ref Two-thirds of American women are afraid: Jalna Hanmer and Mary Maynard, eds., Women, Violence and Social Control (Houndmills, England: MacMillan, 1987), 77.
ref “very worried”: Eileen Green, Sandra Hebron, and Diane Woodward, Women’s Leisure, What Leisure (Houndmills, England: MacMillan, 1990): “One of the most severe restrictions on women’s leisure time activities is their fear of being out alone after dark. Many women are afraid to use public transport after dark or late at night whilst for others it’s having to walk to bus stops and wait there after dark which deters them. The findings of the second British Crime Survey state that half the women interviewed only went out after dark if accompanied, and 40 percent were ‘very worried’ about being raped” (89).
ref “If I wrote down every little thing”: Larkin, “Sexual Terrorism,” 120.
ref “Stanton and Mott . . . began to see similarities”: Stevens, Jailed for Freedom, 13.
ref Edward Lawson case: Abstract of Kolender, Chief of Police of San Diego, et al., v. Lawson, 461 U.S. 352, 103 S. Ct. 1855, 75 L. Ed. 2nd 903 (1983).
ref “Throughout the case,” and following: Helen Benedict, Virgin or Vamp: How the Press Covers Sex Crimes (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1992), 208.
ref “could leave me speechless”: Evelyn C. White, “Black Women and the Wilderness,” in Literature and the Environment: A Reader on Nature and Culture, ed. Lorraine Anderson, Scott Slovic, John O’Grady (New York: Addison Wesley, 1999), 319.
ref “Had I been older and more mature”: Moffat, Space Below My Feet, 92.
ref “Could she even get her dinner”: Virginia Woolf, A Room of One’s Own (New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1929), 50.
ref “The trick . . . was to identify with Jack Kerouac”: Sarah Schulman, Girls, Visions and Everything (Seattle: Seal Press, 1986), 17, 97.
ref “That’s gay liberation,” “Lila walked in the streets”: Ibid., 157, 159.
15. AEROBIC SISYPHUS AND THE SUBURBANIZED PSYCHE
ref “the walking city”: Kenneth Jackson, Crabgrass Frontier: The Suburbanization of the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), 14–15.
ref Middle-class suburban homes: The source of much of the narrative here is Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: The Rise and Fall of Suburbia (New York: Basic Books, 1987), especially chap. 1, on London’s evangelical merchants, and chapter 3, on Manchester’s suburbia.
ref “The decision to suburbanize”: Ibid., 81–82.
ref “Offices are kept separate”: Philip Langdon, A Better Place to Live: Reshaping the American Suburb (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1994), xi.
ref study that compared the lives of ten-year-olds: Jane Holtz Kay, Asphalt Nation: How the Automobile Took Over America and How We Can Take It Back (New York: Crown Publishers, 1997), 25.
ref more than 1,000 crosswalks have been removed: Gary Richards, “Crossings Disappear in Drive for Safety: Traffic Engineers Say Pedestrians Are in Danger Between the Lines,” San Jose Mercury News, November 27, 1998. Traffic engineers in the article blamed pedestrians for their own deaths by automobile in about half the cases and proposed restricting pedestrian access as the solution.
ref “The pedestrian remains the largest single obstacle”: Rudofsky, Streets for People, 106.
ref “South Tucson simply has no sidewalks”: Lars Eigner, Travels with Lizbeth: Three Years on the Road and on the Streets (New York: Fawcett Columbine, 1993), 18.
ref 41 percent of all traffic fatalities: Betsy Thaggard, “Making the Streets a Safer Place,” Tube Times, newsletter of the San Francisco Bicycle Coalition, December 1998–January 1999, 5.
ref Giuliani’s New York: San Francisco Chronicle; also in Tube Times, 3, citing the Right of Way campaign organized by Time’s Up! that is painting memorial stencils on the sites where NYC pedestrians and cyclists have been killed.
ref “that elusive combination”: Richard Walker, “Landscape and City Life: Four Ecologies of Residence in the San Francisco Bay Area,” Ecumene 2 (1995): 35.
ref “Anyone who has tried to take a stroll at dusk”: Mike Davis, “Fortress Los Angeles,” in Variations on a Theme Park, ed. Michael Sorkin (New York: Hill and Wang, 1992), 174.
ref “It is extremely regrettable”: Søren Kierkegaard’s Journals and Papers, ed. and trans. Howard V. Hong and Edna H. Hong (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1978), 5:415 (1847).
ref “For most of human history”: Life magazine, special millennium issue (1998).
ref “The speed and mathematical directness”: Schivelbusch, Railway Journey, 53.
ref “From the elimination of the physical effort of walking”: Paul Virilio, The Art of the Motor, trans. Julie Rose (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1995), 85.
ref “The Tread-Mill,” “It is its monotonous steadiness”: James Hardie, The History of the Tread-Mill, containing an account of its origin, construction, operation, effects as it respects the health and morals of the convicts, with their treatment and diet . . . (New York: Samuel Marks, 1824), 16, 18.
ref “always lived by robbery”: Robert Graves, The Greek Myths, vol. 1 (Harmondsworth, England: Penguin Books, 1957), 168.
ref “Indoors?”: Eduardo Galeano, The Book of Embraces, trans. Cedric Belfrage (New York, London: W. W. Norton, 1989), 162–63.
16. THE SHAPE OF A WALK
ref “Pollock’s near destruction of this tradition”: Allan Kaprow, “The Legacy of Jackson Pollock,” in Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life, ed. Jeff Kelley (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1993), 7.
ref “Emphasizing the body as art”: Peter Selz and Kristine Stiles, Theories and Documents of Contemporary Art: A Sourcebook (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996), 679 (introduction to Performance section).
ref “My idea of a piece of sculpture”: Lucy R. Lippard, Overlay: Contemporary Art and the Art of Prehistory (New York: Pantheon, 1993), 125.
ref “A 1,600-foot wooden trail”: Lippard, Overlay, 132.
ref “A walk expresses space and freedom”: Richard Long, “Five Six Pick Up Sticks, Seven Eight Lay Them Straight,” in R. H. Fuchs, Richard Long (New York: Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum/Thames and Hudson, 1986), 236. All works described are reproduced in this book.
ref Stanley Brouwn: Brouwn’s work is mentioned in Lippard’s Six Years: The Dematerialization of the Art Object (New York: Praeger Publishers, 1973) and described at length in the essay by Antje Von Graevenitz, “ ‘We Walk on the Planet Earth’: The Artist as a Pedestrian: The Work of Stanley Brouwn,” Dutch Art and Architecture, June 1977. Acconci’s Following Piece is also described in Six Years.
ref Marina Abramović and Ulay: On the performance work of Abramović and Ulay, and on Abramović’s sculpture, see Thomas McEvilley, “Abramović/Ulay/Abramović,” Artforum International, September 1983; McEvilley’s essay in The Lovers, catalog/book on the Great Wall Walk (Amsterdam: Stedelijk Museum, 1989); and Marina Abramović: objects performance video sound (Oxford: Museum of Modern Art, 1995).
ref “ ‘four dignities’ ”: Gary Snyder, “Blue Mountains Constantly Walking,” in The Practice of the Wild (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990), 99.
ref “immobility, silence and watchfulness”: McEvilley, “Abramović/Ulay/Abramović,” 54.
ref “When I went to Tibet and the Aborigines”: Marina Abramović, 63.
ref “mapped out over the millennia”: Ibid., 50.
ref “On March 30, 1988”: The Lovers, 175.
ref “I walk every fucking centimeter,” “It took a great number of days”: Ibid., 103, 31.
ref “They will discover out of ordinary things”: Kaprow, Essays on the Blurring of Art and Life, 9.
17. LAS VEGAS, OR THE LONGEST DISTANCE BETWEEN TWO POINTS
ref “The effectiveness of this architecture”: J. B. Jackson, “Other-directed Houses,” in Landscapes: Selected Writings of J. B. Jackson, ed. Ervin H. Jube (University of Massachusetts Press, 1970), 63.
ref �
�Those streamlined facades”: Ibid., 62.
ref more than 30 million a year: A researcher at the Las Vegas Convention Center told me by phone, December 29, 1998.
ref round-the-clock picket: See Sara Mosle, “How the Maids Fought Back,” New Yorker, February 26 and March 4, 1996, 148–56.
ref county passed an ordinance: See the Las Vegas Review-Journal, “Petitioners Claim Rights Violated,” May 27, 1998; “Clark County Charts Its Strategy to Resurrect Handbill Ordinance,” August 18, 1998; “Lawyers to Appeal Handbill Law Ruling,” August 26, 1998; “Police Told to Mind Bill of Rights,” October 20, 1998.
ref “The theme park”: Introduction to Sorkin, Variations on a Theme Park, xv.
ref “the Beautification Committee would continue to recommend”: Robert Venturi, Denise Scott Brown, and Stephen Izenour, Learning from Las Vegas: The Forgotten Symbolism of Architectural Form, rev. ed. (Boston: MIT, 1977), xii.
ref “Both sides of these passageways, which are lighted from above”: Benjamin, Baudelaire, 37.
ref “Olive Oil”: Joanne Urioste, The American Alpine Club Climber’s Guide: The Red Rocks of Southern Nevada (New York: American Alpine Club, 1984), 131.
Index
Abramović, Marina, ref-1
access: See public space; land rights and access; trespassing
Acconci, Vito, ref-1
Addison, Joseph, ref-1
Agosin, Marjorie, ref-1
Alpine Club, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
American Civil Liberties Union, ref-1
anatomy, ref-1
Andre, Carl, ref-1
Angeville, Henriette d’, ref-1
Aragon, Louis, ref-1
architecture of walking, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Ardrey, Robert, ref-1
Aristotle, ref-1, ref-2
Artress, Lauren, ref-1
Ash, Timothy Garton, ref-1
Austen, Jane, ref-1
Australian aborigines, ref-1, ref-2
Austria, ref-1
automobiles, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6. See also technology
Bailly, Jean Christophe, ref-1
Baldwin, James, ref-1
Barcelona, ref-1
Barnes, Djuna, ref-1
Barrell, John, ref-1
Bashō, ref-2
Baudelaire, Charles, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Beerbohm, Max, ref-1
Beijing, ref-1, ref-2
Benedict, Helen, ref-1
Benjamin, Walter, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Bennet, Elizabeth: See Jane Austen
Berlin, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Bermingham, Carolyn, ref-1
Bernbaum, Edwin, ref-1, ref-2
Beuys, Joseph, ref-1, ref-2
bipedalism: See anatomy; evolution
Birmingham, Alabama, ref-1
Birmingham, England, ref-1
Blake, William, ref-1, ref-2
Blanchard, Smoke, ref-1
Booth, Alan, ref-1
Boswell, James, ref-1, ref-2
Bouvard, Marguerite Guzman, ref-1, ref-2
Boy Scouts, ref-1
Breton, André, ref-1, ref-2
Bretonne, Restif de la, ref-1
British Workers Sports Federation, ref-1
Brouwn, Stanley, ref-1
Brown, Lancelot “Capability,” ref-1, ref-2
Buddhism, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Buenos Aires, ref-1
Butler, Josephine, ref-1
Calle, Sophie, ref-1
Campbell, Ffyona, ref-1
Central Park, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Certeaux, Michel de, ref-1
Chatwin, Bruce, ref-1, ref-2
Chávez, César, ref-1, ref-2
Chesterton, G. K., ref-1
Chimayó, New Mexico, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
China, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Christianity, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6, ref-7, ref-8, ref-9, ref-10
civil rights and liberties, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
class and privilege, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6. See also land rights and access
Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Cooper, Anthony Ashley (lord Shaftesbury), ref-1
Copenhagen, ref-1
Corsair (magazine), ref-1
Croagh Patrick (Ireland), ref-1
Czechoslovakia: See Prague
Dante, ref-1, ref-2
Dart, Raymond, ref-1
Davidson, Robyn, ref-1, ref-2
Davis, Mike, ref-1
DeBord, Guy, ref-1
De Quincey, Thomas, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Dickens, Charles, ref-1
Diderot, Denis, ref-1
Dubček, Alexander, ref-1
Dumas, Alexandre, ref-1
Earhart, H. Byron, ref-1
Egeria, ref-1
Ehrlich, Gretel, ref-1
Eigner, Lars, ref-1
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, ref-1
evolution, ref-1. See also labor
exercise, ref-1
Falk, Dean, ref-1, ref-2
feminism, ref-1
Ferguson, Priscilla Parkhurst, ref-1
Fiennes, Celia, ref-1
Fisher, Adrian, ref-1
Fishman, Robert, ref-1
flâneurs, flâneury, ref-1
Fletcher, Colin, ref-1
French, Dolores, ref-1
French Revolution, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Frey, Nancy, ref-1
Galeano, Eduardo, ref-1
Gallant, Mavis, ref-1
Gandhi, Mahatma, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
gardens, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Gay, John, ref-1
gender, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6, ref-7, ref-8, ref-9, ref-10. See also prostitutes and prostitution
Geneva, ref-1, ref-2
Germany, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Gilpin, William, ref-1, ref-2
Ginsberg, Allen, ref-1
Girouard, Mark, ref-1
Goldsmith, Oliver, ref-1
Goncourt, Edmond and Jules, ref-1
Gray, Thomas, ref-1, ref-2
Grayeff, Felix, ref-1
Great Wall of China, ref-1
Guatemala, ref-1
Gulf War, ref-1
Guthrie, R. D., ref-1
Han-Shan, ref-1, ref-2
Hardy, Thomas, ref-1
Hatoum, Mona, ref-1
Haussmann, Baron Georges-Eugène, ref-1, ref-2
Havel, Václav, ref-1
Hazlitt, William, ref-1, ref-2
Heaney, Seamus, ref-1
Herzog, Maurice, ref-1
Herzog, Werner, ref-1
Hiroshige, ref-1
Hobsbawm, Eric, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Hokusai, ref-1
Homer, ref-1
Hugo, Victor, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Hungary, ref-1
Hunt, John Dixon, ref-1
Hussey, Christopher, ref-1
Hussurl, Edmund, ref-1
Huxley, Aldous, ref-1
Islam, Islamic religion, ref-1
Italy, ref-1
Jackson, J. B., ref-1
Jackson, Kenneth, ref-1
Jacobs, Jane, ref-1
Jenkins, Peter, ref-1, ref-2
Jews, Judaism, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Johanson, Donald, ref-1
Joshua Tree, Joshua Tree National Park, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Joyce, James, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Kant, Emmanuel, ref-1
Kaprow, Allan, ref-1, ref-2
Kay, Jane Holtz, ref-1
Keats, John, ref-1
Kerouac, Jack, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Kierkegaard, Søren, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
King, Clarence, ref-1
King, Martin Luther, Jr., ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Knight, Richard Payne, ref-1, ref-2
Korda, Michael, ref-1
K
ukral, Michael, ref-1
labor, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6
labyrinths (and mazes), ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Lake District (England), ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6, ref-7
land rights and access, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Langdon, Philip, ref-1
Larkin, June, ref-1
Las Vegas, ref-1
Lawson, Edward, ref-1
Leakey, Louis and Mary, ref-1, ref-2
Leakey, Richard, ref-1
Lerner, Gerda, ref-1
Levy, Harriet Lane, ref-1
Li Po, ref-1
Lippard, Lucy R., ref-1, ref-2
London, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5
Long, Richard, ref-1
Los Angeles, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Lovejoy, Owen, ref-1, ref-2
“Lucy” and Australopithecus afarensis,ref-1
Lummis, Charles F., ref-1
McEvilley, Thomas, ref-1
machines: See automobiles; technology
Mallory, George, ref-1
Manchester, England, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
March of Dimes Walkathon, ref-1
marches: See parades
Marcus, Greil, ref-1
Marples, Morris, ref-1
Matthews, W. H., ref-1, ref-2
Mazamas (mountaineering club), ref-1, ref-2
mazes: See labyrinths
Medina, Arthur, ref-1
memory palace, ref-1
metaphoric and symbolic space, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4, ref-5, ref-6, ref-7, ref-8. See also labyrinths
Moffat, Gwen, ref-1, ref-2
Montague, Charles, ref-1
Moore, Marianne, ref-1
Moritz, Carl, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
Morley, Christopher, ref-1
Mothers of the Plaza de Mayo (Argentina), ref-1
mountaineering, mountaineers, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3
mountains, ref-1, ref-2
Alps, ref-1, ref-2
Annapurna, ref-1
Croagh Patrick, ref-1
Kinder Scout, ref-1
Matterhorn, ref-1, ref-2
Mont Blanc, ref-1, ref-2, ref-3, ref-4
Mount Dana, ref-1
Mount Everest (Chomalungma), ref-1
Mount Fuji, ref-1, ref-2
Wanderlust: A History of Walking Page 43
