectives 11: 2, pp. 153–160.

  32. Samuelson, P. (1948) Economics: An Introductory Analysis, 1st edn. New York: McGraw-Hill.p. 264, cited in Giraud, Y. (2010) ‘The changing place of visual representation in economics: Paul Samuelson between principle and strategy, 1941–1955’, Journal of the History of Economic Thought 32: 2, pp. 1–23.

  33. Frost, G. (2009) Nobel-winning economist Paul A. Samuelson dies at age 94. MIT News 13 December 2009. http://newsoffice.mit.edu/2009/obit-samuelson-1213

  34. Samuelson, P. ‘Foreword’, in Saunders, P. and Walstad, W., The Principles of Economics Course: A Handbook for Instructors. New York: McGraw Hill, 1990, p. ix

  35. Schumpeter, J. (1954) History of Economic Analysis. London: Allen & Unwin, p. 41.

  36. Kuhn, T. (1962) The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. London: University of Chicago Press, p. 46.

  37. Goffmann, E. (1974) Frame Analysis: An Essay on the Organization of Experience. New York: Harper & Row.

  38. Keynes, J.M. (1961) The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan & Co., p. viii.

  39. Box, G. and Draper, N. (1987) Empirical Model Building and Response Surfaces. New York: John Wiley & Sons, p. 424.

  40. Lakoff, G. (2014) The All New Don’t Think of an Elephant. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green.

  41. Tax Justice Network, www.taxjustice.net and Global Alliance for Tax Justice, www.globaltaxjustice.org

  1. Change the Goal

  1. ‘G20 summit: leaders pledge to grow their economies by 2.1%’, BBC News, 16 November 2014, available at http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-australia-30072674

  2. ‘EU “unhappy” climate change is off G20 agenda’, The Australian, 3 April 2014, available at http://www.theaustralian.com.au/national-affairs/climate/eu-unhappy-climate-change-is-off-g20-agenda/story-e6frg6xf-1226873127864

  3. Steuart, J. (1767) An Inquiry into the Principles of Political Economy, https://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/economics/steuart/

  4. Smith, A. (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book 4.

  5. Mill, J.S. (1844) ‘On the definition of political economy’, in Essays on Some Unsettled Questions of Political Economy, http://www.econlib.org/library/Mill/mlUQP5.html

  6. Spiegel, H.W. (1987) ‘Jacob Viner (1892–1970)’, in Eatwell, J., Milgate, M. and Newman, P. (eds) (1987) The New Palgrave: A Dictionary of Economics, Vol. IV London: Macmillan, pp. 812–814.

  7. Robbins, L. (1932) Essay on The Nature and Significance of Economic Science. London: Macmillan.

  8. Mankiw, G. (2012) Principles of Economics, 6th edn. Delhi: Cengage Learning.

  9. Lipsey, R. (1989) An Introduction to Positive Economics. London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, p. 140, and Begg, D. et al. (1987) Economics. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill, p. 90.

  10. Fioramenti, L. (2013) Gross Domestic Product: The Politics Behind the World’s Most Powerful Number. London: Zed Books, pp. 29–30.

  11. Arndt, H. (1978) The Rise and Fall of Economic Growth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 56.

  12. OECD Convention 1961. Article 1(a).

  13. Lakoff, G. and Johnson, M. (1980) Metaphors We Live By. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 14–24.

  14. Samuelson, P. (1964) Economics, 6th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, cited in Arndt, H. (1978) The Rise and Fall of Economic Growth. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, p. 75.

  15. Kuznets, S. (1934) National Income 1929–1932, 73rd US Congress, 2nd session, Senate document no. 124 (7)

  16. Meadows, D. (1999) ‘Sustainable Systems’. Lecture at the University of Michigan, 18 March 1999, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMmChiLZZHg

  17. Kuznets, S. (1962) ‘How to judge quality’, in Croly, H. (ed.), The New Republic, 147: 16, p. 29.

  18. Ruskin, J. (1860) Unto This Last, Essay IV ‘Ad valorem’, section 77.

  19. Schumacher, E.F. (1973) Small Is Beautiful. London: Blond & Briggs, and Max-Neef, M. (1991) Human Scale Development. New York: Apex Press.

  20. Shaikh, N. (2004) Amartya Sen: A More Human Theory of Development. Asia Society, available at: http://asiasociety.org/amartya-sen-more-human-theory-development

  21. Sen, A. (1999) Development as Freedom. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, p. 285.

  22. Stiglitz, J.E, Sen, A. and Fitoussi. J-P. (2009) Report by the Commission on the Measurement of Economic Performance and Social Progress, Paris, p. 9. http:/
/www.stiglitz-sen-fitoussi.fr/documents/rapport_anglais.pdf

  23. United Nations (2015) Sustainable Development Goals, available at https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/?menu=1300

  24. Steffen, W. et al. (2015) ‘The trajectory of the Anthropocene: the Great Acceleration’, Anthropocene Review 2: 1, pp. 81–98.

  25. International Geosphere-Biosphere Programme (2015) ‘Planetary dashboard shows “Great Acceleration” in human activity since 1950’, press release 15 January 2015, available at: http://www.igbp.net/news/pressreleases/pressreleases/planetarydashboardshowsgreataccelerationinhumanactivitysince1950.5.950c2fa1495db7081eb42.html

  26. This graph is adapted from Young, O. R. and Steffen, W. (2009) ‘The Earth System: sustaining planetary life-support systems’, pp. 295–315 in Chapin, III, F.S., Kofinas, G.P. and Folke, C. (eds), Principles of Ecosystem Stewardship: Resilience-Based Natural Resource Management in a Changing World. New York: Springer.

  27. Diamond, J. (2002) ‘Evolution, consequences and future of plant and animal domestication’, Nature 418, pp. 700–707.

  28. Berger, A. and Loutre, M.F. (2002) ‘An exceptionally long interglacial ahead?’ Science 297, p. 1287.

  29. Steffen, W. et al. (2011) ‘The Anthropocene: from global change to planetary stewardship’, AMBIO 40, pp. 739–761.

  30. Folke, C. et al. (2011) ‘Reconnecting to the biosphere’, AMBIO 40, p. 719.

  31. WWF (2014) Living Planet Report. Gland: WWF International.

  32. Personal communication with Katherine Richardson, 10 May 2016.

  33. Heilbroner, R. (1970) ‘Ecological Armageddon’, New York Review of Books, 23 April. http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1970/apr/23/ecological-armageddon/

  34. Ward, B. and Dubos, R. (1973) Only One Earth. London: Penguin Books.

  35. Friends of the Earth (1990) Action plan for a sustainable Netherlands, available at http://www.iisd.ca/consume/fjeld.html

  36. Gudynas, E. (2011) ‘Buen Vivir: today’s tomorrow’, Development 54: 4, pp. 441–447. http://www.palgrave-journals.com/development/journal/v54/n4/full/dev201186a.html

  37. Government of Ecuador (2008), Constitution of Ecuador, Article 71. http://therightsofnature.org/wp-content/uploads/pdfs/Rights-for-Nature-Articles-in-Ecuadors-Constitution.pdf

  38. Rockström, J. The Great Acceleration. Lecture 3 in Planetary Boundaries and Human Opportunities online course, https://www.sdsnedu.org/learn/planetary-boundaries-and-human-opportunities-fall-2014

  39. Sayers, M. and Trebeck, K. (2014) The Scottish Doughnut: a safe and just operating space for Scotland. Oxford: Oxfam GB; Sayers, M. (2015) The Welsh Doughnut: a framework for environmental sustainability and social justice. Oxford: Oxfam GB; Sayers, M. (2015) The UK Doughnut: a framework for environmental sustainability and social justice. Oxford: Oxfam GB; and Cole, M. (2015) Is South Africa Operating in a Safe and Just Space? Using the doughnut model to explore environmental sustainability and social justice. Oxford: Oxfam GB.

  40. Dearing, J. et al. (2014) ‘Safe and just operating spaces for regional social-ecological systems’, Global Environmental Change, 28, pp. 227–238.

  41. City Think Space (2012), Kokstad & Franklin Integrated Sustainable Development Plan (15), available at: https://issuu.com/city_think_space/docs/kisdp_final_report

  42. Dorling, D. (2013) Population 10 Billion. London: Constable, pp. 303–308.

  43. Chancel, L. and Piketty, T. (2015) Carbon and Inequality: From Kyoto to Paris. Paris: Paris School of Economics.

  44. Institute of Mechanical Engineers (2013) Global Food: Waste Not, Want Not. London: Institute of Mechanical Engineers, https://www.imeche.org/policy-and-press/reports/detail/global-food-waste-not-want-not

  45. Jackson, T. (2010) ‘An Economic Reality Check’. TED Talk, available at https://www.ted.com/talks/tim_jackson_s_economic_reality_check/transcript?language=en

  46. Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity (2012) Cities and Biodiversity Outlook, Montreal, available at: https://www.cbd.int/doc/health/cbo-action-policy-en.pdf, p. 19.

  2. See the Big Picture

  1. Palfrey, S. and Stern, T. (2007) Shakespeare in Parts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

  2. Shakespeare, W. (1623) Mr William Shakespeares comedies, histories and tragedies, First folio, available at http://firstfolio.bodleian.ox.ac.uk/, p. 19.

  3. Harford, T. (2013) The Undercover Economist Strikes Back. London: Little, Brown, pp. 8–14.

  4. Sterman, J. D. (2002) ‘All models are wrong: reflections on becoming a systems scientist’, System Dynamics Review 18: 4, p. 513.

  5. The Mont Pelerin Society website available at https://www.montpelerin.org/

  6. Stedman Jones, D. (2012) Masters of the Universe: Hayek, Friedman and the Birth of Neoliberal Politics. Woodstock: Princeton University Press, pp. 8–9.

  7. Klein, N. (2007) The Shock Doctrine. London: Penguin.

  8. Smith, A. (1776) An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Book 1, Chapter 2, available at http://geolib.com/smith.adam/won1-02.html.

  9. Fama, E. (1970) ‘Efficient capital markets: a review of theory and empirical work’, Journal of Finance 25: 2, pp. 383–417.

  10. Ricardo, D. (1817) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, in Piero Sraffa (ed.), Works and Correspondence of David Ricardo, Vol. I, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1951, p. 135.

  11. Friedman, M. (1962) Capitalism and Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

  12. Hardin, G. (1968) ‘The tragedy of the commons’, Science 162: 3859.

  13. Interview with Margaret Thatcher by Douglas Keay, Woman’s Own, 23 September 1987, http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106689

  14. Simon, J. and Kahn, H. (1984) The Resourceful Earth: a response to Global 2000. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.

  15. Friedman, M. (1978) ‘The Role of Government in a Free Society’. Lecture given at Stanford University, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jMzfP3Y4z3Y

  16. Diagram inspired by Daly, H. (1996) Beyond Growth. Boston: Beacon Press, p. 46; Bauwens, M. (2014) ‘Commons Transition Plan’, available at http://p2pfoundation.net/Commons_Transition_Plan, and Goodwin, N. et al. (2009) Microeconomics in Context. New York: Routledge, pp. 350–359

  17. Ricardo, D. (1817) On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, Ch. 2, http://www.econlib.org/library/Ricardo/ricP.html

  18. Schabas, M. (1995) ‘John Stuart Mill and concepts of nature’, Dialogue, 34: 3, p. 452.

  19. Gaffney, M. and Harrison, F. (1994) The Corruption of Economics. London: Shepheard-Walwyn.

  20. Wolf, M. (2010) ‘Why were resources expunged from neo-classical economics?’ Financial Times, 12 July 2010. http://blogs.ft.com/martin-wolf-exchange/tag/resources/

  21. Green, T. (2012) ‘Introductory economics textbooks: what do they teach about sustainability?’, International Journal of Pluralism and Economics Education, 3: 2, pp. 189–223.

  22. Daly, H. and Farley, J. (2011) Ecological Economics. Washington: Island Press, p. 16.

  23. Daly, H. (1990) ‘Toward some operational principles of sustainable development’, Ecological Economics, 2, pp. 1–6.

  24. IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. Contributions of Working Group I to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

  25. Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community. New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 19.

  26. Putnam, R. (2000) Bowling Alone, p. 290.

  27. ‘Election day will not be enough’: an interview with Howard Zinn, by Lee, J. and Tarleton, J. The Indypendent, 14 November 2008, available at: http://howardzinn.org/election-day-will-not-be-enough-an-interview-with-howard-zinn/

  28. Marçal, K. (2015) Who Cooked Adam Smith’s Dinner? London: Portobello.

  29. Folbre, N. (1994) Who Pays for the Kids? London: Routledge.

  30. Coote, A. and Goodwin,. N. (2010) The Great Transition: Socia
l Justice and the Core Economy. nef working paper 1. London: New Economics Foundation.

  31. Coote, A. and Franklin, J. (2013) Time On Our Side: Why We All Need a Shorter Working Week. London: New Economics Foundation.

  32. Toffler, A. (1998) ‘Life Matters’. Interview by Norman Swann, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 5 March 1998. http://www.ghandchi.com/iranscope/Anthology/Alvin_Toffler98.htm

  33. Razavi, S. (2007) The Political and Social Economy of Care in a Development Context. Gender and Development Programme Paper no. 3, Geneva: United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. http://www.unrisd.org/80256B3C005BCCF9/(httpAuxPages)/2DBE6A93350A7783C12573240036D5A0/$file/Razavi-paper.pdf

  34. Salary.com (2014) 2014 Mother’s Day Infographics. http://www.salary.com/2014-mothers-day-infographics

  35. Fälth, A. and Blackden, M. (2009) Unpaid Care Work, UNDP Policy Brief on Gender Equality and Poverty Reduction, Issue 01, New York: UNDP, available at http://www.undp.org/content/dam/undp/library/gender/Gender%20and%20Poverty%20Reduction/Unpaid%20care%20work%20English.pdf

  36. Chang, H.J. (2010) 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism. London: Allen Lane, p. 1.

  37. Block, F. and Somers, M. (2014) The Power of Market Fundamentalism: Karl Polanyi’s critique. London: Harvard University Press, pp. 20–21.

  38. Ostrom, E. (1999) ‘Coping with tragedies of the commons’, Annual Review of Political Science 2, pp. 493–535.

  39. Rifkin, J. (2014) The Zero Marginal Cost Society. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 4.

  40. Milton Friedman Speaks. Lecture 4: ‘The Role of Government in a Free Society’, Stanford University, 1978, available at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LucOUSpTB3Y

  41. Samuelson, P. (1980) Economics, 11th edn. New York: McGraw-Hill, p. 592.

  42. Mazzucato, M. (2013) The Entrepreneurial State. London: Anthem Press.

  43. Chang, H.J. (2010) 23 Things They Don’t Tell You About Capitalism. London: Allen Lane, p. 136.

  44. Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J. (2013) Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. London: Profile Books.

 

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