156 "After BSE": Friends of the Earth press release as cited in Charles, p. 214.
158 "this kind": Charles, Prince of Wales, "The Seeds of Disaster," Daily Telegraph (London), 8 June 1998.
162 "Where genetically": E. O. Wilson, The Future of Life (New York: Knopf, 2002), p. 163.
CHAPTER 7: THE HUMAN GENOME
167 "put Santa Cruz": Robert Sinsheimer as quoted in Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1994), p. 79.
167 "DOE's program": David Botstein as cited in ibid., p. 98.
167 "the National Bureau": James Wyngaarden as quoted in ibid., p. 139.
168 "It means": David Botstein as quoted in ibid., p. 111.
169 "an incomparable": Walter Gilbert as cited in ibid., p. 88.
171 "from the very start": James Wyngaarden as quoted in ibid., p. 142.
175 "The revelation": Kary B. Mullis, "The Unusual Origin of the Polymerase Chain Reaction," Scientific American 262 (April 1990): 56-65.
175 "Mullis had": Frank McCormick as quoted in Nicholas Wade, "After the Eureka, a Nobelist Drops Out," New York Times, 15 September 1998.
184 "If somebody": William Haseltine as quoted in Paul Jacobs and Peter G. Gosselin, "Experts Fret Over Effect of Gene Patents on Research," Los Angeles Times, 28 February 2000.
184 "We'd be entitled": William Haseltine as quoted in ibid.
185 "I was": Francis Collins as quoted in interview, Christianity Today, 1 October 2001.
186 "little more": John Sulston and Georgina Ferry, The Common Thread (London: Bantam Press), p. 123.
186 "After we'd invested": Bridget Ogilvie as quoted in ibid., p. 125.
189 "Fix it": President Clinton as quoted in Kevin Davies, Cracking the Code (New York: The Free Press, 2001), p. 238.
190 "I'd love": Rhoda Lander as quoted in Aaron Zitner, "The DNA Detective," Boston Globe Sunday Magazine, 10 October 1999.
190 "an isolated": Eric Lander as quoted in ibid.
190 "I pretty much": Eric Lander as quoted in ibid. 193 "Today, we are": White House Press Release, available at: http://www.ornl.gov/hgmis/project/clinton1.html
CHAPTER 8: READING GENOMES
196 "seeing the surface": Mark Patterson as cited in Kevin Davies, Cracking the Code (New York: The Free Press, 2001), p. 194.
207 "Really trust": Barbara McClintock as paraphrased by Elizabeth Blackburn at http://www.cshl.edu/cgi-bin/ubb/library/ultimatebb.cgi?ubb=get_topic;f=1;t=000015
213 "had felt like an outcast": Claire Fraser as quoted in Ricki Lewis, "Exploring the Very Depths of Life," Rennselaer Magazine, March 2001.
213 "Well, young lady": Claire Fraser as quoted in ibid.
213 "We went to": Claire Fraser as quoted in ibid.
223 "a new kind": http://cmgm.stanford.edu/biochem/brown.html
223 "We're toddlers": Pat Brown as quoted in Dan Cray, "Gene Detective," Time 158 (20 August 2001): 35-36.
224 "It was like thinking": Pat Brown as quoted in ibid.
228 "Because embryos are beautiful": Eric Wieschaus as quoted in Ethan Bier, The Coiled Spring (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000), p. 64
CHAPTER 9: OUT OF AFRICA
234 "It was like": Ralf Schmitz as quoted in Steve Olson, Mapping Human History (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2002), p. 80.
236 "I can't": Matthias Krings as quoted in Patricia Kahn and Ann Gibbons, "DNA from an extinct human," Science 277 (1997): 176-78.
236 "That's when": Matthias Krings as quoted in ibid.
240 "If everyone": Allan Wilson as quoted by Mary-Claire King at http://www.chemheritage.org/EducationalServices/pharm/chemo/readings/king.htm
244 "It turned out": Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza as quoted in Olson, p. 164.
255 "If we": Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species (New York, Penguin, 1985), p. 406.
CHAPTER 10: GENETIC FINGERPRINTING
268 "having a white woman": Brooke A. Masters, "For Trucker, the High Road to DNA Victory," Washington Post, Saturday, 8 December 2001, p. B01.
269 "unwelcome precedent": the Director of the Virginia Department of Criminal Justice as quoted at http://www.innocenceproject.org/case/display_profile.php?id=99
271 "profile provides": Alec Jeffreys, Victoria Wilson, and Swee Lay Thein, "Hypervariable 'minisatellite' regions in human DNA," Nature 314 (1985): 67-73.
271 "In theory": Alec Jeffreys as quoted at http://www.dist.gov.au/events/ausprize/ap98/jeffreys.html
274 "must be sufficiently": Frye vs. United States, 293 F.2d 1013, at 104.
276 "The implementation": Eric Lander, "Population genetic considerations in the forensic use of DNA typing," in Jack Ballantyne, et al., DNA Technology and Forensic Science (Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1989), p. 153.
277 "mountain of evidence": Johnnie Cochran as quoted at http://simpson.walraven.org/sep27.html
280 "Where is": Barry Scheck as quoted at http://simpson.walraven.org/apr11.html
284 "State of Wisconsin": Geraldine Sealey, "DNA Profile Charged in Rape," http://abcnews.go.com/sections/us/DailyNews/dna991007.html
284 "unknown male": Case Number 00F06871, The People of the State of California vs. John Doe, Aug. 21, 2000.
285 "DNA appears": Judge Tani G. Cantil-Sakauye, Case Number 00F06871, The People of the State of California vs. Paul Robinson, Motion to Dismiss, reporter's transcript, p. 136, Feb. 23, 2001.
290 "My son": Jean Blassie as quoted in Pat McKenna, "Unknown, No More," http://www.af.mil/news/airman/0998/unknown.htm
298 "The DNA evidence": Lord Woolf, Case Number 199902010 S2, "Regina and James Hanratty," Judgment, May 10, 2002, paragraph 211.
299 "In hindsight": "DNA testing also proves guilt," editorial, St. Petersburg Times, 30 May 2002.
301 "DNA testing": Barry Scheck et al., Actual Innocence (New York: Doubleday, 2000), p. xv.
CHAPTER 11: GENE HUNTING
303 "Fifty-fifty": Milton Wexler as quoted in Alice Wexler, Mapping Fate (New York: Random House, 1995), p. 43.
303 "Over 50 years": George Huntington as cited in Charles Stevenson "A Biography of George Huntington, M.D.," Bulletin of the Institute of the History of Medicine 2 (1934).
304 "gradually increase": ibid.
304 "As the disease": ibid.
304 "When either": ibid.
306 "without theater": Americo Negrette as quoted in Robert Cook-Deegan, The Gene Wars (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1994), p. 235.
308 "tends to think": ibid., p. 37.
312 "We would never": Ray White as quoted in Leslie Roberts, "Flap arises over genetic map," Science 239 (1987): 750-52.
321 "we own": Orrie Friedman as quoted in Richard Saltus, "Biotech Firms compete in Genetic Diagnosis," Science 234 (1986): 1318-20.
331 "committing": Rural Advancement Foundation International, at http://www.rafi.org/article.asp?newsid=207
332 "the creation": Althing (Icelandic Parliament), "Law on a Health Sector Database," at http://www.mannvernd.is/english/laws/law.HSD.html
CHAPTER 12: DEFYING DISEASE
341 "So marked": John Langdon Down as quoted in Elaine Johansen Mange and Arthur P. Mange, Basic Human Genetics (Sunderland, Mass.: Sinauer Associates, 1999), p. 267
345 "ear-piercing": Kathleen McAuliffe, "The Hardest Choice," at http://blueprint.bluecrossmn.com/topic/hardestchoice
359 "Some people": Debbie Stevenson, "The Mystery Disease No One Tests For," Redbook, July 2002: 137.
363 "biological Holocaust": Daniel Pollen, Hannah's Heirs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), p. 14.
372 "informed consent": U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Press Release "New Initiatives to Protect Participants in Gene Therapy Trials," 7 March 2000. Available at http://www.fda.gov/bbs/topics/NEWS/NEW00717.html
CHAPTER 13: WHO WE ARE
380 "Whatever person": Penal Laws as cited at http://www.law.umn.edu/irishlaw/education.html
381 "They might as well": Arthur Young as cited in Julie Hen
igan, "For Want of Education: The Origins of the Hedge Schoolmaster Songs," Ulster Folklife 40 (1994): 27-38.
381 "Still crouching": John O'Hagan as cited at http://www.in2it.co.uk/history/2.html
386 "barefoot professor": Vitaly Fyodorovich as cited in David Joravsky, The Lysenko Affair (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1970), p. 189.
386 "Turkic peasant": Vitaly Fyodorovich as cited in Valery N. Soyfer, Lysenko and the Tragedy of Soviet Science (New-Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1994), p. 11.
386 "He didn't": Vitaly Fyodorovich as cited in ibid., p. 11.
387 "In order": Trofim Lysenko as cited in Joravsky, p. 110.
390 "hard core": ibid., p. 226
390 "It deals": K. Iu. Kostriukova as cited in ibid., p. 247.
390 "In our": Trofim Lysenko as cited in ibid., p. 210.
394 "Give me": John B. Watson, Behaviorism (New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1924), p. 104.
400 "On multiple": Thomas J. Bouchard et al., "Sources of Human Psychological Differences: The Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart," Science 250 (1990): 223-28.
412 "In no field": Neil Risch and David Botstein, "A Manic Depressive History," Nature Genetics 12 (1996): 351-53.
CODA
419 "The event": Percy Bysshe Shelley, introduction to Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, Frankenstein (New York: Oxford University Press, 1969), p. 13.
428 "Ethical Implications": James D. Watson in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, September 26, 2000.
429 "following the logic": Jörg Dietrich Hoppe as cited in Benno Müller-Hill, "Speaking Out in Favor of the Right to Choose" Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, December 5, 2000.
429 "value and sense": Johannes Rau as cited in ibid.
429 "Ethics of Horror": Dietmar Mieth in Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung as cited in ibid.
431 "Though I speak": 1 Corinthians 13: 1-2.
FURTHER READING
CHAPTER 1: BEGINNINGS OF GENETICS
Carlson, Elof Axel. The Unfit: A History of a Bad Idea. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2002. Discussion of eugenics beginning in biblical times and ending with contemporary clinical genetics.
Gillham, Nicholas Wright. A Life of Sir Francis Galton: From African Exploration to the Birth of Eugenics. New York: Oxford University Press, 2001. Engaging recent study of an extraordinary but neglected figure.
Jacob, François. The Logic of Life: A History of Heredity. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993. Reflections by one of the founders of molecular genetics.
Kevles, Daniel J. In the Name of Eugenics: Genetics and the Uses of Human Heredity. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1985. Scholarly but readable account of eugenics.
Kohler, Robert E. Lords of the Fly: Drosophila Genetics and the Experimental Life. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1994. Chronicle of the early days of fruit fly genetics.
Kühl, Stefan. The Nazi Connection: Eugenics, American Racism, and German National Socialism. New York: Oxford University Press, 1994.
Mayr, Ernst. This Is Biology: The Science of the Living World. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1997. Fine overview from a biologist who has just celebrated the seventy-fifth anniversary of earning his Ph.D.
Müller-Hill, Benno. Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others in Germany, 1933-1945. Translated by Todliche Wissenschaft. New York: Oxford University Press, 1988. Reveals how German scientists and physicians were implicated in Nazi policies and how they resumed their academic positions after the war.
Olby, Robert C. Origins of Mendelism. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1985.
Orel, Vítezslav. Gregor Mendel: The First Geneticist. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. The most complete biography to date.
Paul, Diane B. Controlling Human Heredity, 1865 to the Present. Atlantic Highlands, N.J.: Humanities Press, 1995. A succinct history of eugenics.
CHAPTER 2: THE DOUBLE HELIX
Crick, Francis H. C. What Mad Pursuit: A Personal View of Scientific Discovery. New York: Basic Books, 1988.
Hager, Thomas. Force of Nature: The Life of Linus Pauling. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995. An excellent biography of a scientific giant.
Holmes, Frederic Lawrence. Meselson, Stahl, and the Replication of DNA: A History of "The Most Beautiful Experiment in Biology." New Haven: Yale University Press, 2001.
McCarty, Maclyn. The Transforming Principle: Discovering That Genes are Made of DNA. New York: W. W. Norton & Co., 1995. Account of the experiments that showed DNA to be the hereditary material by one of the three scientists who carried them out.
Maddox, Brenda. Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. New York: Harper Collins, 2002. Thorough biography that casts new light on Franklin.
Olby, Robert. The Path to the Double Helix: The Discovery of DNA. Foreword by Francis Crick. Dover Publishers, 1994. Scholarly historical perspective.
Watson, James D. The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA. New York: Atheneum Press, 1968.
CHAPTER 3: READING THE CODE
Brenner, Sydney. My Life in Science. London: BioMed Central Limited, 2001. A rare combination: illuminating and funny.
Hunt, Tim, Steve Prentis, and John Tooze, ed. DNA Makes RNA Makes Protein. New York: Elsevier Biomedical Press, 1983. Collection of essays summarizing the state of molecular genetics in 1980.
Jacob, François. The Statue Within: An Autobiography. Translated by Franklin Philip. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1995. Lucid and beautifully written.
Judson, Horace Freeland. The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology. Expanded edition. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996. Classic study on the origins of molecular biology.
Monod, Jacques. Chance and Necessity: An Essay on the Natural Philosophy of Modern Biology. Translated by Austryn Wainhouse. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1971. Philosophical musings by a key figure in molecular genetics.
Watson, James D. Genes, Girls, and Gamow. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2001. Sequel to The Double Helix.
CHAPTER 4: PLAYING GOD
Fredrickson, Donald S. The Recombinant DNA Controversy: A Memoir: Science, Politics, and the Public Interest 1974-1981. Washington, D.C.: American Society for Microbiology Press, 2001. Account of turbulent times in biomedical research by the then-director of the National Institutes of Health.
Krimsky, Sheldon. Genetic Alchemy: The Social History of the Recombinant DNA Controversy. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1982. A critic's perspective.
Rogers, Michael. Biohazard. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1977. Expansion of Rogers's insightful account in Rolling Stone of the Asilomar meeting.
Watson, James D. A Passion for DNA: Genes, Genomes, and Society. Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2000. Collection of essays drawn from newspapers, magazines, talks, and Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory reports.
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