by Ron Chernow
CHAPTER 28
1. MMW Ma VI, letter from Max Warburg to Martin Buber, October 1, 1933.
2. The New York Times, August 22, 1934.
3. Rose, Chaim Weizmann, p. 301.
4. LBI-RDJ, letter from 3 Cologne Jews to Max Warburg, August 24, 1933.
5. Bauer, My Brother’s Keeper, p. 259.
6. MMW Ma XIV, p. 653.
7. MMW Ma XIV, p. 654.
8. MMW. JW II, letter from Max to James Warburg. March 19, 1933.
9. YIVO-LW-DM. Folder 95, “Interview with Dr. Karl Melchior and Dr. Tietz,” June 11, 1933.
10. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 52.
11. MMW. Fritz M. Warburg Akten, Paket 3, “Charles Warburg” Folder, letter from Charles to Fritz Warburg, April 26, 1948.
12. Ahrens, “Werner von Melle,” p. 89.
13. Gordon, Fritz Saxl, p. 22.
14. FW. B288 F6, letter to Abraham Flexner, August 9, 1933.
15. FW. B294 F7, memo to Max Warburg, November 27, 1933.
16. The Warburg Institute Annual Report, 1952–1953.
17. FW. B318 F6, letter from Dr. von Kleinschmit, December 11, 1933.
18. Manchester Guardian, December 13, 1944.
19. Mnemosyne, p. 45.
20. FW. B318 F6, letter to Max Warburg, November 2, 1934.
21. FW. B318 F6, memorandum “Re: Warburg Library.”
22. MMW. AW Bibliothek Warburg 1935. MMW memo of September 16, 1935.
23. Ibid.
24. MMW. AW Bibliothek Warburg 1935, letter from Gertrud Bing to Eric Warburg, December 16, 1935.
25. FW. B318 F6, letter from Max Warburg, November 16, 1935.
26. FW. B318 F6, “Memo for Mr. Erich Warburg,” October 1936.
27. BW, letter from American Consular Service, Department of State, Hamburg, to Eric Warburg, June 5, 1936.
28. Veronica Petersen, interview with author.
29. MMW. Fritz Akten, Paket 4, letter from Otto Sauter to Siegmund Warburg, July 17, 1932.
30. Warburg, “Lucie L. Warburg,” p. 10.
31. MMW. Fritz Akten, Paket 4, letter from Dr. Peters to Siegmund Warburg, May 11, 1933.
32. Wechsberg, Merchant Bankers, p. 199.
33. Ibid.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid., pp. 199–200.
37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.
39. Ibid., pp. 199–201.
40. CUOH-JW, p. 723.
41. CUOH-JW, p. 722–23.
42. MMW Ma XIV, p. 504.
43. MMW. Box 513 “Dutch International Corporation,” letter from Hans Fürstenberg to Siegmund Warburg, June 19, 1934.
44. Hans Fürstenberg, Mein Weg als Bankier, p. 162.
45. FW. B194 F7, letter from Max Warburg, October 9, 1933.
46. MMW. Box 513, “Dutch International Corporation,” letter from Max to Siegmund Warburg, August 26, 1933.
47. MMW Ma XIV, p. 560.
48. Institutional Investor, March 1980.
49. The New Yorker, April 9, 1966.
50. Raymond Bonham Carter, interview with author.
51. Arthur Winspear, interview with author.
52. MMW. Box 513, “Dutch International Corporation,” letter from Max Warburg to Hans Fürstenberg, February 16, 1935.
53. MMW. Box 513, “Dutch International Corporation,” letter from Ernst Spiegel-berg to Max Warburg, August 21, 1934.
54. Ibid.
55. Raymond Bonham Carter, interview with author.
56. Ibid.
57. LBI-SGW-SZ. Letter from Stefan Zweig to Siegmund G. Warburg, December 14, 1934.
58. LBI-SGW-SZ. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg to Stefan Zweig, July 20, 1935.
59. LBI-SGW-SZ. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg to Stefan Zweig, September 1, 1937.
CHAPTER 29
1. Frieda Schiff Warburg, Reminiscences, p. 32.
2. Lucie Kaye, interview with author.
3. Benita Cioppa, letter to author, February 28, 1992.
4. Lucie Kaye, interview with author.
5. Esther Shalmon, interview with author.
6. Benita Cioppa, letter to author, February 28, 1992.
7. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XVI, pp. 276–77. Letter to Lola Hahn-War-burg, April 22, 1934.
8. Ibid., letter to Lola Hahn-Warburg, January 20, 1935.
9. Ibid., letter to Lola Hahn-Warburg, April 22, 1934.
10. Interview with close friend of Lola Hahn-Warburg.
11. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
12. New York Herald Tribune, May 1, 1942.
13. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid.
16. FW. B294 F16, letter from Dr. Walter Derenberg, August 20, 1933.
17. Esther Shalmon, interview with author.
18. Ibid.
19. Spinelli, Erinnerungen, p. 42.
20. Ueckert-Hilbert, Fremd in der Eigenen Stadt, p. 109.
21. Ibid., p. 110.
22. Ibid., p. 109.
23. Spinelli, Erinnerungen, p. 114.
24. MacDonogh, A Good German, p. 61.
25. Ueckert-Hilbert, Fremd in der Eigenen Stadt, p. 110.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid., p. 112.
28. Ibid.
CHAPTER 30
1. Der Stürmer, September 1934.
2. MMW Ma VI.
3. FW. B297 F3, letter to Paul Baerwald, October 27, 1934.
4. FW. B307, letter to The Daily Worker, December 11, 1935.
5. Freiheit, October 9, 1935.
6. FW. B307 F10, letter to Samuel Untermyer, June 4, 1935.
7. Anita Warburg, interview with author.
8. FW. B315 F1, letter from Dr. Bernhard Kahn, May 11, 1935.
9. Koonz, “Courage and Choice,” p. 286.
10. FW. B328 F5, letter from Rabbi Morris S. Lazaron, May 13, 1935.
11. Ueckert-Hilbert, Fremd in der Eigenen Stadt, p. 111.
12. Felix Mitchell, interview with author.
13. Ibid.
14. MMW Ma XIV, p. 492.
15. Barkai, From Boycott to Annihilation, pp. 76–77.
16. Schacht, Confessions of “The Old Wizard,” p. 293.
17. FW. B315 F2, cable from Dr. Bernhard Kahn to Paul Baerwald, March 30, 1935.
18. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, p. 218.
19. Hamburger Abendblatt, September 28, 1989.
20. MMW Ma XIV, p. 492.
21. MMW Ma XIV, p. 506 and MW 55. Memo by Hans Meyer of Max Warburg meeting with Hjalmar Schacht, September 18, 1935.
22. MMW. MW 55. “Auf zum Kampf zum wahren Frieden!” by Max Warburg.
23. FW. B315 F4, letter from James G. McDonald, November 7, 1935.
24. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XVII, letter to Israel M. Sieff, December 25, 1935.
25. Ibid., p. 121.
26. Ibid., pp. 87–88. Letter to Simon Marks, December 15, 1935.
27. Bauer, My Brother’s Keeper, p. 154.
28. The New York Times, January 6, 1936.
29. Ibid.
30. Shepherd, Wilfrid Israel, p. 111.
31. FW. B326 F8, letter to Dr. Bernhard Kahn, March 5, 1936.
32. Dodd, Ambassador Dodd’s Diary, p. 280.
33. Kopper, “Nationalsozialistische Bankenpolitik,” p. 103.
34. FW. B326 F9, letter from Bernhard Kahn, March 25, 1936.
35. FW. B326 F9, letter from Bernhard Kahn to Sir Osmond d’Avigdor Goldsmid, March 16, 1936.
36. FW. B326 F9, letter from Bernhard Kahn, March 26, 1936.
37. FW. Box 332 F10, cable to Siegmund Warburg, March 18, 1936. Letter from Siegmund Warburg, May 26, 1936.
38. FW. B318 F13, letter to Hans Fürstenberg, June 1, 1936.
39. BW. “Kara Corporation” Folder.
40. Glick, “Some Were Rescued,” p. 7.
41. Ibid.
42. Kopper, “Nationalsozialistische Bankenpolitik,” pp. 98–99.
43. AJR Inf
ormation, June 1977. Hans Liebeschütz, “The Warburg Banking House.”
44. Ueckert-Hilbert, Fremd in der Eigenen Stadt, p. 46.
45. MMW. MW 57. “Hilfsverein Speech, April 1936.”
46. Hochmuth and Meyer, Streiflichter aus dem Hamburger Widerstand, p. 208.
47. FW. B326 F3, letter to Sidney E. Pritz, June 15, 1936.
48. American Jewish World, November 1936.
49. FW. B332 F10, letter from Siegmund Warburg, July 23, 1936.
50. FW. B332 F10, letter from Siegmund Warburg, March 1, 1936.
51. Kopper, “Nationalsozialistische Bankenpolitik,” p. 99.
52. MMW. Ma XIV, p. 514–515.
53. Max Warburg, interview with author.
CHAPTER 31
1. Frieda Schiff Warburg, Reminiscences, p. 100.
2. Der Stürmer, March 1937.
3. FW. B336 F13. “Address at Briarcliff Lodge,” September 25, 1937.
4. FW. B328 F5, letter from Governor Herbert H. Lehman to Franklin D. Roosevelt, November 1, 1935.
5. Johnson, History of the Jews, p. 460.
6. Voss, Servant of the People, p. 208.
7. Waldman, Nor by Power, p. 327.
8. Raymond Teichman of FDR Library, letter to author, August 25, 1992. The library cannot categorically rule out the possibility that such a letter exists somewhere in its collections.
9. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XVII, p. 158.
10. Shepherd, Wilfrid Israel, p. 109.
11. FW. B341 F2, memo to Dr. Cyrus Adler, January 28, 1937.
12. FW. B318 F7, letter to Chaim Weizmann, October 10, 1935.
13. Weizmann, Trial and Error, Vol. II, pp. 381–82.
14. FW. B332 F11, letter to Chaim Weizmann, August 18, 1936.
15. FW. B332 F11, letter from Chaim Weizmann, January 24, 1936.
16. FW. B328 F17, letter to Simon Marks, August 26, 1936.
17. FW. B321 F3, letter to Sir Herbert Samuel, June 1, 1936.
18. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XVII, p. 14.
19. LBI-AP. Box 2, letter from Max Warburg, May 26, 1937.
20. FW. B341 F2, memo for Dr. Cyrus Adler, January 28, 1937.
21. The Jewish Forum, June 1938.
22. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XVIII, pp. 48–49. Letter to Lola Hahn-Warburg, March 4, 1937.
23. Ibid., p. 66, letter to Lola Hahn-Warburg, March 20, 1937.
24. FW. B341 F5, memo of March 24, 1937 meeting.
25. The Jewish Forum, June 1938.
26. FW. B341 F5, memo of March 24, 1937 meeting.
27. FW. Box 341 F4, letter to Max Warburg, July 16, 1937.
28. FW. B343 F8, letter to Dr. Morris Lazaron, July 28, 1937.
29. Congress Journal Official Organ of the Twentieth Zionist Congress, Zurich, August 18, 1937.
30. Goren, Dissenter in Zion, p. 331.
31. FW. “Farrer Book Criticisms.” Warburg Family Box 1163. Letter from Maurice B. Hexter to Edward M.M. Warburg, December 10, 1974.
32. Hexter, Life Size, p. 112.
33. Teveth, Ben-Gurion, pp. 624–25.
34. FW. B340 F3, letter to Maurice Hexter, September 28, 1937.
35. Teveth, Ben-Gurion, p. 619.
36. Shepherd, Wilfrid Israel, p. 109.
37. FW. B336 F13. “Address at Briarcliff Lodge,” September 25, 1937.
38. Edward M.M. Warburg, interview with author.
39. Ibid.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid.
42. MMW. 1937 Annual Report.
43. The New York Times, October 21, 1937.
44. Warburg, As I Recall, p. 67.
45. Mary Warburg, interview with author.
46. BW. “For Mary and Edward Warburg on their Marriage—December 6, 1939.”
47. Weizmann, Letters and Papers, Vol. XVIII, p. 354.
48. Phyllis Farley, interview with author.
49. ML. B8 F29, letter from Frieda Warburg, March 14, 1938.
CHAPTER 32
1. MMW Ma XIV, p. 516.
2. Warburg, “Begrüssungsworte zur Einweihung,” p. 1.
3. Ibid., p. 6.
4. MMW. “Gespräch Beim Mittagessen am 20 November 1982,” p. 36.
5. FW. B343 F5, minutes of April 29, 1937, meeting of Joint Distribution Committee.
6. MMW Ma XIV, p. 518.
7. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 154.
8. Farrer, The Warburgs, p. 117.
9. MMW. 1937 Annual Report.
10. Ogger, Friedrich Flick, p. 173.
11. Ibid., p. 165.
12. Ibid.
13. Ibid.
14. Genschel, Die Verdrängung der Juden, p. 226.
15. Ogger, Friedrich Flick, pp. 171–72.
16. Ibid., p. 172.
17. Trials of War Criminals, “The Flick Case,” p. 46.
18. Anita Warburg, interview with author.
19. Lucie Kaye, interview with author.
20. Ogger, Friedrich Flick, pp. 171–72.
21. Kopper, “Nationalsozialistische Bankenpolitik,” p. 122.
22. MMW Ma XIV, p. 518.
23. LBI-HS. Box 5, letter from Siegmund Warburg, January 27, 1938.
24. Kopper, “Nationalsozialistische Bankenpolitik,” p. 123.
25. Ibid., p. 125.
26. Duckesz, Geschichte des Geschlechts Warburg, p. 154.
27. JW. Box 2, “M.M. Warburg & Co. 8/20/31–8/21/31.”
28. MMW. MW 57, letter from Deutsche Effecten und Wechsel Bank—May 3, 1938.
29. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
30. Rosenbaum and Sherman, M.M. Warburg & Co., p. 168.
31. JW. Box 2, “M.M. Warburg & Co. 8/20/31–8/21/31.” Speech of Dr. Rudolf Brinckmann, May 30, 1938.
32. Ibid. Speech of Max Warburg, May 30, 1938.
33. The Times of London, June 1, 1938.
34. MMW Ma XXVII. Tagebuch, Bertha Ehrenberg, July 15, 1938.
CHAPTER 33
1. MMW Ma VI, letter from Edward M.M. Warburg to Max Warburg, June 21, 1938.
2. Warburg, Zeiten und Gezeiten, p. 46.
3. Warburg, Aus Meinen Aufzeichnungen, p. 152.
4. LBI-HS. Box 19, Dr. Fritz Warburg, “Reminiscences of Max Warburg,” 1947.
5. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
6. Der Stürmer, September 1938.
7. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
8. Frieda Schiff Warburg, Reminiscences, p. 31.
9. Warburg, Zeiten und Gezeiten, p. 130.
10. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
11. FW. Warburg Family Box 1163. “A Copy of the Warburgs by David Farrer, with corrections.” Memo by Dr. Wegener, 1975.
12. Spinelli, Erinnerungen, p. 153.
13. Ibid., p. 356.
14. Gisela Wyzanski, interview with author.
15. Turner, And the Policeman Smiled, pp. 230–31.
16. Ibid., p. 232.
17. CUOH-GR, p. 284.
18. Shepherd, Wilfrid Israel, p. 137.
19. Peterson, Hjalmar Schacht, pp. 248–49.
20. Schacht, Confessions of “The Old Wizard,” p. 351.
21. Sherman, Island Refuge, p. 200.
22. LBI-JS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, November 18, 1939.
23. Ibid. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, February 9, 1939.
24. Alexandra Danilova, interview with author.
25. Ibid.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid.
29. Ruth Fleck, interview with author.
30. Wechsberg, Merchant Bankers, p. 180.
31. LBI-HS. Box 5. Private Correspondence. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, March 23, 1938.
32. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, November 22, 1938.
33. Ibid., letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, November 18, 1938.
34. Ibid.
35. Ibid., letter from Siegmund G. Wa
rburg, December 12, 1938.
36. Bullock, Hitler, p. 490.
37. Shepherd, Wilfrid Israel p. 161.
38. LBI-HS. Siegmund G. Warburg Correspondence 1938–1949. Letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, April 3, 1939.
39. Ibid., letter from Siegmund G. Warburg, July 20, 1939.
40. LBI-SGW-SZ, letter from Siegmund Warburg to Stefan Zweig, September 21, 1939.
41. Ibid., letter from Siegmund Warburg to Stefan Zweig, November 24, 1939.
42. Fabian von Schlabrendorff, Begegnungen in fünf Jahrzenten, p. 330.
CHAPTER 34
1. Warburg, Zeiten und Gezeiten, p. 157.
2. Warburg, The Long Road Home, p. 175.
3. Ibid., pp. 179–80.
4. Ibid., p. 183.
5. Ibid.
6. The New York Times, January 29, 1941.
7. New York Herald Tribune, April 25, 1941.
8. JW. Box 16, “Harry G. Green 5/41,” letter to Senator Bennett C. Clark, May 8, 1941.
9. JW. Box 16, “Harry G. Green 5/41,” letter from James Warburg to Senator Bennett C. Clark, May 8, 1941.
10. JVF, Box 55, letter from James Warburg, May 29, 1941.
11. JW. Box 16, “Harry G. Green 5/41,” unsigned letter addressed to “Jew Warburg, New York, N.Y.”
12. JW. Box 16, “Harry G. Green 5/41,” undated letter from “An American Mother,” May 26, 1941.
13. Spinelli, Erinnerungen, p. 125.
14. Ibid., p. 150.
15. Ibid., p. 129.
16. Ibid.
17. Ibid., p. 137.
18. Phyllis Farley, interview with author.
19. Spinelli, Erinnerungen, p. 282.
20. Ibid., p. 117.
21. Ibid., p. 116.
22. Ibid., p. 432.
23. Ibid., p. 202.
24. Ibid., p. 219.
25. Ibid., p. 220.
26. Ibid.
27. Ibid.
CHAPTER 35
1. MMW. EX. Letter from Siegmund Warburg to Rudolf Brinckmann, August 1963. (No precise date.)
2. Kopper, “Nationalsozialistische Bankenpolitik,” p. 127.
3. MMW. “Gespräch beim Mittagessen am 10 November 1982,” p. 40.
4. Ibid., pp. 14–15.
5. Ibid. Fraulein Martha Beyer testimony.
6. Ibid. Herr Brauer testimony.
7. MMW. Box 512. “Adolf van Biema, Berlin.”
8. Kopper, “Nationalsozialistische Bankenpolitik,” p. 128.
9. MMW. Robert Solmitz, “Das Sekretariat Warburg.”
10. Ibid.
11. Ibid., pp. 7–8.
12. Wenzel, Broken Star, p. 97.
