Aiken, Michelle, 87–88
Aiken, William, 87
Alabama, 12, 211
alligators, 43
Altamaha River, 42, 46
American Horror Story (TV series), 136
Americus, Georgia, 74–77, 86, 89, 90, 195, 209
ancestor altar, 137–39
Andersonville, Georgia, 195
Antee, Tracey Colson, 107, 109–11, 119–20, 123, 125–28, 132, 138, 141–44, 150, 152
Appling, Trudy, 200
Association for Preservation of Historic Natchitoches (APHN), 121, 122, 123
Atlantic City, 25, 75–76, 89–90, 209, 214, 216
Atlantic Ocean
slave trade over, 28, 48
swimming in, 26
Baby Boy (movie), 228
Bacon, Nathanial, 102
Bacon’s Rebellion, 102
Badin-Roque House, 124
Bailey, Cornelia, 33, 36
baptisms, 37, 53
Baron Samedi (African deity), 139
Bash, John, 243
Batiste, Louis, 98
Bayou Brevelle, 124
Beggs, 188
Behavior Cemetery, 36–38, 41
Berkeley, William, 102
The Big Sky (movie), 191
Bird, Stephanie Rose, 63
Black Arts Movement, 13
black-eyed peas, 14–15, 17–18, 71
Blackfeet, 191
black identity, 7, 157, 162, 188–89
Black-ish (TV show), 29
blackness
complications of, 133–35
of Creole, 100, 102, 104, 109, 115, 117, 131, 156
of Native Americans, 162, 192, 204
Black Panther Party, 223–24, 231
Black Power, 188, 189, 230
black skimmers, 35–36
Bledsoe, Christena, 33
Bloods (gang), 228–29, 231, 232, 236
Blount Crossing Road, 33–34
Bob Wills and the Texas Playboys, 191
bootleggers, 213
Bouie, Jamelle, 135
bousillage, 124
Boyd-Pates, Tyree, 239–40
Boyz n the Hood (movie), 212, 228
Bradley, Janice (cousin), 117–18, 141, 146–47, 152
Brandy (singer), 211
Broady, Misty, 240–41
Brock, James, 32
Broken Arrow (movie), 191
Brown, Alex, 87, 88–89
Brown, Michael, 237
Brown Berets, 224
Broyard, Anatole, 115
Broyard, Bliss, 115
Brundage, W. Fitzhugh, 6
Bumpurs, Eleanor, 237
Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA), 163, 175–76, 181, 195
Burke, Daniel, 87
Burke, Geneva, 87
Burns, Resa 138
Butch (Seminole man), 176–77
Butler, Pierce, 31, 43
Butler Island, 31, 42, 45, 49
cemetery on, 46–48
hunting on, 43
mortality rate on, 44
rice on, 48
Buzzard, Darren, 167
By Blood Roll, 161, 162, 163, 171, 174, 177
Caldwell, Ben, 234–35
California, 209–10. See also Los Angeles
Cane River, 107, 108, 110–11, 117, 118, 120–21, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 149
Carter, Bunchy, 223–24
Carter, Nola, 223
Casor, John, 101
Castile, Philando, 237
Catholicism, 105–6, 116, 129, 132, 210
CDC. See Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
CDIB. See Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood
cemeteries, 36–38, 41
on Butler Island, 46–48
on Daufuskie Island, 58
graves facing east in, 37, 60
on Hilton Head Island, 80
stories about, 61
superstitions about, 56–57
under water, 46–48
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 32
Certificate of Degree of Indian Blood (CDIB), 172, 187
Champney River, 46
Cherokee, 160, 190–200
citizenship for, 164, 166–67, 187
claimed ancestry of, 168
Creek and, 187–88
DNA test for, 185–86, 189–92
freedmen of, 162–67, 186–89
land allotment of, 162, 163–64
Seminole and, 203–4
“Cherokee Maiden” (song), 191
“chewing the root,” 67
Chicago Defender, 15–16, 210–11
Chickasaw, 160, 162
Chicken Bone Beach, 25
Chireau, Yvonne, 70
Choctaw, 158, 160, 162
cholera, 44
Chomsky, Aviva, 186
Christianity. See also churches
Catholicism, 105–6, 116, 129, 132, 210
of Native Americans, 159
rootwork and, 70
Voodoo and, 136
Christic Institute, 58
churches, 13
of Creole, 100, 105–6, 116, 125
mass shooting in, 244
Our Mother of Mercy, 98, 100, 125, 129
Pentecostal, 51, 53–54, 70, 105–6
Saint Augustine, 125–29
Seminole Baptist, 176, 177
watchnight service in, 14, 14n
“The City of Black Angels” (De Graaf), 216
City of Quartz (Davis, M.), 230
civil rights movement, 154, 188–89, 223–24, 230
Clayton, Kelly, 132–40
Clooney, Amal, 132
Coffin, Howard, 39
Coin, Marie Thérèse “Coin Coin,” 107–8, 119–30, 148, 149, 150
Coleman, Arica L., 191–92
collard greens, 15, 17, 18, 19, 71
Colson, Janet Ravare, 108–9, 129
Colson, Oswald, 124, 128–29
Compton, 228, 230
conjure work. See rootwork
Couper, John, 30
Crapo, George, 199
Creek, 160, 162, 187–88, 212–15
Creole, 98–137, 155
blackness of, 100, 102, 104, 109, 115, 117, 131, 156
on Cane River, 107, 108, 110–11, 117, 118, 120–21, 123, 124, 125, 126, 129, 149
caste system of, 113–14
Catholicism of, 105–6, 116, 129, 132, 210
churches of, 100, 105–6, 116, 125
as freed slaves, 116, 120, 149
to Los Angeles, 210
skin color of, 105, 131–35
Voodoo of, 136–39
Crips (gang), 228–29, 231–32, 236
Crittenden, Joe, 167
Dandridge, Dorothy, 213
Darien, Georgia, 20–21, 42, 55
Daufuskie Island, 58–60
Daughters of the Dust (movie), 21–22
Davis, Darnella, 186–92
Davis, Mike, 230
Dawes Act of 1887 (Dawes Rolls), 161, 162, 184
CDIB of, 172, 187
Cherokee and, 197, 203
Seminole and, 171, 183
DeBlanc, Charles, 148
DeBlanc, Constance, 146–47, 147
De Graaf, Lawrence B., 216
DeGruy, Joy, 27–28
Delphin, Terrell, Jr., 108
Department of Agriculture, U. S., 78, 79
Department of Natural Resources, 38, 39, 40, 46
Descendents of Freedmen of the Five Civilized Tribes, 163
divine healing, 53
DNA test, for Native Americans, 185–86, 189–92, 201
Doboy Sound, 34, 35
Domanick, Joe, 236
Dos Reis Dos Santos, Jennifer, 183
Douglas, Leah, 77
Drake, Francis, 210
Dr. Buzzard (root doctor), 57, 58, 59, 60, 67–68, 70
Dr. Buzzy (root doctor), 66
drownings, 32, 49
DuBois, W. E. B., 22, 135
Dukes, Marvin, III, 89
DuVernay, Ava
, 235
Eazy-E, 228, 235
epigenetics, 27–28
estelusti (freedmen), 176
Evangeline (Longfellow), 142
Evangeline Oak, 142–43
Eve’s Bayou (movie), 98–99
faith healing, 70
FBI, 224, 231
Ferguson, Missouri, 236–37
Festival International de Louisiane, 132, 140, 141
Fields-Black, Edda, 47
Finding Your Roots (TV show), 191
Five Civilized Tribes, 160, 204
Five Dollar Indians, 162
Five Pound Island, 45–46
F. J. Torras Causeway, 30
Florida. See also Seminole
Okefenokee Swamp in, 169
Florida Water (Agua de Florida), 71–72
folklore, 183
food, 22
of Creole, 107
of Gullah Geechee, 51, 81–82
seafood, 19, 23, 81
of Seminole, 177
soul, 12–17
from water, 29–30
Ford, Ezell, 237
Fraser, Charles, 79
freedmen
of Cherokee, 162–67, 186–89
of Choctaw, 158, 160
of Seminole, 171–84
freed slaves, 65, 77–78
Creole as, 116, 120, 149
Dawes Act of 1887 and, 161
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850 and, 101–2
in Louisiana, 102
Native Americans as, 158
Regis, M., as, 145–46
free people of color (gens de couleur libre), 102–3
Frenchtown, 99, 100, 116, 124
Freshwater Geechee, 34
Frye, Marquette, 219, 220
Frye, Rena, 219
Frye, Ronald, 219
Fugitive Slave Act of 1850, 101–2
Gaines, Korryn, 237
gangs, in Los Angeles, 223–24, 227–34
Gardner (surname), 33
Garner, Eric, 236–37
Gates, Daryl, 235
Gates, Henry Louis, Jr., 160, 191
Geechee. See Gullah Geechee
gens de couleur libre (free people of color), 102–3
Georgia. See also Lowcountry; specific locations
Cherokee in, 191
Great Migration from, 12, 200
historical markers of, 43–44
Seminole in, 170–71
Geraldine (homeless woman), 218, 220
“Get Away, Jordan” (song), 37
Giovanni, Nikki, 13
glossolalia (speaking in tongues), 53
God, Dr. Buzzard, and the Bolito Man (Bailey and Bledsoe), 33
Goodwine, Marquetta “Queen Quet,” 29, 48
goofer dust, 60
grand-mère, 122
Great Depression, 39, 213–14
Great Migration, 5, 12, 25, 28, 32, 78, 128, 200, 230
Oklahoma in, 164, 165
Pentecostal Church and, 53
Seminole in, 178
Trail of Tears and, 160
Great Mississippi Flood, 99–100, 210
Grovner, J. R., 34, 36, 37–38, 40–41
Guillory, Alexandre, 104
Gullah Geechee, 17–21, 245
cemeteries of, 36–37
Creole and, 109
food of, 51, 81–82
on Hilton Head Island, 78–89
original ancestor of, 33
on water, 29–30, 34
Gullah Geechee Cultural Heritage Commission, 55
Gullah Gullah Island (TV show), 18
gumbo, 107, 128
hair
of Creole, 106, 126, 132, 133
of Native Americans, 156, 159
swimming and, 25, 26
Haley, Alex, 30
half-moon eyes, 140, 141
Halliburton, R., Jr., 127
Hamilton, Armstead, 142, 143–44
Hamilton, Carrie (great-grandmother), 141–42, 144, 146
Hampton, Fred, 231
Hampton Point Plantation, 31
Happy (Seminole man), 178–79, 181
Harjo, Leonard, 176
Harlem, 13, 53
Hardy, Antoine, 117, 119, 143, 144
Hart, Kevin, 28
Hartsfield, Natasha, 183
Head, Edith, 213
healing remedies. See also hoodoo; rootwork; Voodoo
disappearance of, 51
divine, 53
faith, 70
of Gullah Geechee, 20
of Seminole, 173–74
heirs property, 79, 88
Help Organization, 38
Henry, Cammie, 122, 128
Hertzog, Henry, 121
Hertzog, Hyppolite, 121
Hill, Sarah, 196–97
Hilton Head island, 78–89
Hogg (surname), 33
Hog Hammock, 38–39
hominy, 15, 177
hoodoo, 57
Florida Water in, 71–72
sachet powder in, 59–60, 70
of Seminole, 174–75
hoppin’ John, 17–18
Horne, Lena, 213
Horse, John, 180
Houston, 99, 100, 114, 116, 124
Hubbard, Julie, 186
Hunter, Clementine, 120, 122, 128
Hurricane Matthew, 36
Igbo Landing, 30, 31
“I Have a Dream” (King, M.), 65
indentured servants, 101, 102
“Indian problem,” 159
Indian Removal Act of 1830, 160, 162, 170, 201, 203
Iris (rootworker), 51–53, 62, 64
Isle Brevelle, 124
Italians, 132
Jackson, Andrew, 160
Jackson, Samuel L., 98
James, Rachelle, 212–15
jazz, 12–13
Jekyll Island, 35
Jerkins, Cleveland, Sr. (great-grandfather), 98, 99–100, 114, 151–52
Jerkins, Cleveland Jr. (grandfather), 95, 97–98, 107, 114, 116
Jerkins, Colleen (cousin), 136
Jerkins, Curtis (great-uncle), 52
Jerkins, Curtis (uncle), 62–63, 75, 169
Jerkins, Fred Andrew I (great-grandfather), 51, 52, 73–75, 77, 78, 79, 169–70
Jerkins, Freddie (uncle), 211, 226
Jerkins, Fred II “Pop-Pop” (grandfather), 25, 51–52, 75–76, 77, 89, 90, 95, 166, 169
Jerkins, Jon (father), 1–7, 96–97, 98, 105–6, 142
Jerkins, Pammy (Aunt), 97, 98
Jerkins, Rodney (uncle), 211, 226, 239
Jerkins, Sam (uncle), 61–64, 69, 75
Jerkins, Sharene (aunt), 76, 77, 156, 165–66, 227, 233
Jerkins, Sybil (mother), 2–3, 4, 76, 77, 156, 165–66, 212, 239
Jersey Shore, 25
Jim Crow, 244–45
in Atlantic City, 25
Creole and, 112, 123, 135
in Los Angeles, 215–16
in Oklahoma, 164, 165, 188
Johnson, Cameron, 231–34
Johnson, Jessica Marie, 149–50
Johnson v. Parker, 101
Jolivétte, Andrew, 105, 106–7, 115–16, 165
Jolliffe, William John, 150–51, 151
Jones, Aiyana, 237
Jones, Floyd T., 201–3
Jones, Regina, 233
“Journal of a Residence On A Georgia Plantation” (Kemble), 43, 45
Juergensmeyer, Mark, 210
KAOS Network, 235
Kaplan, Erin Aubry, 240
Kemble, Fanny, 43, 44–46
Keystone Plantation, 146, 148
King, Martin Luther, jr., 65, 188
King, Rodney, 226–27, 228, 233, 234, 235
King, Roswell, 45
kinship networks, in Georgia, 12
Ku Klux Klan (KKK), 76, 213, 237
in Los Angeles, 214–15, 228
“Kumbaya” (song), 55
Lafayette, 113, 114, 132, 136, 141–42
land allotment, of Native Americans, 162, 163–64, 189
Lane, Zoe,
132
LAPD. See Los Angeles Police Department
Laveau, Marie, 136
Lebo M, 235
Legba of Rada, Papa, 138
Legend, John, 28
Leiker, James, 189
Ligon, Bettie, 158
Ligon, Terry, 157–59, 188
Ligon, Warren, 157, 158–59
Lindsey, Treva B., 149–50
literature, 13
Little, Barbara J., 44
loas (spirits), 57, 138
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, 142
Lorde, Audre, 13
Los Angeles, 13
African Americans to, 209–42
civil rights movement in, 223–24
gangs in, 223–24, 227–34
KKK in, 214–15, 228
reverse migration from, 240–42
segregation in, 215–16
sundown towns in, 215
Watts Riots in, 218–19, 235–36
Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD), 214–15, 219, 221, 226–27, 228, 229, 233, 235–36
Lotson, Griffin, 55–57, 73
Louisiana, 95–152. See also Creole; specific locations
freed slaves in, 102
Great Migration from, 12
segregation in, 102–3
water in, 104, 138
Louisiana Creole Heritage Center, 108
Louisiana French Creole (language), 105
Louisiana Purchase, 102, 104
Love, Carry, 147
Lowcountry, 11–90. See also specific locations
Daughters of the Dust on, 21–22
slaves in, 18–19
Spanish moss in, 33
Lucas, Sylvia (grandmother), 25, 76–77
Lucas, W. F., 115
Lumber Landing, 39
lynchings, 74, 172–73
magic, 11, 12, 50, 57, 245
Margate, 76
mass shooting, 243, 244
Mayfield, Curtis, 13
McCall, James “Nocando,” 234, 235–36
McDonald, Laquan, 237
McIver, Dolores R., 202
McIver, Gladys Dolores “Gram-Gram” (grandmother), 95–96, 97, 98, 202
McIver, Marshall, 202
MC Ren, 228
McTeer, J. E., 67–68
Melrose Plantation, 58, 108, 120, 121, 122–23, 125, 128, 148
Meridian Dock, 34
Metoyer, Charles, 126
Metoyer, Claude Thomas Pierre, 107–8, 120, 121–22, 124, 125, 149, 150
Metoyer, Louis, 108, 148
Metoyer, Nicolas Augustin, 124, 125
Metoyer, Veronica, 128
Mexicans, 229
Miller, Adrian E., 12–13
Mississippi, 12, 211
Mitchelville, 78, 87
Monroe, Eliza, 202–3
Moppins, Minerva, 172, 176
Morrison, Toni, 30, 246
Mr. Gregory (rootworker), 67
Muhammad, Bilali, 33
mulattos, 115, 147
muriatic acid, 32
NAACP, 58
nanchons, 138
Natchitoches, 108, 110, 119, 121–24, 128, 134, 148–49
Native Americans. See also specific tribes
African Americans and, 204–5
blackness of, 162, 192, 204
civilizing of, 159–60, 161
Creole and, 105
DNA test for, 185–86
Wandering in Strange Lands Page 28
