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Index
American civil religion, 10–13, 72, 76, 116, 119–20, 149, 163n31, 164n32, 165n42, 186n52, 188n4, 190n34, 192n84. See also religion
Anderson, Rasmus B., 18–21, 22, 24, 26, 29, 31, 35, 38–39, 43, 94, 96, 166n12, 170n70, 171n80
anti-Catholicism, 94, 96, 99–100; coming from Lutherans, 94, 96, 107–9, 116, 185n19, 188n87, 188n88
anti-intellectualism, 3–4, 92, 130, 154
Atwater, Caleb, 44, 154
Bartholome, Bishop Peter W., 104–7, 109, 111, 114, 117
Bjorklund, Edwin, 37, 72–73, 76, 78
Blegen, Theodore, 26, 38, 144–45, 152, 165n4
Bourdieu, Pierre, 165n45, 185n25, 189n13
Breda, Olaus, 16
Bronsted, Johannes, 83–85
Buffalo Bill’s Wild West, 57, 177n89
Catholicism: claims to American space, 5, 93, 106, 109–13, 185n31, 186n53, 188n82; efforts to construct denominational history, 93, 96, 100–102; efforts to convert Protestants, 5, 98–99, 111, 114; notions of sacrifice, 102–6; social history in Minnesota, 98, 100, 184n13, 185nn20–21, 187n65. See also anti-Catholicism
Catlin, George, 35, 170n65
Christianity: fear of decline, 133, 134–35, 144; Vikings as exemplars of, 123, 125, 130–33, 134
class conflict, 6, 184n102. See also anti-intellectualism; Midwestern identity
collective effervescence. See Durkheim, Émile
collective memory, 5, 100, 161n6, 163n29, 167n27
Columbus, Christopher, ix, 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 18, 25, 40, 43, 60, 65, 77, 94, 96, 101, 112, 130, 154, 166nn9–10
Coolidge, President Calvin, 40, 171n85
Curme, George, 16
Dahm, Marion, 55, 111–13, 147–48, 187n74, 190n32, 192n77
Dakota (people), ix, 7, 13, 44–51, 55, 57–58, 61–63, 66, 98, 155, 172n22, 172n27, 173n38, 177n84, 178n100, 194n22
Dakota War of 1862, 7, 13, 44–51, 57, 59, 62, 69, 155, 172n27, 173n38; commemorations, 48–51, 173n38; Mankato execution, 47
Dighton Rock, 18, 22, 166n13
Donnelly, Ignatius, 48, 173n32
Durkheim, Émile: churingas, 181–82n62; collective effervescence, 12, 79, 82–83; totem theory, 11, 71, 164–65nn41–42, 179n12
Eliade, Mircea: sacred rocks, 12, 175–76n55, 176n80; sacred space, 174n53
Enander, Johan, 94, 96, 167n21
Eriksson, Leif, 16, 18, 19, 21, 37, 38, 40, 42, 77, 94, 96, 134, 188n82
ethnicity, x, 8, 10, 18, 37–38, 39–40, 73, 78, 96, 100, 101, 114, 116, 162n16, 166n9, 170n71, 171n90, 180n38; Viking enthusiasm as ethnoreligion, 21–24
Flaaten, Nils, 15, 36, 37
Flom, George T., 30
Freemasonry, 76, 85
Giants in the Earth (Rølvaag). See Rølvaag, Ole
Girard, René. See scapegoat mechanism
Hammergren, Harvey, 141–42, 143
Hansen, Mayor Marvin, 138, 141
history pageants, 63–64, 165n47, 176n78. See also Runestone Pageant
Hoegh, Knut, 29–30
Holand, Hjalmar: accolades for, 3–4, 91–92, 122, 133; background, 26, 169n60, 171n80, 178n98; collaboration with Catholic leaders, 96, 110–11; conflict with Hovik, 170n74; criticism of, 129–30; encounters with academia, 30–31, 83–84; first encounter with the Kensington Rune Stone, 26–28; literary embellishments, 168n46, 169n60, 174n46; mistreatment of Olof Ohman, 168n50, 183n85; as Norwegian immigrant booster, 29, 65–66, 168n43; portrayed as victim, 2, 109; religious faith of, 8, 128, 162n20; as salesman, 28, 77, 78; use of flawed evidence, 38, 53–54, 170n71, 174n46, 174n50; use of religion to promote the Kensington Rune Stone, 8, 94, 126, 128; views of Indians, 34–35, 66–67. See also mooring stones; Norse tools and weapons
Holvik, Johan A., 36–38, 54, 85–87, 90, 91, 109, 128, 129, 170n71, 170n73, 182n78
Humphrey, Hubert H., 138, 140
Indians: fear of, 44, 55, 56, 57, 155; nostalgic depictions of, 7, 62–64; referred to as savages, 41; role of, in shaping white identity, 35; treaties with the U.S. government, 45. See also Dakota; Mandan; Ojibwe
Ireland, John, 5, 96–100, 109, 111, 114–15, 184n17
Kensington Rune Stone: discovery of, 15–16; discovery site, 72–73, 78, 148–49, 187n77; enthusiasm for, as religious expression, 7–13; interpretations of the inscription, 1, 5, 13, 31, 41, 44, 85, 96, 109, 162n16; physical properties and modification of, 17, 30, 168n47, 193n10, 194n13; rediscovery by Hjalmar Holand, 26–28; as sacred object, 73, 79–80, 141–42, 179n26; sale of, 28, 77–78; Smithsonian trip, 5, 13, 83–85, 93, 138, 182n67; as symbol of Christianity, 126, 130, 144; travels to Europe, 30. See also tourism
Knutson, Paul: leader of the Christian Norse expedition to North America, 2, 3, 12, 31, 35, 77, 94, 123, 132
Ku Klux Klan, 102, 161n1, 186n34
LaFarge, Father John, 115, 185n31
Landsverk, Ole, 112, 145
Leuthner, Margaret, 50, 119, 130–35, 144, 145–46, 148, 177n90
Lewis, Sinclair: Elmer Gantry, 133; Main Street, 5, 69–72, 79, 110
Liberty Bell, 3, 11
Lincoln, President Abraham, 46–47, 50, 59
Longfellow, Henry Wordsworth, 42, 62–63
Lovoll, Odd, 18, 22, 39, 40, 167n25, 171n90, 180n38
Lowell, James Russell, 42
Lutherans: anti-Catholicism, 94, 96, 107–9, 116, 188nn87–88; Catholic attempts to proselytize, 5, 98–99, 111, 114; culture of, 21–22, 40, 164n40, 167nn24–25, 185n20; interest in Kensington Rune Stone, 9, 54, 77, 125
Main Street (Lewis), 5, 69–72, 79, 110. See also Lewis, Sinclair
Mandan (people), 15, 34–35, 170n65
martyr(s), 11, 155; Catholic, 102–3; Christian, 4, 5, 19, 94, 123, 132; Holand as, 130; Ohman as Midwestern/small-town, 92; white, 7, 29, 44, 51, 58, 67, 176n68. See also sacrifice
masculinity, 49, 60, 73, 88–89, 132–33, 137–38, 173n34, 183n83
material culture/religion: Big Ole (Viking statue), 137–38, 139, 143, 144, 151–52; Leif Eriksson statues, 21, 42; forts/stockades, 59, 151, 155, 176n69; murals, 87–89; Our Lady of the Runestone shrine, 106; paintings, 48, 49, 59, 112, 122, 178n96. See also Durkheim, Émile; Kensington Rune Stone; monuments; Norse tools and weapons; sacred landscapes; stone
Mather, Samuel, 43
Midwestern identity: assertions of, 6, 10, 12, 24, 31, 70–72, 76–77, 133–34, 136, 141, 155
Minnesota Historical Society, 28, 30, 58, 84, 96, 100, 101, 116, 129–30, 140–41, 145
Minnesota state seal, 63
Minnesota Vikings football team, 5
monuments, 4, 12, 49, 51, 87, 180n31; campaign to build at the Ohman farm, 72–78; dedicated to Indians, 173n38
mooring stones, 2, 12, 32, 34, 52–54, 84, 85, 110, 132, 146–48, 169n62
Mormons, 7, 44, 65, 177n82; appeal among Scandinavians, 25–26, 167n24. See also Smith, Joseph
myths: blood
sacrifice, 18, 43, 176n78; conflict with science, 161n3; homemaking, 18, 20–21, 69, 107, 165n45, 167n29, 170n70; as ideology, 164n33; innocence, 10, 65–66, 155, 178n96; of origin, 166n10, 185n25; rejection of, to improve social status, 37–38, 114–15, 141; unifying power of, 21, 22–24; United States as a nation chosen by God, 10; United States as a Christian nation, 6, 10–11, 105, 125–26, 134–35, 152, 164n35. See also collective memory; scapegoat mechanism
Nelson, Knute, 39
New England: fascination with Vikings, 7, 18, 21, 42–44, 166n12
Newport Tower, 18–19, 24, 166n13, 182n65
Norse literature, 18, 31, 42, 81, 166n12
Norse tools and weapons, 2–3, 12, 32, 34, 151, 169n61
Norwegian-American Centennial celebration (1925), 37
Norwegian-American Historical Association, 38
Norwegian Americans: culture, 18, 171n87; immigration to the United States, 167n31; rejection of the Kensington Rune Stone, 37. See also Anderson, Rasmus B.; Holand, Hjalmar; Lutherans
Ohman, Olof: account of unearthing the Kensington Rune Stone, 15–16, 29–30; accused of creating the inscription, 36, 38–39, 85–86, 129, 144–45, 170n73; attempt to get rune stone back, 168n50; defenses of, 60, 152, 153, 193n8; Holand’s description of, 27–28; picture of, 70; religious affiliation of, 89; as symbol of Midwestern/rural American virtue, 5, 89–92, 168n45, 183n89. See also Holand, Hjalmar
Ojibwe (people), ix, 45, 62–64, 98, 154, 172n27, 177n84, 177n90, 194n18; Leech Lake conflict, 56–57
Orsi, Robert, 100, 103, 104, 114, 185n19
Øverland, Orm: homemaking myths, 18
Plymouth Rock, 74, 77, 78–79
pre-Columbian America: as imagined to be populated by non-Native Americans, 43–44, 114, 166n10. See also Anderson, Rasmus B.; Mormons
Preus, Rev. J. C. K., 125–26, 189n18
race, 10, 155; Indians portrayed as inferior, 34–35, 47–48, 186n42; Nordic privilege in the United States, 20, 171n83; Nordic superiority, 20, 34–35, 42–43, 161n1, 166n12, 171n85. See also Ku Klux Klan
Rafn, Carl Christian, 42, 154, 166nn12–13
regionalism. See class conflict; Midwestern identity
religion: economics, 136, 143, 190n34; Kensington Rune Stone enthusiasm as, 8–10; and the limits of science, 9–10, 163n28; theories of, 8–13, 163n22, 163nn27–29, 183n84; as tool to promote belief in the Kensington Rune Stone, 8, 93; and violence, 60–61. See also American civil religion; ethnoreligion; material culture/religion; ritual
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