Rediscovering Americanism: And the Tyranny of Progressivism
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14. Herbert Croly, “The Eclipse of Progressivism,” October 27, 1920, republished in the New Republic, December 31, 1969, https://newrepublic.com/article/73408/the-eclipse-progressivism (March 2, 2017).
15. Ibid.
16. Ibid.
17. Learned Hand, “Letter to Theodore Roosevelt,” April 8, 1910, Learned Hand Papers, Harvard Law School, in The New Deal and the Triumph of Liberalism, ed. Sidney M. Milkus and Jerome M. Mileur (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2002), 65 n.19.
18. Theodore Roosevelt, “Nationalism and Popular Rule,” Outlook 97 (January 21, 1911): 96.
19. Book Review, “The New Democracy,” The Independent 72 (January–June 1912): 957, https://books.google.com/books?id=ljIPAQAAIAAJ (March 3, 2017).
20. Theodore Roosevelt, “Speech at Osawatomie, Kansas: The New Nationalism,” August 31, 1910, http://www.theodore-roosevelt.com/images/research/speeches/trnationalismspeech.pdf (March 2, 2017).
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Theodore Roosevelt, The New Nationalism (New York: Outlook, 1911), 37, 39.
25. Platform of the Progressive Party, August 7, 1912, Primary Sources, American Experience, PBS, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/primary-resources/tr-progressive/ (March 2, 2017).
26. Woodrow Wilson, “Fourth of July Address on the Declaration of Independence,” in Classics of American Political & Constitutional Thought, vol. 2, 318.
27. Ibid., 319.
28. Woodrow Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1908), 16.
29. Ibid., 323.
30. Woodrow Wilson, “Address at Independence Hall: The Meaning of Liberty,” July 4, 1914, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=65381 (March 2, 2017).
31. Calvin Coolidge, “Address at the Celebration of the 150th Anniversary of the Declaration of Independence, Philadelphia, PA,” July 5, 1926, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=408 (March 2, 2017).
32. Dick Lehr, “The Racist Legacy of Woodrow Wilson,” November 25, 2015, Atlantic, https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/wilson-legacy-racism/417549/ (March 2, 2017); Eric S. Yellin, Racism in the Nation’s Service: Government Workers and the Color Line in Woodrow Wilson’s America (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2016).
33. Woodrow Wilson, The New Freedom ([N.p.]: Tutis Digital, 2008), 1.
34. Ibid., 7.
35. Ibid., 13.
36. Ibid., 89.
37. Ibid., 115.
38. Woodrow Wilson, Study of Public Administration (London: Forgotten Books, 2012), 4.
39. Ibid., 5.
40. Ibid., 7.
41. Ibid., 11–12.
42. Ibid., 13.
43. Ibid., 18–19.
44. Ibid., 16.
45. John Dewey, Liberalism and Social Action (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2000), 15, 16–17.
46. Ibid., 28.
47. John Dewey, “The Need for a New Party,” March 31, 1931, New Republic, https://newrepublic.com/article/104638/the-need-new-party (March 2, 2017).
48. John Dewey, Individualism Old and New (Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 1999), 51.
49. Ibid., 58.
50. Ibid., 75–76.
51. Ibid., 77–78.
52. Ibid., 81–82.
53. John Dewey, “Address to the American Philosophical Association: The Future of Liberalism,” December 28, 1934, First Principles Series, Heritage Foundation, http://origin.heritage.org/initiatives/first-principles/primary-sources/john-dewey-on-liberalisms-future (March 2, 2017).
54. Ibid.
55. Ibid.
56. John Dewey, Democracy and Education ([N.p.]: Simon & Brown, 2012), 86.
57. Ibid., 234.
58. Ibid., 239, 240, 245.
59. John Dewey, “What Are the Russian Schools Doing?” New Republic, December 5, 1928, https://newrepublic.com/article/92769/russia-soviet-education-communism (March 2, 2017).
60. Ibid.
61. Walter E. Weyl, The New Democracy (New York: Macmillan, 1912), 1, 4.
62. Ibid., 8–9.
63. Ibid., 12–13.
64. Ibid., 13.
65. Ibid., 15.
66. Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America (New York: Knopf, 1994).
67. Ibid., vol. 1, 70.
68. Ibid., vol. 1, 71.
69. Ibid., vol. 1, 271
70. Ibid., vol. 1, 272.
71. Ibid., vol. 2, 102.
72. Ibid., vol. 2, 103–4.
73. Ibid., vol. 2, 318.
74. Ibid.
75. Ibid., vol. 2, 318–19.
76. Ibid., vol. 2, 319.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid., vol. 2, 319–20.
79. Ibid., vol. 2, 321.
3. The Philosopher-Kings
1. Mark R. Levin, Ameritopia: The Unmaking of America (New York: Threshold Editions, 2012), xi.
2. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Basic Writings, Discourse on the Origin of Inequality, 2nd ed., ed. and trans. Donald A. Cress (Indianapolis, IN: Hackett, 2012), 45.
3. Ibid.
4. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004), ch. 2, sec. 6.
5. Rousseau, Origin of Equality, 67.
6. Ibid., 74–75.
7. Ibid., 87.
8. Rousseau, Discourse on Political Economy, 126.
9. Ibid., 132.
10. Ibid., 133.
11. Ibid.
12. Rousseau, Discourse on Social Contract, 192.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid.
15. Ibid., 192–93.
16. Ibid., 222.
17. Ibid., 172.
18. G. W. F. Hegel, Elements of the Philosophy of Right, trans. S. W. Dyde (Mineola, NY: Dover, 2005), 132, 133.
19. Ibid., 133.
20. Ibid.
21. Ibid., 143.
22. Ibid.
23. Ibid., 162.
24. Karl R. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol. 2 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1971), 40.
25. Hegel, Philosophy of Right, 155.
26. Ibid., 156.
27. Ibid.
28. Ibid., 157.
29. Ibid., 164, 165.
30. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, 78–79.
31. Karl Marx, The Communist Manifesto (Lexington, KY: SoHo Books, 2010), 36.
32. Ibid., 19.
33. Ibid., 19, 20.
34. Ibid., 20, 21.
35. Ibid., 21.
36. Ibid., 23.
37. Ibid.
38. Raymond Aron, The Opium of the Intellectuals (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction, 2007), 66.
39. Ibid., 70.
40. Ibid.
41. Ibid., 78.
42. Marx, The Communist Manifesto, 36.
43. Ibid., 38.
44. Ibid.
45. Ibid., 42.
46. Ibid.
47. Ibid., 42–43.
48. Popper, The Open Society and Its Enemies, 82, 83.
49. Ibid., 85.
50. Martin Malia, Foreword to The Black Book of Communism: Crimes, Terror, Repression, ed. Stéphane Courtois (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999), ix–xx.
4. Administrative-State Tyranny
1. Mark R. Levin, Liberty and Tyranny: A Conservative Manifesto (New York: Threshold Editions, 2009), 3–4.
2. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers, No. 51, Avalon Project, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed51.asp (March 2, 2017).
3. Declaration of Independence, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/declaration-transcript (March 1, 2017).
4. F. A. Hayek, The Fatal Conceit: The Errors of Socialism, ed. W. W. Bartley III (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1988), 55.
5. Ibid., 53, 54.
6. Friedrich Hayek, The Constitution of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1978), 82.<
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7. Mark R. Levin, Plunder and Deceit: Big Government’s Exploitation of Young People and the Future (New York: Threshold Editions, 2015).
8. Ibid., 37–51 (“On Social Security”); 53–71 (“On Medicare and Obamacare”).
9. Levin, Liberty and Tyranny, 68.
10. Levin, Plunder and Deceit, 53–71 (“On Medicare and Obamacare”).
11. Ibid., 73–90 (“On Education”).
12. Ibid., 23–36 (“On Debt”).
13. Ibid., 117–18.
5. Liberty and Republicanism
1. Thomas Jefferson, “Letter to Isaac H. Tiffany,” April 4, 1819, Founders Online, National Archives, https://Founders.archives.gov/documents/Jefferson/98-01-02-0303 (March 3, 2017).
2. John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, ed. Charles W. Elliot (New York: Barnes & Noble, 2004), 79, 80.
3. Ibid., 80.
4. Ibid., 80–81.
5. John Stuart Mill, “Utilitarianism,” ch. 2, (1863), Utilitarianism Resources, https://www.utilitarianism.com/mill2.htm (March 3, 2017).
6. John Stuart Mill, “Utilitarianism,” ch. 4, (1863), Utilitarianism Resources, https://www.utilitarianism.com/mill4.htm (March 3, 2017).
7. Thomas Jefferson, “Letter to John Adams,” December 10, 1819, Founders Online, National Archives, https://Founders.archives.gov/?q=freedom%20%20virtue%20Author%3A%22Jefferson%2C%20Thomas%22&s=1211311111&sa=&r=8&sr (March 3, 2017).
8. Charles Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, ed. Anne M. Cohler, Basia C. Miller, and Harold S. Stone (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009), Part 1, Book 3, Chapter 3.
9. Ibid., 1:3:8.
10. Ibid., 1:3:3.
11. John Adams, “Novanglus, Thoughts on Government,” in The Works of John Adams, vol. 4, ed. Charles Frances Adams (1851), Online Library of Liberty, http://oll.libertyfund.org/titles/adams-the-works-of-john-adams-vol-4 (March 3, 2017).
12. Virginia Declaration of Rights, America’s Founding Documents, National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/virginia-declaration-of-rights (March 1, 2017).
13. Constitution of Pennsylvania, A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth or State of Pennsylvania, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/pa08.asp (March 1, 2017).
14. Massachusetts Constitution of 1780, Part the First. A Declaration of the Rights of the Inhabitants of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/Founders/print_documents/bill_of_rightss6.html (March 1, 2017).
15. Russell Kirk, The Conservative Mind (Washington, DC: Regnery, 1986), 100.
16. Mill, On Liberty, 14.
17. Ibid., 14–15.
18. Isaiah Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” in Four Essays on Liberty (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1969), https://www.wiso.uni-hamburg.de/fileadmin/wiso_vwl/johannes/Ankuendigungen/Berlin_twoconceptsofliberty.pdf (March 3, 2017).
19. Ibid.
20. “Positive and Negative Liberty,” Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, February 27, 2003, revised August 2, 2016, https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/liberty-positive-negative/#Bib (March 3, 2017).
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” 1.
24. Ibid.
25. Ibid., 3.
26. Ibid., 4, 5.
27. Ibid., 7, 8.
28. Ibid., 9.
29. Ibid.
30. Ibid., 10.
31. Philip Pettit, Republicanism: A Theory of Freedom and Government (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), 30.
32. U.S. Constitution, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution (March 3, 2017).
33. Pettit, Republicanism, 30.
34. Ibid., 31.
35. Ibid., 35.
36. Ibid., 36.
37. Ibid., 36–37.
38. Bill of Rights, Founders Online, National Archives, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/bill-of-rights (March 3, 2017).
39. Berlin, “Two Concepts of Liberty,” 2.
40. Ibid., 11.
41. Ibid., 13.
42. Auguste Comte, A General View of Positivism (London: Forgotten Books, 2015), 1.
43. John Stuart Mill, Auguste Comte and Positivism (New York: Cosimo Classics, 2008), 12, 13.
44. Comte, A General View of Positivism, 8, 9.
45. Ibid., 236, 237.
46. Bernard Bailyn, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1992), 55, 57–59.
47. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 1:3:10.
48. Ibid., 1:5:14.
49. Ibid., 1:8:2.
50. Ibid., 2:2:6.
51. U.S. Constitution.
52. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers, No. 47, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed47.asp (March 2, 2017).
53. Ibid., No. 51, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed51.asp (March 2, 2017).
54. Johannes Althusius, Politica: An Abridged Translation of Politics Methodically Set Forth and Illustrated with Sacred and Profane Examples, ed. Frederick S. Carney (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 1995), 62.
55. Ibid., 191.
56. Alison L. LaCroix, The Ideological Origins of American Federalism (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2010), 132–33.
57. James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, and John Jay, The Federalist Papers, No. 9, Avalon Project, Yale Law School, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed09.asp (March 2, 2017).
58. Ibid., No. 32, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed32.asp (March 2, 2017).
59. Ibid., No. 39, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed39.asp (March 2, 2017).
60. Ibid., No. 45, http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/fed45.asp (March 2, 2017).
61. U.S. Constitution.
62. Russell Kirk, The Roots of American Order (Wilmington, DE: Intercollegiate Studies Institute, 2003), 416.
63. Woodrow Wilson, Constitutional Government in the United States (New York: Columbia University Press, 1911), 54.
64. Ibid., 56, 57.
65. Ibid., 70.
66. Bruce P. Frohnen and George W. Carey, Constitutional Morality and the Rise of Quasi-Law (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2016), 218.
67. Maeve P. Carey, “Counting Regulations: An Overview of Rulemaking, Types of Federal Regulations, and Pages in the Federal Register,” October 4, 2016, Congressional Research Service, https://fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R43056.pdf (March 3, 2017).
68. Clyde Wayne Crews, “The 2017 Unconstitutionality Index: 18 Federal Rules for Every Law Congress Passes,” OpenMarket, Competitive Enterprise Institute, https://cei.org/blog/2017-unconstitutionality-index-18-federal-rules-every-law-congress-passes (March 3, 2017).
69. Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws, 1:1:3.
70. Ibid., 3:19:3.
71. Ibid., 3:19:5.
72. Adam Smith, The Theory of Moral Sentiments, ed. Ryan Patrick Hanley (New York: Penguin Books, 2009), 275–76.
6. Liberty and Property
1. Mark R. Levin, Liberty and Tyranny: A Conservative Manifesto (New York: Threshold Editions, 2009), 62.
2. John Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, ed. Peter Laslett (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003), sec. 138, 360.
3. William Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England, 3rd ed., ed. Thomas M. Cooley, vol. 1 (Chicago: Callaghan, 1884), 138.
4. John Adams, “Defence of the Constitutions of Government of the United States,” Founders’ Constitution, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/Founders/documents/v1ch15s34.html (March 3, 2017).
5. James Madison, “Property,” March 29, 1792, Founders’ Constitution, http://press-pubs.uchicago.edu/Founders/documents/v1ch16s23.html (March 3, 2017).
6. F. A. Hayek, Individualism and Economic Order (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1980), 10–11.
7. Ibid., 14.
8. Ibid., 15–16.
9. Ibid., 22.
10. Ibid., 29.
11. Ibid., 24–25.
12. F. A. Hayek, The Road to Serfdom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994), 41.
13. Ibid., 44–45.
14. “Address of the Annapolis Convention,” September 14, 1786, Founders Online, National Archives, https://Founders.archives.gov/documents/Hamilton/01-03-02-0556 (March 3, 2017).
15. Joseph Story, A Familiar Exposition of the Constitution of the United States (Washington, DC: Regnery Gateway, 1986), sec. 163, 139–40.
16. U.S. Constitution, https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/constitution (March 3, 2017).
17. Raoul Berger, “Judicial Manipulation of the Commerce Clause,” 74 Texas Law Review 695, 704–705 (March 1996) (internal citations omitted).
18. Barry Friedman and Genevieve Lakier, “ ‘To Regulate’ Not ‘To Prohibit’: Limiting the Commerce Power,” April 3, 2013, Supreme Court Review 2012, NYU School of Law, Public Law, and Legal Theory, research paper No. 13-13; NYU School of Law, Law and Economics, Research Paper No. 13-10, https://www.heartland.org/_template-assets/documents/publications/ssrn-id2244496.pdf (March 4, 2017), 265.
19. Milton Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 8, 9–10.
20. Ibid., 23, 24.
21. Ibid., 196–97.
22. Ibid., 197.
23. Levin, Liberty and Tyranny, 7–8.
24. Mark R. Levin, Plunder and Deceit: Big Government’s Exploitation of Young People and the Future (New York: Threshold Editions, 2015), 31.
25. Jim Powell, FDR’s Folly: How Roosevelt and His New Deal Prolonged the Great Depression (New York: Three Rivers Press, 2003); Amity Shlaes, The Forgotten Man: A New History of the Great Depression (New York: Harper, 2007).
26. Harold L. Cole and Lee E. Ohanian, “How Government Prolonged the Depression,” Wall Street Journal, February 2, 2009, https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123353276749137485 (March 3, 2017).
27. Friedman, Capitalism and Freedom, 38.
28. Ibid., 45.
29. Ibid., 50.
30. Robert E. Lucas, Jr., Lectures on Economic Growth (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2004), 109.
31. James R. Otteson, “An Audacious Promise: The Moral Case for Capitalism,” Issues 2012, No. 12, Manhattan Institute for Public Research (May 2012).
32. Levin, Liberty and Tyranny, 61.
33. George Reisman, Capitalism (Ottawa, IL: Jameson Books, 1996), 76–77.
34. Lucas, Lectures, 169.
35. Hernando de Soto, The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else (New York: Basic Books, 2000), 6–7.